National University of Modern Languages

RWS
Sir: Imran

Book: Writing skill

Developing writing
Effective writing

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Major problems in writing letters

1. Expression
2. Structure

Things that are important in writing

1. Apply the Grammar
2. word bank

Basic elements for writing letters are;

1- Sentence
2- Paragraph
3- Composition

Sentence: we have three type of sentence

Sentence

Simple Compound Complex

Conjunction: conjunction is a word which joins two words or clauses or sentences.

Conjunction

Coordinating Subordinating

Coordinating
• There are relatively few co-ordinating conjunctions, and being by far the most common.
Below are some of the more commonly used.

and or
and so yet
and then neither...nor
but not only...but also

• Remember that co-ordinating conjunctions will also co-ordinate words which are not clauses,
such as co-ordinating two adjectives (a red and shiny nose) or two nouns (apples and pears). To
determine if the conjunction is co-ordinating two clauses look for the finite verb in each clause.

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• Sometimes using and would be too clumsy and repetitive, so a comma is used instead to
separate a string of co-ordinated clauses. This is particularly a feature of lists of clauses and in each
case it would always be possible to insert the word and to replace the comma (though with
infelicitous consequences!). The opening to Dickens' A Tale of Two Cities offers a good example of
this:
It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of
foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity...

Subordinators:
• Subordinate clauses can be formed using subordinating conjunctions or by using relative
pronouns (that, who, whose, which). There are a wide range of subordinators, expressing a rich variety
of meanings. Some of them are listed in the box below.
Because until
When although
Where since
Why as
Unless after
If while
In order to rather than

Clauses: A clause is a grammatical unit which operates at a lower level than the sentence but at
a higher level than words or phrases.
• It is sometimes helpful to think of the clause as a building block for sentences, helping to
develop and expand the sentence as necessary. The verb is a key constituent of a clause. So a clause
could consist of:

One word Eat!

Two words Sally wept.
Three words I think so
...and so on.
Clause

Main Subordinating

Main Clause is an independent clause (Subject +Verb)

Subordinating Clause is a dependent clause (Subordinate conj + S + V)

Example:
Main Clause {{my dog loves pizza crust}}
Subordinating clause {{because my dog loves pizza crust}}

Sentence:
1- Sample sentence or the main clause are both the same

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Subject + Verb (which can convey complete meaning)

2- Compound: at least two main clauses or sample sentence or combine by coordinating

conjunction.
For example:
*Canada is a rich country
*It has many poor people

Canada is a rich country, but it has many poor people

Advantage of Compound sentence

1- Style
2- Variety
3- Link up
4- Equal rank sentence can be connected

3- Complex sentence: the sentence which have at least one main clause or plus dependent
clause and to combine bother there should be a subordinating clause
For example:
*It is made of Gold
* I have a chain
I have a chain, which is made of Gold

Lincoln’s Letter to his Son’s Teacher

He will have to learn, I know,
that all men are not just, all men are not true. But teach him also that for every scoundrel
there is a hero; that for every selfish Politician, there is a dedicated leader… Teach him for
every enemy there is a friend,
Steer him away from envy,
if you can, teach him the secret of quiet laughter.
Let him learn early that
the bullies are the easiest to lick… Teach him, if you can, the wonder of books… But also
give him quiet time to ponder the eternal mystery of birds in the sky, bees in the sun, and the
flowers on a green hillside.
In the school teach him
it is far honourable to fail than to cheat… Teach him to have faith in his own ideas, even if
everyone tells him they are wrong… Teach him to be gentle with gentle people, and tough
with the tough.
Try to give my son
the strength not to follow the crowd when everyone is getting on the band wagon… Teach

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him to listen to all men… but teach him also to filter all he hears on a screen of truth, and
take only the good that comes through.
Teach him if you can,
how to laugh when he is sad… Teach him there is no shame in tears, Teach him to scoff at
cynics and to beware of too much sweetness… Teach him to sell his brawn and brain to the
highest bidders
but never to put a price-tag on his heart and soul.
Teach him to close his ears
to a howling mob and to stand and fight if he thinks he’s right. Treat him gently, but do not
cuddle him, because only the test of fire makes fine steel.
Let him have the courage
to be impatient… let him have the patience to be brave. Teach him always to have sublime
faith in himself, because then he will have sublime faith in mankind.
This is a big order,
but see what you can do… He is such a fine little fellow, my son!
~ Abraham Lincoln

Writing process:
1- Topic (Subject)

2- Prewriting
In prewriting we have BRAINSTORMING (whatever come to our mind during writing
letters, to write all that in a peace of paper and importing thing in brainstorming do not
discard any idea.
For example:

Topic : Important of English

Brainstorming :
a. job (career)
b. international language
c. science and technology
d. rich culture
e. official requirement
f. need to communicate
g. social need
h. political need
i. traveling
j. global competition
k. higher education

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3- Point (by point we mean how to end our topic impressively and everyone is in
different direction, so select the direction that you can go ahead and correctly.

4- Supporting (to support the point is called the supporting)

Topic : English is an international language
Supporting points:
a. Job (career)
b. science and technology
c. need to communicate
d. social need

5- Organization (in Organization we are organizing the points which we had in

brainstorming)
Subject: English is an inevitable reality of third world countries
Outline:
1- International Language:
e. Job (career)
f. science and technology
g. need to communicate
h. social need

6- Edit (in editing we will edit the spelling, Grammatical and incorrect
vocabulary.

7- Review: Review is the second draft, which we can recheck the spelling
Grammar, incorrect vocabulary and it can also be called Reorganization.

8- Re-edit

Paragraph Writing
Paragraph is the combination of sentences that circle around one point.
1. Unity (the paragraph should circle around one idea.
2. Length (there is not limit for writing paragraphy
3. Variety (paragraph can be
a) Short paragraph
b) Medium paragraph
c) Long paragraph
We mean by variety that we should have a different variety of the sentence, for example
should not be only sample sentence or compound sentence only.
4. Coherence

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Part of the paragraph

Topic sentence Supporting sentence Concluding sentence

1) Topic sentence (Central idea) is also called the key sentence and topic sentence use
especially for attraction of the audience.

2) Supporting sentence
3) Concluding sentence

Topic sentance

Limited topic

Writer’s attitude about the limited topic

Topic sentence has two parts, which is shown above.

1. Limited Topic: limited topic is the subject.
2. Writer’s attitude about the limited topic: what do you want to say about the topic
is the writer’s attitude about the limited topic.
For example:
• Media is a watch dog in modern democratic system
Here Media is the limited Topic and a watch dog in modern democratic system.

• Media has positive and negative impact on our lives.

Here Media is the limited Topic and has positive and negative impact on our lives.

• Highway accidents are often caused by absentminded.

Here Highway accident is the limited Topic and often caused by absentminded

• Using Mobile phones are biggest reason for highway accident

Here Highway accident is the limited Topic and Using Mobile phones are biggest reason

• Consumers’ complain can often have positive result.

Here Consumers’ complain is the limited Topic and can often have positive result

Is the following topic sentence are trustworthy.

1. the ford car is the concern of this paragraph
2. Drugs are dangerous
3. I have no water in my apartment at night.

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Recapitulation:
First topic, the limited topic is clear, but the writer attitude is unknown, that what basically
writer wants to say about the limited topic,
Second topic: the topic is so broad, which the reader can convince to read the entire topic.
Third Topic: the topic is so narrow and the writer is so band that can not write much about
the topic.

1. Topic : Media
2. Brainstorming :
1. Source of Information
2. Source of entertainment
3. Source of knowledge
4. Educate Public
5. Public opinion (formal)
6. Important in modern era
7. Eradication of Corruption
8. Sensational news
9.
10. Mirror of society
11.
12. Global village
13. Awareness
14. Communication
3. Point:

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Name: Mohammad Halim

1. Topic : Computer
2. Brainstorming :
1. Source of Information
2. Source of entertainment
3. Source of knowledge
4. Source of Business
5. Security
6. Fashion
7. Modern age
8. Communication

3. Point : Science and technology reached to peak due to existence of computer.

4. Organization : 1. Source of Information

a. Knowledge
2. Entertainment
3. Security
4. Communication

5. Paragraph
Science and technology reached to peak due to existence of
computer, because science and technology based on knowledge and
information and it all available at computer, where we can get it easily.
Today’s safety and security is strongly based on computer, because the
entire security camera, security rings and etc are because of science of
technology and so computer is a great and easiest way to communicate
with each other.
In conclusion, if the computer was not available, so we will exactly faced
trouble and were not able to get the benefit of all that. (95 words)

6. Review:
Science and technology reached to peak due to existence of computer, as
science and technology based on knowledge and it all available at computer,
where we can get it easily. Today’s safety and security is strongly based on
computer, for this the entire security camera, security rings and etc are by
science of technology and so computer is a great and easiest way to
communicate with each other.
In conclusion, if the computer was not available, so we will exactly faced trouble
and were not able to get the benefit of all that. (93 words)

7. Re-edit
Science and technology reached to peak due to existence of computer, as
science and technology based on knowledge and it all available at computer,
where we can get it easily. Today’s safety and security is strongly based on
computer, for this the entire security camera, security rings and etc are by

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science of technology, so computer is a great and easiest way to communicate

with each other.
In conclusion, if the computer was not available, so we will exactly faced trouble
and were not able to get the benefit of all that. (92 words)

Faisal mosque gives more beauty to Islamabad

E-7 sector is the beautiful, green and expensive place of Islamabad city, where an ordinary
people have always hope to live there, because it has natural beauty, beside that it has high
mountains, houses and mosques and the best example is Faisal mosque. It is the memory of King
Shah Faisal that fully cost by him as a gift to people of Pakistan and designed by a Turkish engineer
Dalokay, it is an international mosque, where it cover a small area of Islamabad city, but spread its
beauty to all Pakistan, it is fully secured by CDA, people are coming to visit either from foreign
countries or national with a keen interest and there is no abandon of male or female, everyone can
visit alone or with family. Faisal Mosque consists of three types of building, the university,
mausoleum and religious. At initial decade International Islamic University covered the ground floor
for education purpose, until 2000 when a new campus inaugurated at H-10 sector, second portion
reserved for prayers and it can accommodate more than forty thousand (40000) prayers and the
outside (additional to the ground of Faisal mosque) reserved for mausoleum of General Zia-ul-haq
(President of Pakistan, 1978 to 1988)

How to write summery

In the summery we have two ingredients.
1) Main point: to know what the text about, circle the main idea
and find the major supporting ideas.
Note: explanation, example, diversion and digression can not write while writing
summery and always write the summery in your own word not to copy and past.

Main idea
Major supporting idea

2) Supporting point:

Method for writing summery:

1. Read (understand): read all the text carefully until to understand.
2. Underline main point and major supporting point
3. Rewrite the main point in your own word
4. Rewrite the supporting points in your own word.

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