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Chapter 15 Lecture
Fluid Motion
Slide 15-2
Slide 15-1
Density
V
Unit: 1 kg/m3 = 1000 g/cm3
Densities of most liquids
q
and solids vary
y
slightly with temperature and pressure
Densities of gases vary greatly with
changes in temperature and pressure
Typical spacing between molecules in a gas
is about 10 times greater than the solid or
liquid
The specific gravity of a substance is the
ratio of its density
y to the density
y of water at
4 C, which is 1000 kg/m3
Slide 15-3
Pressure
Slide 15-4
pF/A
SI Unit: 1 N/m2 = 1 Pascal (Pa)
Other units: 1 atm = 101.3 kPa = 14.7
psi = 760 mmHg,
p
g, 1 bar = 105 Pa
Pressure is exerted by a fluid on a
submerged object, adjacent fluid, as
well
ell as the flfluids
ids container
container.
Pressure is the same in every
direction at a g
given depth.
p
The force exerted by a fluid is always
perpendicular to the surface.
Slide 15-5
Slide 15-6
Clicker Question
Clicker Question
1.
2
2.
3.
4
4.
100
83
74
19
1) container 1
2) container 2
3) container 3
4) all three are equal
Slide 15-7
Atmospheric Pressure
Measuring Pressure
then
p
p0 dp
dp p dh h0
0hdh
h0 p p0e
Clicker 15-8
h h0
h = 5 km p 0.5
0 5 atm
h = 20 km p 0.1 atm
h = 40 km p 0.01 atm
Slide 15-9
Clicker Question
Slide 15-10
Clicker Question
A U tube is filled with water and a liquid. Here the water is denser
than the liquid, with the ratio of their densities liquid/water = 2/3.
Find the ratio h/L.
1) 1/3
2) 2/3
1) greater than PA
3) 1
2) equal to PA
3) less than PA
Clicker 15-11
Clicker 15-12
Pascals Law
Fb f ggVf
Fin Fout
Ain Aout
Slide 15-13
Floating Object
The object
j
is in static equilibrium,
q
,
thus the upward buoyant force is
balanced by the downward force of
gravity and submerged portion
displaces a weight of fluid equal to
the weight of the object:
Fb fluid gVobject
The downward gravitational force is:
Fg mg object gVobject
Slide 15-14
Vdisplaced
Vobject
object
fluid
Slide 15-15
Clicker Question
Slide 15-16
Clicker Question
The object is now placed in oil with a density half that of water.
What happens?
water?
1) 1/4
2) 1/3
3) 4/3
4) 3/4
5) 2/1
Clicker 15-17
Clicker 15-18
Clicker Question
Clicker Question
A object
An
bj t flfloats
t iin water
t with
ith 3/4 off its
it volume
l
submerged.
b
d
When oil is poured on top of the water, the object will:
Two glasses are filled to the same level with water. One of the
two glasses has ice cubes floating in it. Which one weighs
more?
1) move up slightly
A. The glass without ice cubes
B. The glass with ice cubes
C Both
C.
B th weigh
i h th
the same.
Clicker 15-19
Clicker Question
Clicker 15-20
Clicker Question
You fill a glass with ice water containing many ice cubes such
that the liquid water is perfectly level with the rim of the glass
glass.
As the ice melts,
A. the liquid-water level remains the same.
B. the liquid water level rises, causing water to overflow
outside of the glass.
glass
C. the liquid-water level decreases.
Clicker 15-21
Example
Clicker 15-22
What
Wh t are th
the readings
di
on b
both
th scales?
l ?
mbeaker
Fb mtotal g
mblock
mwater
airi gV He
H V mload
l d g
V
Slide 15-23
mload
45 m3
air He
Slide 15-24
Fluid in Motion
T
Turbulent
b l
flflow occurs when
h the
h flflow exceeds
d certain
i speed
d or
there are abrupt changes in velocity
The fluid velocity at a given point varies with time
time.
A characteristic of turbulent flow is the presence of eddies
pipe
The continuity equation expresses actual physical tube or pipe.
conservation of mass in a moving
fluid:
vA = constant
where is the density, v the flow
speed and A the cross-sectional
speed,
cross sectional area
area.
The quantity vA is the mass flow
rate.
Slide 15-25
Clicker Question
Slide 15-26
Bernoullis Equation
p 12 v 2 ggh constant
If there is no change in
height the pressure is low
height,
where the speed is high
((4)) double
(5) four times
Clicker 15-27
Slide 15-28
Clicker Question
Consider
C
id a fifire extinguisher
i
i h iin which
hi h water iis fforced
d out off a
pinhole nozzle by air pressure. Compare vD, the speed within
the tube at the water surface,, and vB, the speed
p
at the nozzle.
1. vD > vB
2. vD = vB
3. vD < vB
1 2
v gy1 gy2
2
v1 2 g y2 y1
Follow-up: Show that PC Patm
Slide 15-29
1
vB 2 gh
2
Clicker 15-30
Pitot Tube
Continuity equation:
v1 A1 v2 A2
Bernoullis
Bernoulli
s equation:
P1
B
Bernoullis
lli equation:
ti
1
1
v12 P2 v2 2
2
2
v1
2P1 P2
Pa
1 2
v Pb
2
A1 A2 2 1
2Pb Pa
Slide 15-31
Clicker Question
Slide 15-32
Rank
R
k iin order,
d ffrom hi
highest
h
to llowest, the
h liliquid
id h
heights
i h h1
to h4 in tubes 1 to 4. The air flow is from left to right.
1.
2.
3.
4
4.
5.
Clicker Question
Slide 15-34
Clicker Question
Clicker 15-35
Clicker 15-36
Summary
Fluid is characterized by pressure, density, and flow velocity
Hydrostatic equilibrium characterizes stationary fluids under
the influence of gravity
Objects submerged in a fluid in hydrostatic equilibrium
are subject to an upward buoyant force, equal to the
weight of the displaced fluid
Objects floating at the surface of a liquid displace a
volume of water whose weight equals that of the object
The continuity equation describes the conservation of matter
Bernoullis equation describes conservation of energy
Where pressure is high, flow speed is low, and vice versa
Slide 15-37