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In this lecture youll learn

Chapter 15 Lecture

Quantities used in describing


fluid behavior, including
density
y and p
pressure
How pressure differences
give rise to forces that act on
fl id
fluids
The origin of the buoyancy
force and why some
objects float while others
sink
How
H
conservation
ti off matter
tt
and energy apply to fluids
The continuity equation
Bernoullis equation

Fluid Motion

Slide 15-2

Slide 15-1

Solids vs. Fluids

Density

The three common p


phases of matter are solid,, liquid,
q , and gas.
g
A solid has a definite shape and size
Atoms or molecules are held in specific locations and vibrate
about equilibrium positions
A liquid has a fixed volume but can be any shape
The molecules wander through the liquid in a random
f hi
fashion
The intermolecular forces are not strong enough to keep the
molecules in a fixed position
p
A gas has no definite shape and volume
Molecules are in constant random motion
The molecules exert only weak forces on each other
Average distance between molecules is large compared to
the size of the molecules
Liquids
Li id and
d gases b
both
th flflow tto assume th
the configuration
fi
ti off any
container they are confined to, and are called fluids.

The density of a substance of uniform


composition is defined as its mass per unit
m
volume:

V
Unit: 1 kg/m3 = 1000 g/cm3
Densities of most liquids
q
and solids vary
y
slightly with temperature and pressure
Densities of gases vary greatly with
changes in temperature and pressure
Typical spacing between molecules in a gas
is about 10 times greater than the solid or
liquid
The specific gravity of a substance is the
ratio of its density
y to the density
y of water at
4 C, which is 1000 kg/m3

Slide 15-3

Pressure

Slide 15-4

Variation of Pressure with Depth


IIn the
th presence off gravity,
it pressure in
i a static
t ti fluid
fl id iincreases
with depth.
This allows an upward
p
p
pressure force to balance the
downward gravitational force; This condition is hydrostatic
equilibrium.

Pressure is the force per unit area:

pF/A
SI Unit: 1 N/m2 = 1 Pascal (Pa)
Other units: 1 atm = 101.3 kPa = 14.7
psi = 760 mmHg,
p
g, 1 bar = 105 Pa
Pressure is exerted by a fluid on a
submerged object, adjacent fluid, as
well
ell as the flfluids
ids container
container.
Pressure is the same in every
direction at a g
given depth.
p
The force exerted by a fluid is always
perpendicular to the surface.

Incompressible fluids like liquids have


constant density; for them, pressure as a
function of depth h is
p = p0 + gh
where p0 is the p
pressure at the surface.
The pressure does not depend upon
the shape of the container

Slide 15-5

Slide 15-6

Clicker Question

Clicker Question

By what factor is the total pressure greater at a depth of


850 m of water than at the surface where pressure is one
atmosphere? (water density = 1000 kg/m3 , 1 atmosphere
pressure = 1.01 x 105 N/m2 and g = 9.8 m/s2 )

Three containers of the same weight are filled with water to


the same height and have the same surface area at the
base, but the total weight of water is different for each.
Which container has the greatest total force acting on its
base?

1.
2
2.
3.
4
4.

100
83
74
19

1) container 1
2) container 2

3) container 3
4) all three are equal

Slide 15-7

Atmospheric Pressure

Measuring Pressure

At sea level, the atmospheric


p
p
pressure is about 1.013 x 105
Pa; this is called one atmosphere (atm).
This pressure does not crush us, as our cells maintain an
internal pressure that balances itit.
The air pressure varies greatly as a function of altitude.
Assuming that (a) the density is proportional to the pressure, (b)
the temperature of the air remains the same at all altitudes, and
(c) the variation of g with altitude is negligible,
d dh g and
dp
d 0 p p0

then
p
p0 dp

dp p dh h0

0hdh

h0 p p0e

Clicker 15-8

0 and p0: density and

pressure at sea level


where h0 p0 g 0 8.5 km

h h0

h = 5 km p 0.5
0 5 atm
h = 20 km p 0.1 atm
h = 40 km p 0.01 atm

A barometer measures the absolute


pressure of a fluid, typically air.
Shown at right is a barometer using
mercury: 1 atm is equivalent to a
column of mercury exactly 760 mm tall
Therefore pressure is often quoted in
mmHg
A manometer measures pressure
differences or the gauge pressure
pgauge = gh
Tire pressure, for example, is actually
gauge
g
g p
pressure the tires excess
pressure over atmospheric pressure.

Slide 15-9

Clicker Question

Slide 15-10

Clicker Question

You putt a straw


Y
t
into
i t a glass
l
off water,
t place
l
your finger
fi
over
the top so no air can get in or out, and then lift the straw from
the liquid.
liquid You find that the straw retains some liquid
liquid. How
does the air pressure P in the upper part compare to
atmospheric pressure PA?

A U tube is filled with water and a liquid. Here the water is denser
than the liquid, with the ratio of their densities liquid/water = 2/3.
Find the ratio h/L.

1) 1/3
2) 2/3

1) greater than PA

3) 1

2) equal to PA
3) less than PA

Clicker 15-11

Clicker 15-12

Pascals Law

Buoyancy and Achimedes Principle


When a fluid is in hydrostatic
y
equilibrium,
q
, the upward
p
force
due to pressure differences on an arbitrary volume and shape
of fluid exactly balances the weight of the fluid.

If an external pressure is applied to a confined fluid


fluid, the
pressure at every point within the fluid increases by that
amount.

Replacing the fluid with an object of the same volume and


shape doesnt change the force due to the pressure
differences.

This principle is used, for example, in hydraulic lifts and


hydraulic brakes.

Archimedes principle states that the upward


p ard force
force, called
the buoyant force, is equal to the weight of the displaced fluid:

Fb f ggVf

Fin Fout

Ain Aout
Slide 15-13

Totally Submerged Object

Floating Object
The object
j
is in static equilibrium,
q
,
thus the upward buoyant force is
balanced by the downward force of
gravity and submerged portion
displaces a weight of fluid equal to
the weight of the object:

The upward buoyant force is:

Fb fluid gVobject
The downward gravitational force is:

Fg mg object gVobject

fluid gVdisplaced object gVobject


The volume fraction that is
submerged is given by the ratio of
the objects density to that of the
fl id
fluid:

If fluid > object, then


th Fb > Fg, the
th object
bj t will
ill
rise until it is partially out of the fluid

Slide 15-14

If fluid < object, then


th Fb < Fg, the
th object
bj t will
ill
sink

Vdisplaced
Vobject

object
fluid

Slide 15-15

Clicker Question

Slide 15-16

Clicker Question

An object floats in water with 3/4 of its volume submerged.

The object is now placed in oil with a density half that of water.

What is the ratio of the density of the object to that of

What happens?

water?

1) 1/4

1) it floats just as before

2) 1/3

2) it floats higher in the water

3) 4/3

3) it floats lower in the water

4) 3/4

4) it sinks to the bottom

5) 2/1

Clicker 15-17

Clicker 15-18

Clicker Question

Clicker Question

A object
An
bj t flfloats
t iin water
t with
ith 3/4 off its
it volume
l
submerged.
b
d
When oil is poured on top of the water, the object will:

Two glasses are filled to the same level with water. One of the
two glasses has ice cubes floating in it. Which one weighs
more?

1) move up slightly
A. The glass without ice cubes
B. The glass with ice cubes
C Both
C.
B th weigh
i h th
the same.

2) stay at the same place


3) move down slightly
4) sink to the bottom
5)) float to the top
p

Clicker 15-19

Clicker Question

Clicker 15-20

Clicker Question

You fill a glass with ice water containing many ice cubes such
that the liquid water is perfectly level with the rim of the glass
glass.
As the ice melts,
A. the liquid-water level remains the same.
B. the liquid water level rises, causing water to overflow
outside of the glass.
glass
C. the liquid-water level decreases.

A boat carrying a large chunk off steel is floating


f
on a lake.
The chunk is then thrown overboard and sinks. What
happens to the water level in the lake (with respect to the
shore)?
1) rises
2) d
drops
3) remains the same
4) depends on the size of the steel

Clicker 15-21

Example

Clicker 15-22

Example: Helium Balloon


Given He = 0.18
0 18 kg/m3 and air = 1.29
1 29 kg/m3 at 1 atm and 20
C, what volume of helium is required if a balloon is to lift a
load of 50 kg (including empty balloon)?

What
Wh t are th
the readings
di
on b
both
th scales?
l ?

Solution: The buoyant force on the


balloon must be at least equal to the total
weight
i ht off the
th helium
h li
plus
l th
the lload:
d

mbeaker

Fb mtotal g

mblock

air gV mHe mload g

mwater

airi gV He
H V mload
l d g
V

Slide 15-23

mload
45 m3
air He
Slide 15-24

Fluid in Motion

The Continuity Equation

In a streamline or laminar flow, the velocityy at a g


given p
point is
independent of time.
The motion can be visualized with streamlines which are
everywhere tangent to the local flow direction
direction.
The density of streamlines reflects the flow speed.

T
Turbulent
b l
flflow occurs when
h the
h flflow exceeds
d certain
i speed
d or
there are abrupt changes in velocity
The fluid velocity at a given point varies with time
time.
A characteristic of turbulent flow is the presence of eddies

The flow tube may also be an

pipe
The continuity equation expresses actual physical tube or pipe.
conservation of mass in a moving
fluid:
vA = constant
where is the density, v the flow
speed and A the cross-sectional
speed,
cross sectional area
area.
The quantity vA is the mass flow
rate.

For incompressible fluids, constant


and the continuity equation reduces to
vA = constant
Here vA is the volume flow rate
Where the tube is wider, the flow is
slower

Slide 15-25

Clicker Question

Slide 15-26

Bernoullis Equation

Water flows through a 1-cm diameter pipe connected to a


1/2-cm diameter pipe. Compared to the speed of the water
i the
in
th 1
1-cm pipe,
i
th
the speed
d iin th
the 1/2
1/2-cm pipe
i iis:

Considering the work done as a fluid moves along a stream


tube leads to Bernoullis equation, a statement of energy
conservation in a fluid.
The fluid is assumed to be incompressible and nonviscous,
and flow in a nonturbulent, steady-state manner.
Bernoullis equation reads

(1) one quarter

p 12 v 2 ggh constant

(2) one half


(3) the same

If there is no change in
height the pressure is low
height,
where the speed is high

((4)) double
(5) four times

Clicker 15-27

Example: Torricellis Theorem

Slide 15-28

Clicker Question

What is the speed


p
of the liquid
q
flowing
g out of the spigot
p g at the
bottom of the tank?
Solution: Both the top surface of the
liquid and the spigot are open the
atmosphere and thus have the same
pressure Applying Bernoulli
pressure.
Bernoulliss equation
to these two points, we have:

Consider
C
id a fifire extinguisher
i
i h iin which
hi h water iis fforced
d out off a
pinhole nozzle by air pressure. Compare vD, the speed within
the tube at the water surface,, and vB, the speed
p
at the nozzle.

1. vD > vB
2. vD = vB
3. vD < vB

1 2
v gy1 gy2
2

v1 2 g y2 y1
Follow-up: Show that PC Patm
Slide 15-29

1
vB 2 gh
2
Clicker 15-30

Venturi Flow Meter

Pitot Tube

Continuity equation:

v1 A1 v2 A2
Bernoullis
Bernoulli
s equation:

P1

B
Bernoullis
lli equation:
ti

1
1
v12 P2 v2 2
2
2

Solving for v1:

v1

2P1 P2

Pa

1 2
v Pb
2

A1 A2 2 1

2Pb Pa

Slide 15-31

Clicker Question

Slide 15-32

Other Bernoulli Effects

Rank
R
k iin order,
d ffrom hi
highest
h
to llowest, the
h liliquid
id h
heights
i h h1
to h4 in tubes 1 to 4. The air flow is from left to right.

1.
2.
3.
4
4.
5.

h1 > h3 > h4 > h2


h1 > h2 = h3 = h4
h2 = h3 = h4 > h1
h2 > h4 > h3 > h1
h3 > h4 > h2 > h1
Clicker 15-33

Clicker Question

Slide 15-34

Clicker Question

How is the smoke drawn up a chimney affected when there is a


wind blowing outside?

Consider a baseball pitched with a spin around the vertical


axis. To be precise, let the balls initial direction be Northward
and the direction of its spin be clockwise when observed from
above. Because of aerodynamic effects, the spinning ball will

1) smoke rises more rapidly in the chimney


2) smoke is unaffected by the wind blowing
3)) smoke rises more slowly
y in the chimney
y

1. fly in a parabola due to gravity; aerodynamic effects


make no difference.
2. turn steeply down because of both gravity and
aerodynamic effects.
3 curve toward the East.
3.
East
4. curve toward the West.
5. turn upward before falling down.

4) smoke is forced back down the chimney

Clicker 15-35

Clicker 15-36

Summary
Fluid is characterized by pressure, density, and flow velocity
Hydrostatic equilibrium characterizes stationary fluids under
the influence of gravity
Objects submerged in a fluid in hydrostatic equilibrium
are subject to an upward buoyant force, equal to the
weight of the displaced fluid
Objects floating at the surface of a liquid displace a
volume of water whose weight equals that of the object
The continuity equation describes the conservation of matter
Bernoullis equation describes conservation of energy
Where pressure is high, flow speed is low, and vice versa

Slide 15-37

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