In this lecture youll learn

Chapter 5 Lecture

To use Newtons second

law to solve problems
involving
Equilibrium
q
Objects moving in two
dimensions
Multiple objects
Frictional forces
And the nature of
friction
Circular
Ci l motion
ti

Using Newtons Laws

Slide 5-1

Example: Static Equilibrium

Slide 5-2

Example: The Runaway Car

A car of mass m is on an icy
y driveway
y inclined at an angle
g .
Find the acceleration of the car, assuming the driveway is
frictionless.

x-direction:

T1 cos1 T2 cos2

y-direction:

T1 sin1 T2 sin2 T3

x-direction:

T3 Fg mg
g

y-direction:
y direction:

F mg sin ma
F 0
x

ax g sin
n mg cos

Slide 5-3

Clicker Question

Slide 5-4

Example: Connected Objects

Two blocks,
blocks with masses1 kg and 2 kg,
kg are released
simultaneously on an inclined plane that makes an angle of
with the horizontal. Which of the following statements is true
about their acceleration after being released?
A.
A
B.
C
C.
D.

Both blocks accelerate at a rate of g.

g
Both blocks accelerate at a rate of gcos.
Both blocks accelerate at a rate of gsin.
The 1-kg block accelerates two times faster than the
2-kg block.
E. The 2-kg block accelerates two times faster than the
1-kg block.

Two blocks of masses m1 and m2 are placed in contact with each other on a
frictionless, horizontal surface. A constant horizontal force is applied to m1.

F 21

(A) Find the magnitude of the acceleration of the system.

Model the two blocks as a combined system under a net force, and
apply
l N
Newton's
' second
d llaw iin the
h x direction:
di
i

F F m m a
x

F
m1 m2

(B) Determine the magnitude of the contact force between the two blocks.
Apply Newtons second law to m2:

F12 m2a
Clicker 5-5

F12

m2
F
m1 m2

Clicker 5-6

Clicker Question

Example: Connected Objects

Blocks of 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 kg are lined up on a
frictionless table, as shown below, with a 12 N force
applied
pp
to the leftmost block. What force does the middle
block exert on the rightmost one?

If you push with force F on either the heavy box (m1) or

the light box (m2), in which of the two cases below is the
contact force between the two boxes larger?

A
1) case A

m2

2) case B

m1

3)) same in both cases

B
m2

m1

Clicker 5-7

Clicker 5-8

Clicker Question

Example: Multiple Objects

a

Th
Three
bl
blocks
k off mass 3m,
3 2m,
2 and
d m are connected
t d by
b
strings and pulled with constant acceleration a. What is the

For m1: T m1a

relationship
l ti
hi b
between
t
th
the ttension
i iin each
h off th
the strings?
ti
?

1) T1 > T2 > T3

3m

T3

2) T1 < T2 < T3

2m

For m2: m2 g T m2 a

a
T2

T1

m2g

3) T1 = T2 = T3

4) all tensions are zero

m2 g
m1 m2

5) tensions are random

Clicker 5-9

Slide 5-10

Clicker Question

Example: Atwood Machine (m2>m1)

Consider
C
id th
the ttwo possible
ibl accelerations
l ti
off bl
block
kA
across the table toward the pulley. If friction is assumed
to be negligible
g g
in each case, then the acceleration of
block A is which of the following?

1. Greater in case I.
2. Greater in case II.
3. Both are the same.

m1g

m2 m1 g
m1 m2

For m1: T m1 g m1a

Clicker 5-11

Write down the acceleration

directly

For m2: m2 g T m2 a

m2g

Is T greater than
than, less than
than,
or equal to the two weights?
Slide 5-12

Clicker Question

Friction

Two identical blocks are placed on slopes of unequal angles

(A > B), connected by a rope passing over a pulley. After
g released,,
being
A. mass A slides down and mass B slides up.
B. mass B slides down and mass A slides up.
C. both masses remain at rest.

Friction is a force that opposes the relative motion of two

contacting surfaces.
Static friction occurs when the surfaces arent in motion;; its
magnitude is fs sn, where n is the normal force between the
surfaces and s is the coefficient of static friction.
Kinetic friction occurs between surfaces in motion; its
magnitude is fk = kn.
Friction is important in walking, driving
and a host of other applications:

B
A

B
Clicker 5-13

Slide 5-14

Clicker Question

Friction

A box of weight 100 N is at rest on a floor where s = 0.4. A

rope is attached to the box and pulled horizontally with
tension T = 30 N
N. Which way does the box move?

1) moves to the left

2)) moves to the right
g
3) moves up

Static friction
(s = 0.4 )

4) moves down
5) the box does not move

Clicker 5-16

Slide 5-15

Example

Example

A sliding hockey puck: Whats the acceleration?

Wh t the
Whats
th acceleration?
l ti ?

Newtons law in components:

x-direction:
direction: f k n max
y-direction: n mg
Solve for a:

ax

y: n T sin mg

n mg T sin
i

x: T cos f k ma x
T cos k mg T sin
ax

Slide 5-17

Slide 5-18

Clicker Question

Clicker Question

A block of mass m is pulled along a rough table at constant

velocity with an external force Fext at some angle above the
horizontal. The magnitudes of the forces on the free-body
di
diagram
h
have nott b
been d
drawn carefully,
f ll b
butt th
the di
directions
ti
off
the forces are correct.
N

Yo r little sister wants

Your
ants you
o to gi
give
e her a ride on her sled
sled. On
level ground, what is the easiest way to accomplish this?

1) pushing her from behind

Fextt

Ffric

2) pulling her from the front

4) it is impossible to move the sled

Which statement below must be true?

A.
B.
C
C.
D.
E.

Ffric > Fext , N

Ffric < Fext , N
Ffric > Fext , N
Ffric < Fext , N
None of these.

>
<
<
>

5) tell her to get out and walk

mg.
mg.
mg
mg.
mg.

Clicker 5-19

Block on a Ramp

Clicker 5-20

Clicker Question

At small angle
angle, the block remains
at rest on the ramp. The net force
must be zero, thus

A mass m is placed on an inclined plane and slides down

the plane with constant speed. If a similar block (same k)
of mass 2m were placed on the same incline, it would:

f s mg sin
i

As the angle increases, the

component of the force of gravity
parallel to the ramp increases,
while the normal force decreases.
By measuring the maximum angle s at which the block
begins to slide down, one can determine the coefficient of
static friction:
s tan s
The angle k at which the blocks descends at constant
speed can be used to determine the coefficient of kinetic
friction:
tan
k

3) b
both
th are equivalent
i l t

mg

1) not move at all

2) slide a bit, slow down, then
stop
3) accelerate down the incline
4) slide down at constant speed
5) slide up at constant speed

Clicker Question

A mass slides down a rough inclined plane with some nonzero acceleration of magnitude a1. The same mass is
shoved up the same incline with a large, brief initial push.
A th
As
the mass moves up th
the incline,
i li
itits acceleration
l ti iis off
magnitude a2. How do a1 and a2 compare?
v
a1

Clicker 5-22

Slide 5-21

Clicker Question

A block sits motionless on an inclined

plane, held in place by friction. The
plane
l
could
ld b
be tilt
tilted
d even more upwards
d
and the block would remain motionless.
Which of the following statements is
true?
1 Static friction must vanish since the block is not moving.
1.
moving

a2

2. The magnitude of the frictional force equals Mgsin.

1) a1 > a2

3 The
3.
Th magnitude
it d off the
th frictional
f i ti
l fforce equals
l sMgsin.
M i

2) a1 = a2

4. The magnitude of the frictional force equals sMgcos.

3) a1 < a2
Clicker 5-23

Clicker 5-24

Drag Force

Circular Motion

When an object
j
moves through
g a fluid, it experiences
p
a drag
g
force that is opposite to the direction of motion of the object
relative to the surrounding medium.
At low speeds
speeds, the drag
is proportional to the velocity:

When an object moves in a circular path of radius r at

constant speed v, it experiences a centripetal acceleration
that points toward the center of the circle with a magnitude

f d bv

b is a constant that depends on the properties of the medium

as well as shape and dimensions of the object
For object moving at high speed, the drag force is proportional
to the square of the speed:
1
2

fd

DAv

D is a dimensionless empirical quantity that is called the

drag coefficient
is the densityy of the fluid
A is the cross-sectional area of the object
v is the speed of the object
Slide 5-25

There is No Centrifugal Force

v2
r

Period of the circular motion is

2r
T
v
Newtons Second Law says that
the centripetal acceleration is
accompanied
i db
by a fforce
Tension in a string
Gravity
Force of friction
Slide 5-26

Clicker Question
A ball on a string is swung in a vertical circle.
circle The
string happens to break when it is parallel to the
ground and the ball is moving up. Which trajectory
d
does
th
the b
ballll ffollow?
ll ?

1) a
2) b
3) c
4) d

Clicker 5-28

Slide 5-27

Clicker Question

Ball on a String in Vertical Circle

At the top of the circle:

Two equal-mass rocks tied to strings are whirled in

horizontal circles. The radius of circle 2 is twice that of
circle 1. If the period of motion is the same for both rocks,
what is the tension in cord 2 compared to cord 1?

FT 1 mg mac
v2
FT 1 m mg
r

The minimum speed the ball

must have to continue
moving along the circular
path is

1) T2 = 1/4 T1

vmin gr

2) T2 = 1/2 T1
3) T2 = T1

At the bottom of the circle:

4) T2 = 2 T1
5) T2 = 4 T1
Clicker 5-29

FT 2 mg mac
v2
FT 2 m mg
r

Slide 5-30

Example: Tether Ball

Loop-the-Loop!

v2
r
y : T cos mg 0

x : T sin m

Solve for the balls speed:

v gr tan gL sin tan

The two forces acting on the roller

roller-coaster
coaster car are gravity and
normal force.
At the top of the loop, both forces are downward:
mv 2
n mg
r
For the car to stay in contact with the track, the normal force
must be greater than zero.
So the minimum speed is the speed at which the normal
force becomes arbitrarily close to zero:
mv 2
mg
vmin gr
r

Slide 5-31

Example

Slide 5-32

Example: Car Rounding a Curve

A car maintains a constant speed as it traverses the hill and valley

shown below. Both the hill and valley have a radius of curvature R.
How do the normal forces acting on the car at A, B, and C
compare?
?
Where would the driver feel heaviest?
How fast can the car go without losing contact with the road at A?
(Use only g for gravity and R.)

What is the maximum speed for a car to negotiate the turn

without skidding?
Th
The force
f
off static
t ti friction
f i ti provides
id the
th
necessary centripetal acceleration for
the car

Fs m

v2
s mg
r

v s gr

Slide 5-33

Example: Banked Curve

Barrel of Fun!

What is the optimum speed for a car to round the curve

without relying on friction?

A rider
id iin a b
barrell off
fun finds herself stuck
with her back to the
wall. Which diagram
correctly
y shows the
forces acting on her?

In the y-direction:

FN cos mg
In the x-direction:

FN sin m

Slide 5-34

v2
r

Solving for v:

v gr tan

1
Slide 5-35

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mHq1pV3GT2U

Slide 5-36

Clicker Question

Summary

A rider in a barrel
barrel of fun
fun finds herself stuck with her
back to the wall due to the upward force of static
friction, f1. What is the friction force, f2, if the barrels
rotational
t ti
l speed
d iis d
doubled?
bl d?

N
Newtons
t llaws are a universal
i
ld
description
i ti off motion,
ti
iin which
hi h
force causes not motion itself but change in motion
Applications of Newtons
Newton s laws involve
Identifying all the forces acting on the object or objects of
interest

1) f2 = 4f1

Drawing a free-body diagram

2) f2 = 2f1

Establishing a coordinate system

3) f2 = f1

Writing Newtons law in component form

4) f2 = f1/2

Equating the net force to the mass times the

acceleration

5) f2 = f1/4

Solving for the quantities of interest

Clicker 5-37

Slide 5-38