Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
more than halved, and the Russians self-assessed life satisfaction rose signicantly.[9] Putins rst presidency was
marked by high economic growth: the Russian economy
grew for eight straight years, seeing GDP increase by
72% in PPP (as for nominal GDP, 600%).[9][10][11][12][13]
As Russias president, Putin and the Federal Assembly
passed into law a at income tax of 13%, a reduced profits tax, and new land and legal codes.[14][15] As Prime
Minister, Putin oversaw large-scale military and police
reform. His energy policy has armed Russias position
as an energy superpower.[16][17] Putin supported hightech industries such as the nuclear and defence industries.
A rise in foreign investment[18] contributed to a boom in
such sectors as the automotive industry. However, capital investment recently dropped 2.5% because of the crisis in Ukraine according to forecasts by economists from
the IMF.[19] Putin has cultivated an image of a strongman
and a popular cultural icon in Russia.
Many of Putins actions are regarded by the domestic opposition and foreign observers as undemocratic.[6] The
2011 Democracy Index stated that Russia was in a long
process of regression [that] culminated in a move from
a hybrid to an authoritarian regime in view of Putins
candidacy and awed parliamentary elections.[7] In 2014, The ancestry of Vladimir Putin has been described as a
Russia was excluded from the G8 group as a result of its mystery with no records surviving of any ancestors of any
annexation of Crimea.[8]
people with the surname Putin beyond his grandfather
During Putins rst premiership and presidency (1999 Spiridon Ivanovich. His autobiography, Ot Pervogo Litsa
[21]
2008), real incomes increased by a factor of 2.5, real (English: In the First Person), which is based on Putins
wages more than tripled; unemployment and poverty interviews, speaks of humble beginnings, including early
years in a communal apartment, shared by several fami1
KGB CAREER
2 KGB career
Putin joined the KGB in 1975 upon graduation, and underwent a years training at the 401st KGB school in
Okhta, Leningrad. He then went on to work briey in
the Second Chief Directorate (counter-intelligence) before he was transferred to the First Chief Directorate,
where among his duties was the monitoring of foreign-
3
ers and consular ocials in Leningrad.[33][34]
From 1985 to 1990, the KGB stationed Putin in Dresden,
East Germany.[35] During that time, Putin was assigned
to Directorate S, the illegal intelligence-gathering unit
(the KGBs classication for agents who used falsied
identities) where he was given cover as a translator and
interpreter.[36] One of Putins jobs was to coordinate efforts with the Stasi to track down and recruit foreigners in
Dresden, usually those who were enrolled at the Dresden
University of Technology, in the hopes of sending them
undercover in the United States. Despite this, Putin biographer Masha Gessen disputes the KGB Spymaster
image that has been built around him and instead says
that Dresden was essentially a backwater job that Putin
himself resented:
3 Political career
Main article: Political career of Vladimir Putin
3.1 Saint
Petersburg
(19901996)
administration
In May 1990, Putin was appointed as an advisor on international aairs to Mayor Anatoly Sobchak. Then, on
28 June 1991, he became head of the Committee for External Relations of the Saint Petersburg Mayors Oce,
with responsibility for promoting international relations
and foreign investments.[42] That Committee headed by
Putin also registered business ventures.
Less than one year later, Putin was investigated by the
city legislative council, and the investigators concluded
that Putin had understated prices and permitted the export of metals valued at $93 million, in exchange for foreign food aid that never arrived.[43][44] Despite the investigators recommendation that Putin be red, Putin remained head of the Committee for External Relations
until 1996.[45][46] From 1994 to 1996, Putin held several
other political and governmental positions in Saint Petersburg.[47][47]
3 POLITICAL CAREER
the position Putin occupied until August 1999. He became a permanent member of the Security Council of the
Russian Federation on 1 October 1998 and its Secretary
on 29 March 1999.
3.6
5
ness magnates, such as Gennady Timchenko, Vladimir
Yakunin, Yury Kovalchuk, Sergey Chemezov, with close
personal ties to Putin, also emerged.
Many in the Russian press and in the international media warned that the death of some 130 hostages in the
special forces rescue operation during the 2002 Moscow
theater hostage crisis would severely damage President
Putins popularity. However, shortly after the siege had
ended, the Russian president was enjoying record public
approval ratings 83% of Russians declared themselves
satised with Putin and his handling of the siege.[66]
3.5
Vladimir Putin was inaugurated president on 7 May 2000. Speaking at the 2005 Victory Day Parade on Red Square
He appointed Minister of Finance Mikhail Kasyanov as
his Prime minister.
The rst major challenge to Putins popularity came in
August 2000, when he was criticized for his alleged mishandling of the Kursk submarine disaster.[63] That criticism was largely because it was several days before he
returned from vacation, and several more before he visited the scene.[63]
Between 2000 and 2004, Putin set about reconstruction of the impoverished condition of the country, apparently winning a power-struggle with the Russian oligarchs, reaching a 'grand-bargain' with them. This bargain allowed the oligarchs to maintain most of their powers, in exchange for their explicit support and align- Putin with Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel in March 2008
ment with his government.[64][65] A new group of busi-
3 POLITICAL CAREER
Transition (BOFIT) in 2008 found that state intervention
had made a positive impact on the corporate governance
of many companies in Russia: the governance was better
in companies with state control or with a stake held by the
government.[76]
Putin was criticized in the West and also by Russian liberals for what many observers considered a wide-scale
crackdown on media freedom in Russia. On 7 October
2006, Anna Politkovskaya, a journalist who exposed corruption in the Russian army and its conduct in Chechnya,
was shot in the lobby of her apartment building. The
death of Politkovskaya triggered an outcry in Western
media, with accusations that, at best, Putin has failed
to protect the countrys new independent media.[77][78]
When asked about the Politkovskaya murder in his interview with the German TV channel ARD, Putin said
that her murder brings much more harm to the Russian
authorities than her writing.[79] By 2012 the performers
of the murder were arrested and named Boris Berezovsky
and Akhmed Zakayev as possible clients.[80]
In 2007, "Dissenters Marches" were organized by the opposition group The Other Russia,[81] led by former chess
champion Garry Kasparov and national-Bolshevist leader
Eduard Limonov. Following prior warnings, demonstrations in several Russian cities were met by police action, which included interfering with the travel of the
protesters and the arrests of as many as 150 people who
attempted to break through police lines.[82] The Dissenters Marches have received little support among the
Russian general public, according to polls.[83]
On 12 September 2007, Putin dissolved the government
upon the request of Prime Minister Mikhail Fradkov.
Fradkov commented that it was to give the President a
free hand in the run-up to the parliamentary election.
Viktor Zubkov was appointed the new prime minister.[84]
In 2005, the National Priority Projects were launched In December 2007, United Russia won 64.24% of the
to improve Russias health care, education, housing and popular vote in their run for State Duma according to
election preliminary results.[85] United Russias victory in
agriculture.[70][71]
December 2007 elections was seen by many as an indicaThe continued criminal prosecution of Russias then richtion of strong popular support of the then Russian leadest man, President of YUKOS company Mikhail Khodorership and its policies.[86][87]
kovsky, for fraud and tax evasion was seen by the international press as a retaliation for Khodorkovskys donations In his last days in oce Putin was reported to have taken
to both liberal and communist opponents of the Kremlin. a series of steps to re-align the regional bureaucracy to
The government said that Khodorkovsky was corrupting make the governors report to the prime minister rather
a large segment of the Duma to prevent tax code changes than the president.[88][89] Putins oce explained that the
such as taxes on windfall prots and closing oshore tax changes... bear a rening nature and do not aect the esevasion vehicles. Khodorkovsky was arrested, Yukos was sential positions of the system. The key role in estimating
bankrupted and the companys assets were auctioned at the eectiveness of activity of regional authority still bebelow-market value, with the largest share acquired by the longs to the President of the Russian Federation.
state company Rosneft.[72] The fate of Yukos was seen in
the West as a sign of a broader shift of Russia towards
a system of state capitalism.[73][74] This was underscored 3.7 Second Premiership (20082012)
in July 2014 when shareholders of Yukos were awarded
$50 billion in compensation by the Permanent Arbitra- Main article: Vladimir Putins Second Cabinet
tion Court in The Hague.[75]
A study by Bank of Finland's Institute for Economies in Putin was barred from a third term by the Constitu-
3.8
7
tens of thousands Russians engaged in protests against
alleged electoral fraud, the largest protests in Putins
time; protesters criticized Putin and United Russia and
demanded annulment of the election results.[94] However, those protests, organized by the leaders of the
Russian non-systemic opposition, sparked the fear of
a colour revolution in society, and a number of antiOrange counter-protests (the name alludes to the Orange
Revolution in Ukraine) and rallies of Putin supporters were carried out, surpassing in scale the opposition
protests.[95][96][97]
Third Presidential
present)
term
(2012
Putin taking the presidential oath at his 3rd inauguration ceremony, 7 May 2012
On 4 March 2012, Putin won the 2012 Russian presidential elections in the rst round, with 63.6% of the
vote.[62] While eorts to make the elections transparent were publicized, including the usage of webcams
in polling stations, the vote was criticized by the Russian opposition and by international observers from the
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe for
procedural irregularities.[98]
Anti-Putin protests took place during and directly after the presidential campaign. The most notorious
protest was the Pussy Riot performance on 21 February, and subsequent trial.[99] Also, an estimated 8,000
20,000 protesters gathered in Moscow on 6 May,[100][101]
when eighty people were injured in confrontations with
At the United Russia Congress in Moscow on 24 Septem- police,[102] and 450 were arrested, with another 120 arber 2011, Medvedev ocially proposed that Putin stand rests taking place the following day.[103]
for the Presidency in 2012, an oer which Putin ac- Putins presidency was inaugurated in the Kremlin on 7
cepted. Given United Russias near-total dominance of May 2012.[104] On his rst day as President, Putin issued
Russian politics, many observers believed that Putin was 14 Presidential decrees, which are sometimes called the
all but assured of a third term. The move was expected May Decrees by the media, including a lengthy one statto see Medvedev stand on the United Russia ticket in ing wide-ranging goals for the Russian economy. Other
the parliamentary elections in December, with a goal of decrees concerned education, housing, skilled labor trainbecoming Prime Minister at the end of his presidential ing, relations with the European Union, the defense interm.[92] During the 2012 presidential campaign, Putin dustry, inter-ethnic relations, and other policy areas dealt
published 7 articles to present his vision for the future.[93] with in Putins program articles issued during the presiAfter the parliamentary elections on 4 December 2011, dential campaign.[105][106]
3 POLITICAL CAREER
Putin laying wreaths at a monument to the defenders of Sevastopol in World War II, 9 May 2014
clared the referendum illegal and vowed to punish Russia with economic sanctions.[122] This vow lead to the
rst sanctions issued against Russia (more followed after pro-Russian unrest spread to the south and east of
Ukraine).[123][124] Although Putin at the time stated that
no Russian troops were active in Crimea but only local forces of self defence on 17 April 2014 he stated
Of course our troops stood behind Crimeas self-defence
forces.[125] Putin outlined his Crimean views on 18
March in his so-called "Crimean speech". In this speech
he claimed that the ousting of Yanukovych was "coup"
perpetrated by "nationalists, neo-Nazis, Russophobes and
anti-Semites".[126] In the speech he also referred to the
(then new) Yatsenyuk Government and the (then) acting
Ukrainian President Oleksandr Turchynov as so-called
Ukrainian authorities who had introduced a scandalous
law on the revision of the language policy, which directly
violated the rights of the national minorities".[127] In the
speech he also claimed that Russia and Ukraine were one
nation" and that Russia would always protect the millions of Russian speakers in Ukraine but that Ukrainians should not believe those who want you to fear Russia, shouting that other regions will follow Crimea.[128]
Also on 18 March Putin and the new leadership of Crimea
signed a bill that lead to the annexation of Crimea by Russia.[128]
Following the Crimean referendum unrest increased in
eastern Ukraine apart from Crimea.[130] On 17 April
2014 Putin stated he hoped not to send Russian troops
into Ukraine but didn't rule it out, accusing the Kiev
government of committing 'a serious crime' by using
the military to quell unrest.[131] Putin added that he reserves the right to use armed force to protect ethnic Russians in "Novorossiya".[132] On 7 May 2014, after discussions with Switzerland's President Didier Burkhalter
in an attempt to de-escalate mounting tensions of Russian troop massing on the border of southeast Ukraine
during and following the Crimean intervention, Putin announced a pullback of these forces.[133] In a reference to
25 May 2014 presidential elections in Ukraine, Putin indicated that the Ukrainian elections were a step in the
9
authorities in Ukraine want.[140] Putin also once again
called the Euromaidan Revolution a political coup and
claimed that by supporting President Poroshenko and his
Yatsenyuk Government western governments were supporting Russophobes.[140] In the interview Putin again admitted that during the 2014 Crimean crisis Our armed
forces blocked literally the Ukrainian forces located in
Crimea, but it was not in attempt to force anyone to vote,
its impossible to do so. It was done in order to prevent
the bloodshed.[140]
Putin called on separatists to postpone their referendum on independence, and expressed support for Ukraines presidential election on 25 May.[129]
Putins domestic policies, especially early in his rst presidency, were aimed at creating a vertical power structure.
On 13 May 2000, he issued a decree putting the 89 federal
subjects of Russia into seven administrative federal districts and appointed a presidential envoy responsible for
each of those districts (whose ocial title is Plenipotentiary Representative).
In a mid-November ARD interview Putin indicated Russia would not allow a military defeat of the pro-Russian
side in the War in Donbass when he stated that Russia
would not allow Ukraine to destroy all their political opponents what, according to Putin, the west the central
10
4 DOMESTIC POLICIES
replaced with a system whereby they would be nominated by the President and approved or disapproved by
regional legislatures.[146][147] This was seen by Putin as a
necessary move to stop separatist tendencies and get rid
of those governors who were connected with organised
crime.[148] This and other government actions eected
under Putins presidency have been criticised by many independent Russian media outlets and Western commentators as anti-democratic.[149][150] In 2012, as proposed
by Putins successor Dmitry Medvedev, the direct election of governors was re-introduced.[151]
During his rst term in oce, Putin moved to curb the
political ambitions of some of the Yeltsin-era oligarchs,
resulting in the exile or imprisonment of such people as
Boris Berezovsky, Vladimir Gusinsky, Mikhail Khodorkovsky; other oligarchs such as Roman Abramovich and
Arkady Rotenberg[152] soon joined Putins camp. Putin
presided over an intensied ght with organised crime
and terrorism that resulted in two times lower murder
rates by 2011,[153] as well as signicant reduction in the
numbers of terrorist acts by the late 2000s (decade).[154]
Putin succeeded in codifying land law and tax law
and promulgated new codes on labour, administrative,
criminal, commercial and civil procedural law.[15] Under Medvedevs presidency, Putins government implemented some key reforms in the area of state security, the
Russian police reform and the Russian military reform.
4.1
ceeded that of Russian SFSR in 1990, meaning it overcame the devastating consequences of the 1998 nancial
crisis and preceding recession in the 1990s.[12]
During Putins eight years in oce, industry grew substantially, as did production, construction, real incomes,
credit, and the middle class.[10][12][13][156][157] Putin has
also been praised for eliminating widespread barter and
thus boosting the economy.[158] Ination remained a
problem however.[12]
In 2001, Putin obtained approval for a at tax rate of
13%;[159][160] the corporate rate of tax was also reduced
from 35 percent to 24 percent;[159] Small businesses also
get better treatment. The old system, with high tax rates,
has been replaced by a new system where companies can
choose either a 6-percent tax on gross revenue or a 15percent tax on prots.[159] The overall tax burden is lower
in Russia than in most European countries.[161]
A central concept in Putins economic thinking was the
creation of so-called National champions, vertically integrated companies in strategic sectors that are expected
not only to seek prot, but also to advance the interests of the nation. Examples of such companies include
Gazprom, Rosneft and United Aircraft Corporation.[162]
A fund for oil revenue allowed Russia to repay all of the
Soviet Unions debts by 2005.[12] Payments from the fuel
and energy sector accounted for nearly half of the federal
budgets revenues. The large majority of Russias exports
are made up of raw materials and fertilizers,[12] although
exports as a whole accounted for only 8.7% of the GDP
in 2007, compared to 20% in 2000.[163]
After 18 years of trying, Russia joined the World Trade
Economic, industrial, and energy poli- Organization on 22 August 2012. However, there were
cies
few immediate economic benets evident from that WTO
membership.[164]
Under Putin as President and Premier, most of the worlds
largest automotive companies opened plants in Russia,
which Putin encouraged via tax incentives, as well as
protectionist measures which discouraged imports.[165]
In 2005, Putin initiated an industry consolidation programme to bring the main aircraft producing companies
4.2
Environmental policy
11
On the other hand Russia diversied its export markets
by building the Trans-Siberian oil pipeline to the markets of China, Japan and Korea, as well as the Sakhalin
KhabarovskVladivostok gas pipeline in the Russian Far
East. Russia has also recently built several major oil and
gas reneries, plants and ports. Additionally, Putin has
presided over construction of major hydropower plants,
such as the Bureya Dam and the Boguchany Dam, as well
as the restoration of the nuclear industry of Russia, with
some 1 trillion rubles ($42.7 billion) allocated from the
federal budget to nuclear power and industry development before 2015.[170] A large number of nuclear power
stations and units are currently being constructed by the
state corporation Rosatom in Russia and abroad.
In a similar fashion, Putin created the United Shipbuilding Corporation in 2007, which led to the recovery of
shipbuilding in Russia. Since 2006, much eorts were
put into consolidation and development of the Rosatom
Nuclear Energy State Corporation, which led to the renewed construction of nuclear power plants in Russia. In 4.2 Environmental policy
2007, the Russian Nanotechnology Corporation was established, aimed to boost the science and technology and Main articles: Environment of Russia and Environmental
issues in Russia
high-tech industry in Russia.[168]
In 2004, President Putin signed the Kyoto Protocol treaty
In the decade following 2000, energy in Russia helped
transform the country, especially oil and gas energy. This
transformation promoted Russias well-being and international inuence, and the country was frequently described
in the media as an energy superpower.[169] Putin oversaw
growing taxation of oil and gas exports which helped nance the budget, while the oil industry of Russia, production, and exports all signicantly grew.
Putin sought to increase Russias share of the European
energy market by building submerged gas pipelines bypassing Ukraine and other countries which were often
seen as non-reliable transit partners by Russia, especially
following Russia-Ukraine gas disputes of the late 2000s
(decade). Russia also undermined the rival pipeline
project Nabucco by buying the Turkmen gas and redi- Putin uses a tranquilizer gun to sedate an Amur Tiger in the
Ussuri Nature Reserve in Primorsky Krai, 2008.
recting it into Russian pipelines.
12
4 DOMESTIC POLICIES
designed to reduce greenhouse gases.[176] However Russia did not face mandatory cuts, because the Kyoto Protocol limits emissions to a percentage increase or decrease
from 1990 levels and Russias greenhouse-gas emissions
fell well below the 1990 baseline due to a drop in economic output after the breakup of the Soviet Union.[177]
Putin personally supervises and/or promotes a number of
protection programmes for rare and endangered animals
in Russia:
The Amur Tiger Programme[178]
The White Whale Programme[179]
The Polar Bear Programme[180]
The Snow Leopard Programme[181]
4.3
Religious policy
4.5
13
the Arctic.[194][195]
14
5 FOREIGN POLICY
Foreign policy
federations Cup and 2018 FIFA World Cup, also for the
rst time in Russian history. In 2013, Putin stated that
gay athletes would not face any discrimination at the 2014
Main article: Foreign policy of Vladimir Putin
[201]
President Barack Obama did
See also: Foreign relations of Russia and List of presi- Sochi Winter Olympics.
not
attend
the
2014
Winter
Olympics,[202] joining other
dential trips made by Vladimir Putin
[203]
As of late 2013, Russian-American relations were at a western leaders in the apparent symbolic boycott.
ship appeared.[204] However, the U.S. responded by further expansion of NATO to Russias borders and by unilateral withdrawal from the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile
Treaty.[204] Since 2003, when Russia did not support the
Iraq War and when Putin became ever more distant from
the West in his internal and external policies, the relations
continued to deteriorate. According to Russia scholar
Stephen F. Cohen, the narrative of the mainstream U.S.
media, following that of the White House, became anti-
5.2
15
2007.[211]
Vladimir Putin strongly opposed Kosovo's 2008 declaration of independence, warning supporters of that precedent that it would de facto destroy the whole system of
international relations.[212][213][214]
Putin had friendly relations with former American President George W. Bush, and many European leaders.
Putins cooler and more business-like relationship
with Germanys current Chancellor, Angela Merkel is often attributed to Merkels upbringing in the former DDR,
where Putin was stationed when he was a KGB agent.[215]
Relations between Russia and the United Kingdom deteriorated when the United Kingdom granted political asylum to Putins former patron, oligarch Boris Berezovsky
in 2003.[216] This deterioration was intensied by allegations that the British were spying and making secret payments to pro-democracy and human rights groups.[217]
The end of 2006 brought more strained relations in the
wake of the death by polonium poisoning of Alexander
Litvinenko in London.[218][219] In 2007, the crisis in relations continued with expulsion of four Russian envoys
over Russias refusal to extradite former KGB bodyguard
Andrei Lugovoi to face charges in the alleged murder of
Litvinenko.[216] Mirroring the British actions, Russia expelled UK diplomats and took other retaliatory steps.[216]
In 2009 Putin called the MolotovRibbentrop Pact immoral and in 2014 he asked if there was anything bad
about that.[220]
saying that The Declaration on Strategic Partnership between India and Russia signed in October 2000 became
a truly historic step.[221][222] Prime Minister Manmohan
16
5 FOREIGN POLICY
Singh during Putins 2012 visit to India: President Putin relations were uneven: Russia did not fulll the conis a valued friend of India and the original architect of the tract of selling to Iran the S-300, one of the most poIndia-Russia strategic partnership.[223]
tent anti-aircraft missile systems currently existing. HowPutins Russia maintains positive relations with other ever, Russian specialists completed the construction of
BRIC countries. The country has sought to strengthen Iran and the Middle Easts rst civilian nuclear power faties especially with the Peoples Republic of China by cility, the Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant, and Russia has
signing the Treaty of Friendship as well as building the continuously opposed the imposition of economic sancTrans-Siberian oil pipeline geared toward growing Chi- tions on Iran by the U.S. and the EU, as well as warning
against a military attack on Iran. Putin was quoted as
nese energy needs.[224] The mutual-security cooperation
[205]
though he expressed
of the two countries and their central Asian neighbours describing Iran as a partner,
concerns over the Iranian nuclear programme.[205]
is facilitated by the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
which was founded in 2001 in Shanghai by the leaders of In April 2008, Putin became the rst Russian PresiChina, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, and dent who visited Libya.[235] Putin condemned the foreign
military intervention of Libya, he called UN resolution
Uzbekistan.
everyThe announcement made during the SCO summit that as defective and awed, and added It allows[236][237]
thing.
It
resembles
medieval
calls
for
crusades.
Russia resumes on a permanent basis the long-distance
patrol ights of its strategic bombers (suspended in Upon the death of Muammar Gadda, Putin called it
1992)[225][226] in the light of joint Russian-Chinese mil- as planned murder by the US, saying: They showed
itary exercises, rst-ever in history held on Russian to the whole world how he (Gadda) was killed, and
blood all over. Is that what they call a
territory,[227] made some experts believe that Putin is in- There was [238][239]
democracy?"
clined to set up an anti-NATO bloc or the Asian version of OPEC.[228] When presented with the suggestion
that Western observers are already likening the SCO to
a military organisation that would stand in opposition to
NATO, Putin answered that this kind of comparison is
inappropriate in both form and substance.[225]
5.3
5.4
5.4
17
regions of Russias historic south and was created
on a whim by the Bolsheviks".[253] He went on to declare that the February 2014 ousting of Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych had been orchestrated by the
West as an attempt to weaken Russia (our Western partners have crossed a line. They behaved rudely, irresponsibly and unprofessionally) and that the people who
had come to power in Ukraine were "nationalists, neoNazis, Russophobes and anti-Semites".[253] In a July 2014
speech midst the an armed insurgency in Eastern Ukraine
Putin stated he would use Russias entire arsenal and
the right of self defence to protect Russian speakers
outside Russia.[254] In late August 2014, Putin stated:
People who have their own views on history and the
history of our country may argue with me, but it seems to
me that the Russian and Ukrainian peoples are practically
one people.[255]
18
SPEECHES
2015.[264]
5.5
The Dutch Safety Board that is investigating the incident released a preliminary report in September 2014,
but stated that the nal report will be published within
Relations with Australia, Latin Amer- one year of the crash.[271]
6 Speeches
Putin and his successor Medvedev enjoyed warm relations with the late Hugo Chvez of Venezuela. Much
of this has been through the sale of military equipment;
since 2005, Venezuela has purchased more than $4 billion
worth of arms from Russia.[265] In September 2008, Russia sent Tupolev Tu-160 bombers to Venezuela to carry
out training ights.[266] In November 2008, both countries held a joint naval exercise in the Caribbean.[267] Earlier in 2000, Putin had re-established stronger ties with
Fidel Castro's Cuba.
19
international law and substitution of the United Nations
by NATO or the EU.[279] Putin also called for a stop to the
militarization of space and questioned the plans to deploy
American missile defense in Europe as threatening strategic nuclear balance and spurring a new arms race. He
also claimed that the countries dubbed as rogue states by
the West were not going to be capable of threatening Europe or the U.S. with ballistic missiles in the foreseeable
future.[279] His speech was criticized by some attendant
delegates at the conference, including former NATO secretary Jaap de Hoop Scheer who called it disappointing
and not helpful.[208]
6.3
Outdoor speeches
7 Public image
Main article: Public image of Vladimir Putin
With Dmitry Medvedev on the day of the Russian presidential election, 2008. The soundtrack is Lubeh, Putins favourite
band.[280]
20
Minister Tony Blair, who received a 93% public approval rating in September 1997.[286][287][288] In January
2013, Putins approval rating fell to 62%, the lowest point
since 2000 and a ten-point drop over two years.[289] In
May 2014 his approval rating rose to 85.9%, a six-year
high.[290] Observers see Putins high approval ratings as
a consequence of the signicant improvements in living standards and Russias reassertion of itself on the
world scene during his presidency.[291][292] One analysis attributed Putins popularity, in part, to state-owned
or state-controlled television.[293] A 2005 survey showed
that three times as many Russians felt the country was
more democratic under Putin than it was during the
Yeltsin or Gorbachev years, and the same proportion
thought human rights were better under Putin than under
Yeltsin.[293]
7 PUBLIC IMAGE
Belarus.[306][307] Former UK Foreign Secretary David
Miliband once described Putin as a ruthless dictator
whose days are numbered.[308] U.S. Presidential candidate Mitt Romney called Putin a real threat to the stability and peace of the world.[309] Former U.S. Secretary
of State Henry Kissinger wrote: For the West, the demonization of Vladimir Putin is not a policy; it is an alibi for
the absence of one.[310]
7.2
21
Putins painting " " (A Pattern on a Hoarfrost-Encrusted Window), which he had
painted during the Christmas Fair on 26 December 2008,
became the top lot at the charity auction in Saint Petersburg and sold for 37 million rubles.[333] The creation of
the painting coincided with the 2009 RussiaUkraine gas
dispute, which left a number of European states without
Russian gas and amid January frosts.[246]
There are a large number of songs about Putin.[334] Some
of the more popular include:
[I Want] A Man Like Putin by Singing Together[335]
22
8 PERSONAL LIFE
Shearing a pig- In 2013, Putin responded to complaints that he was harboring whistleblower Edward
Snowden, saying that he would not recommend getting involved in the issue of his extradition because
its like shearing a pig lots of squeal but little wool. ( , ).[350] In
the past, this Ukrainian saying impressed Nikita
Khrushchev when Mikhail Lavrentyev quipped in
reference to the futility of certain reforms the USSR
Academy of Sciences,[351] and later it was misattributed to Khrushchev.[352]
See more at wikiquote:Vladimir Putin.
8 Personal life
During annual Q&A conference
7.3
Putinisms
8.1 Family
See also: Lyudmila Putina
On 28 July 1983 Putin married Kaliningrad-born
Lyudmila Shkrebneva, at that time an undergraduate student of the Spanish branch of the philology department
of the Leningrad State University and a former Aeroot
ight attendant. They lived together in Germany from
1985 to 1990. During this time, according to BND
8.2
23
of the department that graduates future diplomats.[361]
According to the Daily Mail, their photographs have never
been published by the Russian media, and no family portrait has ever been issued.[356] The Sunday Times has published one picture of Mariya with her parents.[362]
24
8 PERSONAL LIFE
[376]
8.3 Languages
Putin arrived at the 14th International Biker Rally in Sevastopol,
Crimea, 24 July 2010
Not long after he returned from his KGB service in Dresden, East Germany Putin built a dacha in Solovyovka
on the eastern shore of Lake Komsomolskoye on the
Karelian Isthmus in Priozersky District of Leningrad
Oblast, near St. Petersburg. The dacha had burned down
in 1996. Putin built a new one identical to the original and
was joined by a group of seven friends who built dachas
beside his. In the fall of 1996, the group formally registered their fraternity as a co-operative society, calling it
Ozero (Lake) and turning it into a gated community.[383]
As President and then Prime-Minister, apart from the
Moscow Kremlin and the White House, Putin has used
numerous ocial residences throughout the country. In
August 2012 Nemtsov listed 20 villas and palaces, 9 of
which were built during Putins 12 years in power. This
compares to the President of the United States' 2 ocial
residences.[384]
8.4 Religion
Putins father was a model communist, genuinely believing in its ideals while trying to put them into practice in his
own life. With this dedication he became secretary of
the Party cell in his workshop and then after taking night
Some of the residences include: Gorki-9 near Moscow, classes joined the factorys Party bureau.[25] Though his
Bocharov Ruchey in Sochi, Dolgiye Borody in Novgorod father was a militant atheist",[390] Putins mother was a
Oblast, Novo-Ogaryovo in Moscow Oblast and Riviera devoted Orthodox believer. Though she kept no icons
8.6
Other sports
25
Russian sport title) in judo in 1975 and in sambo in 1973.
At a state visit to Japan, Putin was invited to the Kodokan
Institute, the judo headquarters, where he showed dierent judo techniques to the students and Japanese ocials.
Putin also holds an 8th dan black belt in Kyokushin
kaikan karate gotten in November 2014.[396] He
was presented the black belt in December 2009 by
Japanese champion Kyokushin Karate-Do master Hatsuo
Royama.[397]
In 2013, Putin re-introduced the GTO physical tness
program to Russia[398] with the support of Steven Seagal.[399][400]
Putin and wife Lyudmila in New York City at service for victims
of September 11 attacks, 16 November 2001.
at home, she attended church regularly, despite the governments persecution of the Russian Orthodox Church
at that time. She ensured that Putin was secretly christened as a baby and she regularly took him to services.
His father knew of this but turned a blind eye.[25]
According to Putins own statements, his religious awakening followed the serious car crash of his wife in 1993,
and was deepened by a life-threatening re that burned
down their dacha in August 1996.[390] Right before an
ocial visit to Israel his mother gave him his baptismal
cross telling him to get it blessed I did as she said and
then put the cross around my neck. I have never taken it
o since.[25] When asked whether he believes in God
during his interview with Time, he responded saying:
"...There are things I believe, which should not in my position, at least, be shared with the public at large for everybodys consumption because that would look like selfadvertising or a political striptease.[391]
26
11 BIBLIOGRAPHY
to the friendship between the two countries. This
decoration is usually awarded to the heads of state
considered very close to France.[413]
In 2007, Putin was named Time magazines Person
of the Year.
On 12 February 2007 Saudi King Abdullah awarded
Putin the King Abdul Aziz Award, Saudi Arabias
top civilian decoration.[414]
On 10 September 2007 UAE President Khalifa bin
Zayed Al Nahyan awarded Putin the Order of Zayed, the UAEs top civil decoration.[415]
In December 2007 Expert, a Russian businessoriented weekly magazine, named Putin as its
Person of the Year.[416]
On 5 October 2008 the central street of Grozny,
the capital of Russias Republic of Chechnya, was
renamed from the Victory Avenue to the Vladimir
Putin Avenue, as ordered by the Chechen President
Ramzan Kadyrov.[417]
In February 2011 the parliament of Kyrgyzstan
named a peak in Tian Shan mountains Vladimir
Putin Peak.[418]
2003 Koni gave birth to eight pups which were later given
as presents to Russian citizens, politicians and foreign
ambassadors.[406] Koni gained additional fame in 2004
when the largest Russian publisher of childrens books
published a book entitled Connies Stories.[407] In 2008
Koni became the rst recipient of a GLONASS-enabled
pet collar to highlight the progress of the Russian global
navigation satellite system.[408]
In 2010 Bulgarian Prime Minister Boyko Borisov gave
Putin a Karakachan dog who was then named Buy
according to a suggestion by a ve-year old boy from
Moscow, Dima Sokolov.[409]
8.8
10 See also
11 Bibliography
11.1 Academic works
Recognition
In September 2006, Frances president Jacques
Chirac awarded Vladimir Putin the Grand-Croix
(Grand Cross) of the Lgion d'honneur, the highest French decoration, to celebrate his contribution
27
Sakwa, Richard (2008). Putin: Russias choice (2nd
ed.). Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge. ISBN 0203-93193-9
Sakwa, Richard (2008). Russian politics and society (4th ed.). Abingdon, Oxfordshire and Madison
Avenue, New York City: Routledge. ISBN 0-20393125-4
11.2
Journalist works
12
References
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RIAN
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20 , RIAN
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12
REFERENCES
[352]
37
13 Further reading
Arutunyan, Anna (2015) [2012; Czech ed.].
The Putin Mystique: Inside Russias Power Cult.
Northampton, Mass.: Olive Branch Press. ISBN
9781566569903. OCLC 881654740.
Asmus, Ronald (2010). A Little War that Shook the
World: Georgia, Russia, and the Future of the West.
NYU. ISBN 978-0-230-61773-5.
14 External links
Ocial personal website
Ocial site of the President of Russia
Vladimir Putin at DMOZ
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Mansand80000 and Anonymous: 1565
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File:RF_NG_pipestoEU.gif Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/RF_NG_pipestoEU.gif License: Public domain Contributors: www.eia.doe.gov Original artist: DOE
File:RIAN_archive_100306_Vladimir_Putin,_Federal_Security_Service_Director.jpg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/6/6f/RIAN_archive_100306_Vladimir_Putin%2C_Federal_Security_Service_Director.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: RIA Novosti archive, image #100306, http://visualrian.ru/ru/site/gallery/#100306 Digital / Original artist: Sergey
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