Page no; 4

CONTENTS
Series Preface ix
Preface xi
About the Author xxi
Acknowledgements xxii
1
Sorting and Separation Techniques
1
2
Size Reduction of Recycled Plastics
63
3
Melt Filtration of Contamination in Recycled Polymers
101
4
Recycling of PET
119
5
Recycling of Polyolefins
183
6
Recycling of PVC
219
7
Polystyrene Recycling
271
8
Nylon Recycling
287
9
Recycling of Engineering Thermoplastics
303
10
Recycling of Polyurethanes
339
11
Recycling of Polymer Composites
379
12
Rubber Tyre Recycling
411
13
Feedstock RecyclingPyrolysis, Hydrogenation and Gasification
459
14
Incineration of Plastic Waste with Energy Recovery
507
15
Plastics Lumber Based on Recycled Polymers

537
Index 573

SORTING AND SEPARATION TECHNIQUES

1
Introduction
2
2
Manual Sorting
3
3
Density-based Sorting Methods
3
3.1 Float-Sink Methods (Wet Separation) 4
3.2 Dry Separation 5
3.3 Centrifugal Sorting 5
3.4 Sorting with Near-Critical and Super-Critical Fluids 9
3.5 Float-Sink by Preferential Solvent Absorption 13
3.6 Float-Sink by Hydrophobicity 13
3.7 Froth Flotation 13
4
Optical Sorting
15
4.1 Operation of Colour Sorters 15
4.2 Commercial Models 18
5
Advanced Spectroscopic-Based Sorting Methods
20
5.1 Mid-Infra-Red (MIR) Spectroscopy 20
5.2 Near-Infra-Red (NIR) Spectroscopy 23
5.3 Laser Acoustic Sensing 35
5.4 Raman Spectroscopy 36
5.5 Sorting by Laser-Induced Emission Spectral Analysis 37
5.6 Sorting by Plasma Emission Spectroscopy 37
5.7 Miscellaneous Spectroscopic Techniques 41
5.7.1 Polarized Light 41
5.7.2 Phase Contrast Illumination 41
5.7.3 UV Light 41
5.7.4 Fluorescent Tagging 41
6
X-ray Fluorescence for Sorting PVC
42
6.1 XRF-Based PVC Bottle Sorting Systems 43
6.2 XRF-Based PVC Flake Sorting Systems 45
7
Electrostatic Sorting Techniques
47
7.1 Triboelectric Pen 47

7.2 Continuous Separation of Plastic by Frictional Electrification 48

7.2.1 Introduction 48
7.2.2 Triboelectric Drum Separator 49
7.2.3 Corona Charging Belt Separator 52
Sorting by Melting (Softening) Temperature
54
9
Sorting by Selective Dissolution
55
10
Sorting by Size Reduction-classification
58
11
Sorting of Metal Contaminants by Eddy Current Separators
58
Acknowledgements 58
References 59

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2
SIZE REDUCTION OF RECYCLED PLASTICS
1
Introduction 64
2
Cutting Processes 64
2.1 Shredders 64
2.2 Rotary Grinders 68
2.3 Rotary Knife Cutters (Granulators) 68
2.3.1 Wet Size Reduction 72
2.4 Slicers 73
2.5 Screw Cutters 74
2.6 Laminate Separation by Size Reduction 74
3
Densification Processes
76
3.1 Agglomerators 76
3.1.1 Agglomeration by Densifying Discs 76
3.1.2 Agglomeration by Compression 78
3.1.3 Agglomeration by Agitation 81
3.1.4 Agglomeration As Part of the Erema Size Reduction Process 81
3.1.4.1 Erema Cutter-Compactor 83
3.1.4.2 Erema Vacuum Shredder Drum 84
3.1.4.3 Compaction of EPS Foam 84
3.1.5 Agglomeration-Assisted Sorting 85
3.2 Densification/Compaction of Film 86

3.3 Roller Die Compaction 89

4
Pulverization Processes
89
4.1 Introduction 89
4.2 Disc Pulverisers 90
4.3 Turbo Rotor Pulverization 92
4.4 Hammer Mills 92
4.5 Cryogenic Pulverization 94
4.6 Solid State Shear Extrusion (SSSE) 94
4.6.1 Equipment for SSSE Pulverization 97
5
Chemical Size Reduction
98
Acknowledgements 98
References 98

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3
MELT FILTRATION OF CONTAMINATION IN RECYCLED POLYMERS
1
Introduction
101
2
Discontinuous Screen Changers
103
3
Continuous Flow Screen Changers
104
3.1 Continuous Filter Ribbon Screen Changer 104
3.2 Backflushing Melt Filtration Systems 105
3.2.1 Piston-Type Continuous Screen Changers 106
3.2.1.1 Single Piston Screen Changers 106
3.2.1.2 Dual Piston Screen Changers 107
3.2.2 Self-Purging Melt Filter Wheel 112
3.2.3 Laser Filters 114
4
Filtration Requirements for Different Recycled Polymers
116
Acknowledgements 116
References 117

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4
RECYCLING OF PET
1
Introduction
121
1.1 Barriers to PET recycling 123
2
Contamination Problems
124
2.1 Acid Precursors 124
2.2 Moisture Contamination 127
2.3 Labels 128
2.4 Label Adhesives 129
2.5 Colour Contamination 129
2.6 Ink Contamination 129
2.7 Particulate Impurities 129
2.8 Trace Metal Interaction 130
2.9 Adventitious Contamination 130
2.10 Acetaldehyde 130
3
PET Separation and Washing Processes
131
3.1 Float-Sink Separation 131
3.2 Washing 131
3.2.1 Water Washing 132
3.2.2 Solvent Washing 133
3.3 Purification by Dissolution and Precipitation 133
4
Melt Reprocessing
135
4.1 Reduction of Intrinsic Viscosity 135
4.2 Advantages 136
4.3 Disadvantages 136
4.4 Long-term Degradation 136
4.5 Strategies for Maintaining Intrinsic Viscosity During Reprocessing 137
4.5.1 Intensive Drying 137
4.5.2 Reprocessing with Degassing Vacuum 138
4.5.3 Chain Extension 138
4.5.4 Melt Strength Enhancement 141
4.5.5 Phosphites 141
5
Properties of Mechanically Recycled PET
143
5.1 Extractables 143
5.2 Processability 145
5.3 Hydrolysis 145
5.4 Mechanical Properties 145
6

Applications for Mechanically Recycled PET

145

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6.1 Fibre Applications 146

6.1.1 Staple Fibre 146
6.1.2 Filament 146
6.1.3 Non-Wovens 147
6.1.4 Fibre-Fill 147
6.2 Carpets 148
6.3 Strapping 149
6.4 Sheet 149
6.5 Films 149
6.6 CoextrusionMultilayer Films 149
6.7 Non-Food Contact Containers 149
6.8 Injection Mouldings 149
6.9 Large Mouldings 150
6.10 Engineering Resins 150
7
Food Contact Applications for Recycled PET
151
7.1 Introduction 151
7.2 Food Contact Issues 152
7.3 Diffusion Coefficients of Contaminants 152
7.4 Testing (Simulated Contamination) 153
7.5 Processes That Enable Recycled PET to Be Used in Food Contact Applications 153
7.5.1 Multilayer Process 154
7.5.1.1 Advantages 156
7.5.1.2 Disadvantages 156
7.5.2 SuperCycle Washing Process 156
7.5.2.1 Advantage of SuperCycle Process 157
7.5.2.2 Disadvantage 157
8
Chemical Recycling (Chemolysis)
157
8.1 Introduction 157
8.1 Introduction 157
8.1.1 Disadvantages of Chemolysis 159
8.2 Glycolysis 160
8.2.1 Advantages 160
8.2.2 Disadvantages 162
8.3 Methanolysis 162
8.3.1 Advantages 163
8.3.2 Disadvantages 163
8.4 Hydrolysis 164
8.4.1 Advantages 164
8.4.2 Disadvantages 164

8.4.3 Base-Catalyzed Hydrolysis Processes 165

8.4.3.1 Sodium Hydroxide 165
8.4.3.2 Oxidation of Ethylene Glycol 166
8.4.4 Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis Processes 166
8.4.4.1 Sulphuric Acid Process 166
8.4.4.2 Nitric Acid Process 166
8.4.5 Neutral Hydrolysis Processes 167
8.4.6 Hydrolysis by Reactive Extrusion 167
8.5 Hybrid Processes (Glycolysis-Hydrolysis) 167
8.5.1 Embrittlement 168
8.5.2 Crushing and Sizing 169
8.5.3 Glycolysis-Hydrolysis 169
8.5.4 Advantages of Hybrid Chemolysis 170
8.6 Diolysis of PET Scrap to Give PBT 172
8.7 Polyol Production 172
8.7.1 Polyurethanes 172
8.7.2 Unsaturated Polyesters 173
8.7.2.1 Polymer Concrete and Polymer Mortar 174
8.7.2.2 Automotive SMC 174
8.7.3 Surface Coatings 176
9
Energy Recovery
176
Acknowledgements 179
References 180
Glossary of Abbreviations 182

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RECYCLING OF POLYOLEFINS
1
Introduction
184
2
HDPE Bottle Recycling (Dairy, Juice and Household and Industrial Chemical Bottles
184
2.1 The Recycling Process for HDPE Bottles 185
2.2 Characteristics of Recycled HDPE 187
2.3 Producers of Recycled HDPE and Recycle-Tolerant Grades 188
2.4 Applications for HDPE Recyclate 190
2.4.1 Large Moulded Containers 190
2.4.2 Blow Moulded Bottles 192
2.4.3 Multilayer Blow-Moulded Containers for Food Contact Applications 194
2.4.4 Bottle Crates 194
2.4.5 Kayaks 194
2.4.6 Pallets and Large Injection Moulded Parts 195
2.4.7 Agricultural and Drainage Pipe 195
2.4.8 Film Applications 196

2.4.8.1 Introduction 196

2.4.8.2 Grocery Sacks 197
2.4.8.3 Garbage Bags 198
2.4.8.4 Overwrap Film 198
2.4.9 Rubber-Modified Products 198
2.4.10 Structural Applications 199
2.4.11 Miscellaneous Applications 200
2.5 Contamination Issues for HDPE 200
2.5.1 PP Contamination of HDPE 201
2.5.2 Copolymer HDPE Contamination in Homopolymer HDPE 201
2.5.3 PET Contamination in HDPE 202
2.5.4 Adhesive Contamination in HDPE 202
2.5.5 Paper Contamination 202
2.5.6 Contamination by Packaging Contents 202
2.5.7 Contamination by Additives 203
2.5.8 Contamination by Reprocessing 204
2.5.9 Purification of HDPE Recyclate 204
3
Recycling of HDPE Motor-Oil Containers
205
4
Recycling of HDPE Automotive Fuel Tanks
205
5
LDPE Recycling
207
5.1 Stretch Film Recycling 207
5.2 Contamination Problems with LDPE Recyclate 209
LLDPE Film Recycling
209
7
Polypropylene Recycling
210
7.1 Battery Cases 210
7.2 Automotive Bumpers 210
7.3 Bale Wrap and Bulk Bags 213
7.4 Recycled PP Blends 213
7.5 Applications for Recycled PP 213
8
Recycle Design Considerations
213
8.1 Product Dismantling Considerations 214
Acknowledgements 215
References 215
6
RECYCLING OF PVC
1
Introduction

220
2
Barriers to PVC Recycling
222
2.1 Contamination 222
2.2 Thermal Instability of PVC 222
2.3 Multicomponent Nature of PVC Applications 223
2.4 Low Volumes of Scrap PVC 223
3
Separation Techniques for PVC and PET
223
3.1 Manual Sorting 223
3.2 Automatic Sorting 223
3.2.1 Polarized Light 224
3.2.2 Softening Point 224
3.2.3 Electrostatics 224
3.2.4 Sorting by Density 224
3.2.5 Selective Dissolution 224
3.2.6 Froth Flotation 225
3.2.7 X-Ray Fluorescence 225
3.2.7.1 Advantages 226
3.2.7.2 Disadvantages 226
4
Size Reduction Techniques
227
4.1 Ambient Grinding 227
4.2 Cryogenic Grinding 227
5
Melt Filtration
228
6
Mechanical Recycling Processes
232
6.1 PVC Bottle Recycling 232
6.1.1 The Solvay Process 232
6.1.2 The Geon Process 234
6.2 PVC Cable Recycling 236
6.2.1 Cable Insulation Cleaning and Recovery Process 237
6.3 PVC Pipe Recycling 240
6.4 PVC Window Frame Recycling 242
6.5 Flexible PVC Film Recycling 248
6.6 PVC Roofing Membrane Recycling 249
6.7 PVC Automotive Composites 251
6.7.1 PVC-Backed Textiles 251
6.7.2 PVC-Skinned Dashboards 253
6.7.3 Automotive Cable Recycling 253

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Applications for Mechanically Recycled PVC
254

7.1 Co-Extruded PVC Pipes 254

7.2 Co-Extruded Cladding 256
7.3 Guttering 258
7.4 Co-Extruded Window Frames 259
7.5 PVC Plastic Wood 259
7.6 Conduit for Cables 259
7.7 Pipe Fittings 260
7.8 Floor Coverings 260
7.9 Fibres 260
7.10 Non-Food Bottles 262
7.11 Surface Coatings 263
7.12 Sound Protection Panels 264
7.13 Automotive Acoustic Insulation 264
7.14 Floor Mats 265
7.15 Computer Equipment 265
8
Chemical Recycling of PVC
265
9
Incineration with HCl and Energy Recovery
266
9.1 Dioxin Formation 266
9.2 HCl Formation 266
9.3 Thermosplitting 267
9.4 Closed-Loop Salt Cycle Process 268
Acknowledgements 268
References 269

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Page 271
7
POLYSTYRENE RECYCLING
1
Introduction
271
2
Densification of EPS Foam
273
3
Size Reduction of Waste EPS Foam
274
3.1 Applications for Size-Reduced EPS 274
3.1.1 Soil Improver 274
3.1.2 Composting Aid 274
3.1.3 EPS-Cladded Drainage Pipe 275
3.1.4 Construction Applications 276
3.1.4.1 Lightweight Concrete 276
3.1.4.2 EPS as a Cavity-Former in Clay Firebricks 276

3.1.4.3 EPS-Modified Insulating Mortar 276

3.1.4.4 EPS-Modified Plaster 276
3.1.4.5 EPS-Modified Plastic Lumber 277
4
Mechanical Recycling of PS
277
4.1 General Mechanical Recycling of EPS 277
4.2 Erema Process for Reprocessing of EPS 277
4.3 Degradation of Recycled PS 278
4.4 Grades of Mechanically Recycled PS 279
5
Solvent Recycling
279
6
Applications for Recycled EPS
281
6.1 Packaging Foam 281
6.2 Loosefill 281
6.3 PS Wood Substitute 281
6.4 Sorbant Polymers 283
7
Depolymerization of Scrap PS
283
8
Energy Recovery from Scrap EPS
285
Acknowledgements 286
References 286

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Page 287
8
NYLON RECYCLING
1
Introduction
287
2
Carpet Recycling
288
2.1 Sorting and Separation of Used Carpets 289
2.1.1 Carpet Identification by Melting Point 289
2.1.2 Carpet Identification by Near Infra-Red 290
2.1.3 Grinding and Density Separation of Carpets 290
2.1.4 Solvent Separation 291
3
Chemical Recycling of Nylon
291
3.1 Acidolysis 291

3.2 Hydrolysis 293

3.3 Ammonolysis (or Aminolysis) 293
3.4 Depolymerization in Vacuo 296
4
Mechanical Recycling and Applications
297
Acknowledgements 301
References 301

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Page 303
9
RECYCLING OF ENGINEERING THERMOPLASTICS
1
Introduction
304
2
Major Areas Where Engineering Polymers Are Being Recycled
306
2.1 Computers and Electrical Equipment Housings 306
2.2 Automotive Plastics 307
2.3 Compact Discs 307
3
Major Recyclers of Engineering Plastics
307
3.1 GE Polymer Recovery Process 307
3.2 Bayer Engineering Plastics Recycling Program 310
3.3 MRC Polymers 311
4
Major Engineering Polymers Being Recycled
311
4.1 Polycarbonate 311
4.2 PC Blends and Alloys 314
4.2.1 PC-PBT Resins 314
4.2.2 PC-ABS Resins 315
4.2.3 PC-PMMA Resins 316
4.3 ABS 317
4.3.1 Uses of Recycled ABS 322
4.4 PPO-PS Blends 324
4.4.1 Uses for Recycled PPO-PS 325
4.5 Polyacetals 326
4.5.1 Mechanical Recycling of Polyacetals 326
4.5.2 Chemical Recycling of Polyacetals 327
4.6 Styrene-Methacrylate Copolymers 330
5
Removal of Paints and Plating from Engineering Plastics
331
5.1 Hydrolysis 332

5.2 Chemical Stripping 332

5.3 Liquid Cyclone 333
5.4 Compressed Vibration 333
5.5 Melt Filtration 333
5.6 Mechanical Abrasion 333
5.7 Cryogenic Grinding 334

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Page 304
5.8 Dry Crushing 335
5.9 Roller Pressing 335
Acknowledgements 337
References 338

10
RECYCLING OF POLYURETHANES
1
Introduction
340
2
Physical Recycling
341
2.1 Introduction 341
2.2 Rebonded Foam 343
2.2.1 Rebonding of Rigid PU Foam 343
2.2.2 Rebonding of Flexible PU Foam 343
2.3 Regrind Recycling 345
2.3.1 Regrind Recycling of PU Foam 346
2.3.2 Regrind Recycling of RIM PU 348
2.3.3 SRIM Recycling 352
2.4 Compression Moulding 352
3
Chemical Recycling
354
3.1 Introduction 354
3.2 Glycolysis of Rigid PU Foams (University of Padova) 355
3.3 Commercial Chemical Recycling Processes for PU Foams 359
3.3.1 Single Polyol Recovery Processes 360
3.3.1.1 Getzner Alcoholysis/Glycolysis Process 360
3.3.2 Double Polyol Recovery Processes (Recovery of Flexible and Rigid Polyol
Components)
364
3.3.2.1 Split-Phase Glycolysis (ICI) 364
3.3.2.2 Tandem Chemolysis Process (Dow) 369
3.4 Miscellaneous Approaches 370
4

Feedstock Recycling and Energy Recovery

371
4.1 Gasification 373
4.2 Incineration with Heat Recovery 373
5
Recycling Considerations for PU Foams
375
5.1 CFC Problems 375
5.2 Car Seat Design 375
6
Future Outlook
375
Acknowledgements 376
References 376

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Page 379
11
RECYCLING OF POLYMER COMPOSITES
1
Introduction
380
2
Recycling of Thermoset Composites
381
2.1 Introduction 381
2.2 Simple Grinding of SMC (for Re-use As a Filler) 384
2.2.1 Regrind Processes 386
2.3 Advanced Grinding Processes for SMC 387
2.3.1 ERCOM Controlled Comminution Process 387
2.3.1.1 Details of the ERCOM Process 389
2.3.1.2 ERCOM Grades 391
2.3.1.3 Telephone Booth Applications 391
2.3.1.4 Automotive and Other Applications 394
2.3.1.5 Economics of ERCOM Recycling Process 395
2.3.2 Phoenix Fibreglass Recycling Process 395
2.4 Selective Chemical Degradation of SMC Scrap 396
2.5 Solvent Recycling of Uncured SMC 398
2.6 Pyrolysis of SMC Scrap 398
2.6.1 High-Temperature Pyrolysis 399
2.6.2 Controlled Pyrolysis with Recovery of Pyrolytic Oil 399
2.6.3 Modified Pyrolysis Process 400
2.6.4 Low-Temperature Pyrolysis 400
2.6.4.1 Advantages of Catalyzed Low-Temperature Pyrolysis 401
2.7 Reverse Gasification of SMC Scrap 402
2.8 Energy Recovery from SM Scrap 404
2.8.1 Introduction 404

2.8.2 Co-Combustion of SMC Scrap with Coal 405

2.8.3 SMC Waste As a Fuel for Cement Kilns 406
3
Recycling of Thermoplastic Composites
406
3.1 Short-Fibre Thermoplastic Composites 406
3.2 Carbon-Fibre PEEK Composites 407
3.3 Aramid-Based Thermoplastic Composites 408
Acknowledgements 409
References 409

12
RUBBER TYRE RECYCLING
1
Introduction
412
2
Tyre Size Reduction
415
2.1 Tyre Shredding 415
2.1.1 Mobile Tyre Shredders 416
2.2 Mechanical Grinding 417
2.3 Cryogenic Grinding 418
2.4 Quality of Crumb Rubber 419
3
Ground Rubber Crumb Applications
420
3.1 Filler Applications 420
3.1.1 Automotive Tyres 421
3.2 Bound Rubber Products 422
3.2.1 Mats 424
3.2.2 Playground Mats and Pavers 424
3.2.3 Skid Resistant Mats 425
3.2.4 Athletic Tracks 425
3.2.5 Carpet Underlay 426
3.3 Rubber Crumb with a Thermoplastic Binder 426
3.3.1 Soaker Hose 426
3.3.2 Drainage Systems 427
3.3.3 Mulch Mats 427
3.3.4 Sound Proofing Barriers 427
3.3.5 Interlocking Rubber Tiles 427
3.3.6 Livestock Stall Mats 428
4
Civil Engineering Applications
428
4.1 Artificial Reefs 428
4.2 Dock Systems 428
4.3 Playground Cover 429

4.4 Turf Top Dressing 429

4.5 Slope Stabilization and Road Fill 429
4.6 Rubberized Asphalt 430
4.7 Rubber Modified Concrete 431
5
Reclaiming and Devulcanization
431
5.1 Pan Process 432
5.2 Digestor Process 433
5.3 Chemical Devulcanization 434

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5.3.1 Advantages of Chemical Devulcanization 436
5.3.2 Limitations of Chemical Devulcanization 436
5.4 Ultrasonic Devulcanization 436
5.5 Microbial Devulcanization 437
6
Surface Treatment
437
6.1 Latex Surface Treatment 437
6.2 The TirecycleTM Process 441
6.2.1 Grades of Tirecycle 442
6.3 Crumb with Dessicant Coating 442
6.4 Reactive Gas Treatment 443
6.4.1 Improved Wet Traction 443
6.4.2 Toughening of Epoxy Resins 444
6.5 Plasma Treated Rubber 445
7
Composites of Recycled Tyre Crumb and Thermoplastics
446
8
Tyre-Derived Fuel (TDF)
447
8.1 Fuel for Cement Kilns 449
8.2 Iron Foundries 450
8.3 Energy Generation 451
8.4 Limitations of TDF 451
9
Pyrolysis
452
9.1 Upgraded Pyrolysis Char 453
9.2 Microwave Pyrolysis 454
Acknowledgements 455
References 455

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Page 459
13

FEEDSTOCK RECYCLINGPYROLYSIS, HYDROGENATION AND GASIFICATION

1
Introduction
460
2
Pyrolysis
462
2.1 Introduction 462
2.2 Advantages of Pyrolysis over Incineration 462
2.3 Kiln/Retort Pyrolysis Processes 463
2.3.1 Introduction 463
2.3.2 BASF Feedstock Recycling Process 463
2.3.2.1 Benefits and limitations of the BASF Pyrolysis Process 466
2.3.2.2 Economics of the BASF Process 466
2.3.3 VEBA Pyrolysis Process 467
2.3.4 Fuji Fixed-bed Pyrolysis of Plastic Waste 469
2.4 Fluidized Bed Pyrolysis Processes 470
2.4.1 Introduction 470
2.4.2 The Hamburg Fluidized Bed Pyrolysis 472
2.4.3 BP Fluidized Bed Cracking Process 474
2.5 Examples of Applications of Pyrolysis Recycling 478
2.5.1 Pyrolysis of Rubber Tyres 478
2.5.2 Pyrolysis of Electronic Plastic Scrap 479
2.5.3 Pyrolysis of Automotive Shredder Residue 480
3
Hydrogenation of Plastic Waste
480
3.1 Introduction 480
3.2 Advantages of Hydrogenation over Incineration 481
3.3 VEBA Hydrogenation Process 481
3.4 Economics of Hydrogenation of Plastic Waste 490
4
Gasification
491
4.1 Introduction 491
4.2 Advantages of Gasification over Incineration 491
4.3 The Texaco Gasification Process 492
4.4 Thermoselect Gasification Process 493
4.4.1 Introduction 493
4.4.2 Process Details 494

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Page 460
4.4.3 Applications of Raw Materials and Energy Recovered 499
4.5 VEBA Gasification Process 500
4.6 Winkler ProcessFluidized Bed Gasification 503
4.7 Fixed Bed GasificationSVZ Process 503
4.8 Economics of Gasification 503
Acknowledgements 503
References 504

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Page 507
14
INCINERATION OF PLASTIC WASTE WITH ENERGY RECOVERY
1
Introduction
507
2
Incineration of Plastic Waste As Part of Municipal Solid Waste
510
2.1 Introduction 510
2.2 Combustor Design 512
2.3 Advantages and Limitations of Increasing Content of Plastic Waste for MSW
Incineration
514
2.4 Wrzburg MSW Trials 514
3
Advanced Processes for Utilizing Plastic Derived Fuel (The Fuel Concept)
515
3.1 Introduction 515
3.2 Monocombustion 516
3.3 Co-Combustion 519
3.3.1 Introduction 519
3.3.2 Advantages of Co-Combustion of Plastics Waste 521
3.3.3 Co-combustion Trials with Fluidized Bed Boilers 521
3.4 Cement Kilns 523
3.5 Blast Furnace Processes 526
4
Emissions and Solid Residues
526
4.1 Oxides 526
4.2 Hetero-Atoms 526
4.3 Dioxins 528
4.4 Solid Residues 530
4.5 Unburnt Carbon 532
5
Concluding Remarks
532
Acknowledgements 533
References 533

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Page 537
15
PLASTICS LUMBER BASED ON RECYCLED POLYMERS
1

Introduction
537
1.1 Features of Plastic Lumber 538
1.2 Limitations of Plastic Lumber 538
1.3 Applications of Plastics Lumber 539
2
Commingled Plastic Lumber
544
2.1 Economics of Mixed Plastic Lumber 548
3
Single Stream Plastic Lumber
549
3.1 HDPE-Based Plastic Lumber 549
3.2 Polystyrene-Based Plastic Lumber 551
4
Plastic Lumber with Fillers and Modifiers
552
4.1 Wood Fibre-Recycled Plastic Composite Lumber 552
4.1.1 Introduction 552
4.1.2 Compatibilizers 552
4.1.3 Recycled Polyethylene-Wood Fibre Composites 555
4.1.4 PS-Wood Composites 558
4.1.5 PVC-Wood Composites 558
4.2 Recycled Polymer-PS Lumber 558
5
Processes for Producing Plastic Lumber
559
5.1 Intrusion 559
5.1.1 Product Performance 563
5.2 Profile Extrusion 567
5.3 Compression Moulding 567
5.4 Controlled Density Injection Moulding 567
Acknowledgements 571
References 571