INTRODUCTION

1.1. RCC FRAME STRUCTURES

An RCC framed structure is basically an assembly of slabs, beams, columns and
foundation inter -connected to each other as a unit. The load transfer, in such a structure
takes place from the slabs to the beams, from the beams to the columns and then to the
lower columns and finally to the foundation which in turn transfers it to the soil. The
floor area of a R.C.C framed structure building is 10 to 12 percent more than that of a
load bearing walled building. Monolithic construction is possible with R.C.C framed
structures and they can resist vibrations, earthquakes and shocks more effectively than
load bearing walled buildings. Speed of construction for RCC framed structures is more
rapid.

Fig 1.1: RCC Frame Components

1.2. REINFORCED CONCRETE

Reinforced concrete is a composite material in which concrete's relatively low tensile
strength and ductility are counteracted by the inclusion of reinforcement having higher
tensile strength and ductility. The reinforcement is usually embedded passively in the
1

concrete before the concrete sets. The reinforcement needs to have the following
properties at least for the strong and durable construction:

High relative strength

High toleration of tensile strain

Good bond to the concrete, irrespective of pH, moisture, and similar factor.

Thermal compatibility,

not causing unacceptable stresses in response to

changing temperatures.

1.3. OBJECTIVE
1.

To check the behaviour of multi-storey regular and irregular building on

software (STAADPro. & ETABS).

2.

To understand the accuracy of softwares for analysis and design for plan
and elevation Irregularity.

3.

To compare the results and behaviour of structures on both the software.

1.4. DIFFERENT METHODS USED FOR DESIGN

1.

Working stress method

2.

Limit state method

3.

Ultimate load method

1.4.1. WORKING STRESS METHOD

It is based on the elastic theory assumes reinforced concrete as elastic material. The
stress strain curve of concrete is assumed as linear from zero at neutral axis to
maximum value at extreme fibre. This method adopts permissible stresses which are
obtained by dividing ultimate stress by factor known as factor of safety. For concrete
factor of safety 3 is used and for steel it is 1.78. This factor of safety accounts for any
uncertainties in estimation of working loads and variation of material properties. In
Working stress method, the structural members are designed for working loads such that
the stresses developed are within the allowable stresses. Hence, the failure criterions are
the stresses. This method is simple and reasonably reliable. This method has been
deleted in IS 456-2000, but the concept of this method is retained for checking the
serviceability, states of deflection and cracking.

1.4.2. LIMIT STATE METHOD

In this method, the structural elements are designed for ultimate load and checked for
serviceability (deflection, cracking etc.) at working loads so that the structure is fit for
use throughout its life period. As in working stress method this method does not assume
stress strain curve as linear. This method gives economical sections.
1.4.3. ULTIMATE LOAD METHOD
In this method structural elements are designed for ultimate loads which are obtained by
multiplying the working loads with a factor known as load factor. Hence, the designer
can able to predict the excess load the structure can carry beyond the working loads
without collapse. Hence, this method gives the true margin of safety. This method
considers the actual stress strain curve of concrete and the failure criteria is assumed as
ultimate strain. This method gives very economical sections. However it leads to
excessive deformations and cracking. This method is failed to satisfy the serviceability
and durability requirements. To overcome these drawbacks, the limit state method has
been developed to take care of both strength and serviceability requirements.

1.5. STAADPro.
One of the most famous analysis methods for analysis is Moment Distribution
Method, which is based on the concept of transferring the loads on the beams to the
supports at their ends. Each support will take portion of the load according to its K; K is
the stiffness factor, which equals (EI/L). E, and L is constant per span, the only variable
is I; moment of inertia. I depend on the cross section of the member. To use the moment
distribution method, you have to assume a cross section for the spans of the continuous
beam. To analyze the frame, Stiffness Matrix Method is used which depends upon
matrices. The main formula of this method is [P] = [K] x []. [P] is the force matrix =
Dead Load, Live Load, Wind Load, etc. [K] is the stiffness factor matrix. K= (EI/L). []
is the displacement matrix.
STAAD was the first structural software which adopted Matrix Methods for analysis.
The stiffness analysis implemented in STAAD is based on the matrix displacement
method. In the matrix analysis of structures by the displacement method, the structure is
first idealized into an assembly of discrete structural components (frame members or
finite elements). Each component has an assumed form of displacement in a manner
which satisfies the force equilibrium and displacement compatibility at the joints.

STAAD stands for Structural Analysis and Design. STAAD.Pro is a general purpose
structural analysis and design program with applications primarily in the building
industry commercial buildings, bridges and highways structures, and industrial
structures etc. The program hence consists of the following facilities to enable this
task:1. Graphical model generation utilities as well as text editor based commands for
creating the mathematical model. Beam and column members are represented
using lines. Walls, slabs and panel type entities are represented using triangular
and quadrilateral finite elements. Solid blocks are represented using brick
elements. These utilities allow the user to create the geometry, assign properties,
orient cross sections as desired, assign materials like steel, concrete, timber,
aluminium, specify supports, apply loads explicitly as well as have the program
generate loads, design parameters etc.
2. Analysis engines for performing linear elastic and p-delta analysis, finite
element analysis, frequency extraction and dynamic response.
3. Design engines for code checking and optimization of steel, aluminium and
timber members. Reinforcement calculations for concrete beams, columns, slabs
and shear walls. Design of shear and moment calculations for steel members.
4. Result viewing, result verification and report generation tools for examining
displacement diagrams, bending moment and shear force diagrams, beam, plate
and solid tress contours, etc.
5. Peripheral tools for activities like import and export of the data from and to
other widely accepted formats, links with other popular softwares for footing
design, steel connection design, etc.

1.6. ETABS
ETABS stands for Extended Three dimensional Analysis of Building Systems. ETABS
was used to create the mathematical model of the Burj Khalifa, designed by Chicago,
Illinois-based Skidmore, Owings and Merrill LLP (SOM). ETABS is commonly used to
analyze: Skyscrapers, parking garages, steel & concrete structures, low rise buildings,
portal frame structures, and high rise buildings. The input, output and numerical
solution techniques of ETABS are specifically designed to take advantage of the unique
physical and numerical characteristics associated with building type structures. A
complete suite of Windows graphical tools and utilities are included with the base
4

package, including a modeller and a postprocessor for viewing all results, including
force diagrams and deflected shapes.
1. ETABS provides both static and dynamic analysis for wide range of gravity,
thermal and lateral loads. Dynamic analysis may include seismic response
spectrum or accelerogram time history.
2. ETABS can analyze any combination of 3-D frame and shear wall system, and
provides complete interaction between the two. The shear wall element is
specially formulated for ETABS and is very effective for modelling elevator
core walls, curved walls and discontinuous walls. This wall element requires no
mesh definition and the output produced is in the form of wall forces and
moments, rather than stresses.
3. A wide range of gravity, thermal and lateral loads may be applied for analysis.
Lateral loads include automated UBC, BOCA and NBCC seismic and wind load
along with ATC seismic and ASCE wind.
4. Steel Frame,

Concrete

Frame

and

Concrete/Masonry

Shearwall design

capabilities based upon AISC-ASD, LFRD, UBC and ACI-89 codes.

5. Outputs-

storey displacements,

mode shapes and periods, lateral frame

displacements, frame member forces are obtained at each level of the frame.
6. Special features available on ETABS are design of various shapes of Columns
such as T-column, L-Column, and Poly shaped column. Design of Beams with
varying depths
7. Shear walls with and without openings according to Indian Code can be
provided in ETABS software.

LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0. General
Most of the work for analysis of multi storey building has been done on STAADPro.
Evaluation of forces and moments for Dead load, Live load and Seismic load
considered. But there is very less work has been done using load combination.

M C Griffith and A V Pinto (2000) have investigated the specific details of a 4-story,
3-bay reinforced concrete frame test structure with unreinforced brick masonry (URM)
infill walls with attention to their weaknesses with regards to seismic loading. The
concrete frame was shown to be a weak-column strong-beam frame which is likely to
exhibit poor post yield hysteretic behaviour. The building was expected to have
maximum lateral deformation capacities corresponding to about 2% lateral drift. The
unreinforced masonry infill walls were likely to begin cracking at much smaller lateral
drifts, of the order of 0.3%, and completely lost their load carrying ability by drifts of
between 1% and 2%. [1]

Sanghani and Paresh (2011) studied the behaviour of beam and column at various
storey levels. It was found that the maximum axial force generated in the ground floor
columns, max reinforcement required in the second floor beams. [2]

Poonam et al. (2012) Results of the numerical analysis showed that any storey,
especially the first storey, must not be softer/weaker than the storeys above or below.
Irregularity in mass distribution also contributes to the increased response of the
buildings. The irregularities, if required to be provided, need to be provided by
appropriate and extensive analysis and design processes. [3]

Prashanth.P et al. (2012) investigated the behaviour of regular and irregular multi
storey building structure in STAADPro. and ETABS. Analysis and design was done
according to IS-456 and IS-1893(2002) code. Also manually calculations were done to
compare results. It was found that the ETABS gave the lesser steel area as that of
STAADPro. Loading combinations were not considered in the analysis and influence of
storey height on the structural behaviour was not described. [4]
6

MODELLING OF RCC FRAMES

3.0. RCC FRAME STRUCTURE
An RCC framed structure is basically an assembly of slabs, beams, columns and
foundation inter-connected to each other as a unit. The load transfer, in such a structure
takes place from the slabs to the beams, from the beams to the columns and then to the
lower columns and finally to the foundation which in turn transfers it to the soil.

3.1. General
Case I

Regular Building

Case II

Irregular Building

3.1.1. Case I: Regular Building

A 32m x 20m 12-storey multi storey regular structure is considered for the study. Size
of the each grid portion is 4m x 4m. Height of each storey is 3m and total height of the
building is 36m. Plan of the building considered is shown in the figure 3.1.

Fig 3.1: Plan of the Building

Table 3.1: Building Description

3.1.2.

Length x Width

32x20m

No. of storeys

12

Storey height

3m

Beam

450x450mm

Column 1-6 storeys exterior perimeter line

800mm (diameter)

Column 1-6 storeys interior portion

600x600mm

Column 7-12 storeys

500x500mm

Slab thickness

125mm

Thickness of main wall

230mm

Height of parapet wall

0.90m

Thickness of parapet wall

115mm

Support conditions

Fixed

Case II: Irregular Building

A 32m X 20m 12-storey multi storey irregular structure is considered for the study. Size
of each grid portion is 4m x 4m. Plan of the building considered is shown in the figure
3.2.

Fig 3.2: Plan of the Building

8

Table 3.2: Building Description

Length x Width

32x20m

No. of storeys

12

Storey height

3m

Beam along length

400x450mm

Beam along width

400x400mm

Column

750x750mm

Slab thickness

125mm

Thickness of main wall

230mm

Height of parapet wall

0.90m

Thickness of parapet wall

115mm

Support conditions

Fixed

3.2. Material Specifications

Table 3.3: Material
Grade of Concrete ,M25

fck = 25N/mm2

Steel

fy = 415N/mm2
25kN/m3

Density of Concrete

c=

Density of Brick walls considered:

brick =

20kN/m3

3.3. Loading
Loads acting on the structure are dead load (DL), Live load and Earthquake load (EL),
Dead load consists of Self weight of the structure, Wall load, Parapet load and floor
load.
Live load: 3kN/m2 is considered, Seismic zone: V, Soil type: II, Response reduction
factor: 5, Importance factor: 1, Damping: 5%. Members are loaded with dead load, live
load and seismic loads according to IS code 875(Part1, Part 2) and IS 1893(Part1):2002.
3.3.1. Selfweight
Self weight comprises of the weight of beams, columns and slab of the building.
9

3.3.2. Dead load

All permanent constructions of the structure form the dead load. The dead load
comprises of the weights of walls, partition floor finishes, floors and other permanent
constructions in the building. Dead load consists of:
(a) Wall load

= (unit weight of brick masonry x wall thickness x wall height)

= 20 kN/m3 x 0.230m x 3m
= 13.8 kN/m (acting on the beam)

(b) Wall load (due to Parapet wall at top floor)

= (unit weight of brick masonry x parapet wall thickness x wall
height)
= 20 kN/m3 x 0.115m x 0.90m
= 2.07 kN/m (acting on the beam)
(c) Floor load (due to floor thickness)
= (unit weight of concrete x floor thickness)
= 25 kN/m3 x 0.125m
= 3.125 kN/m2 (acting on the beam)
3.3.3. Live load
Live loads include the weight of the movable partitions, distributed and concentrated
load, load due to impact and vibration and dust loads. Live loads do not include loads
due to wind, seismic activity, snow and loads due to temperature changes to which the
structure will be subjected to etc. Live load varies acc. to type of building. Live load=
3kN/m2 on all the floors.
3.3.4. Seismic load
Seismic load can be calculated taking the view of acceleration response of the ground to
the superstructure. According to the severity of earthquake intensity they are divided
into 4 zones.
1. Zone II
2. Zone III
3. Zone IV
4. Zone V
According to the IS-code 1893(part1):2002, the horizontal Seismic Coefficient Ah for a
structure can be formulated by the following expression
Ah = (ZISa)/ (2Rg)
Where Z= Zone factor depending upon the zone the structure belongs to.
10

For Zone II (Z= 0.1)

For Zone III (Z= 0.16)
For Zone IV (Z= 0.24)
For Zone V (Z= 0.36)
I= Importance factor, for Important building like hospital it is taken as 1.5 and for other
building it is taken as 1.
R= Response reduction factor
Sa/g= Average Response Acceleration Coefficient
Here Seismic load is considered along two directions- EQ LENGTH and EQ WIDTH.

3.4. Loading Combination

The structure has been analyzed for load combinations considering all the previous
loads in proper ratio. Combination of self-weight, dead load, live load and seismic load
was taken into consideration according to IS-code 875(Part 5).
Table 3.4: Load Combination
LOAD COMBINATION

SR.
NO.

ETABS

1.

DCON1

2.

3.

4.

5.

DCON2

DCON3

DCON4

DCON5

PRIMARY

FACTOR

STAADPro

LOAD

GENERATED INDIAN CODE

Self load

1.50

GENRAL_STRUCTURE 7

Dead load

1.50

Self load

1.50

Dead load

1.50

Live load

1.50

Self load

1.20

GENERATED INDIAN CODE

Dead load

1.20

GENRAL_STRUCTURE 3

Live load

1.20

EQ (along length)

1.20

Self load

1.20

GENERATED INDIAN CODE

Dead load

1.20

GENRAL_STRUCTURE 5

Live load

1.20

EQ (along length)

-1.20

Self load

1.20

GENERATED INDIAN CODE

GENRAL_STRUCTURE 1

GENERATED INDIAN CODE

11

GENRAL_STRUCTURE 4

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

DCON6

DCON7

DCON8

DCON9

DCON10

DCON11

DCON12

DCON13

DCON14

Dead load

1.20

Live load

1.20

EQ (along width)

1.20

Self load

1.20

GENERATED INDIAN CODE

Dead load

1.20

GENRAL_STRUCTURE 6

Live load

1.20

EQ (along width)

-1.20

Self load

1.50

Dead load

1.50

EQ (along length)

1.50

Self load

1.50

Dead load

1.50

EQ (along length)

-1.50

Self load

1.50

Dead load

1.50

EQ (along width)

1.50

Self load

1.50

Dead load

1.50

EQ (along width)

-1.50

Self load

0.90

Dead load

0.90

EQ (along length)

1.50

Self load

0.90

Dead load

0.90

EQ (along length)

-1.50

Self load

0.90

Dead load

0.90

EQ (along width)

1.50

Self load

0.90

Dead load

0.90

EQ (along width)

-1.50

GENERATED INDIAN CODE

GENRAL_STRUCTURE 8

GENERATED INDIAN CODE

GENRAL_STRUCTURE 10

GENERATED INDIAN CODE

GENRAL_STRUCTURE 9

GENERATED INDIAN CODE

GENRAL_STRUCTURE 11

GENERATED INDIAN CODE

GENRAL_STRUCTURE 12

GENERATED INDIAN CODE

GENRAL_STRUCTURE 14

GENERATED INDIAN CODE

GENRAL_STRUCTURE 13

GENERATED INDIAN CODE

GENRAL_STRUCTURE 15

12

3.5. Modelling in ETABS

a) Case I: Regular Building

(a)

(b)

Fig 3.3: (a) Front Elevation, (b) Side Elevation of the Building

Fig 3.4: 3-D View of the G+11 storey building in ETABS

13

Loading Pattern
Dead Load

Fig 3.5: Wall and Parapet load distribution in ETABS

Live Load

Fig 3.6: Live Load distribution (Plan View)

14

Seismic Load

Fig 3.7: Seismic Load (along length) on the Building

Fig 3.8: Seismic Load (along width) on the Building

15

EQ along length on the First Storey

Fig 3.9: EQ along length on the First Storey

EQ along length on the Last Storey

Fig 3.10: EQ along length on the Last Storey

16

b) Case II: Irregular Building

(a)

(b)

Fig 3.11: (a) Front Elevation, (b) Side Elevation of the Building

Fig 3.12: 3-D View of the G+11 storey building in ETABS

17

Loading Pattern
Dead Load

Fig 3.13: Wall and Parapet load distribution

Live Load

Fig 3.14: Live Load distribution

18

Seismic Load

Fig 3.15: Seismic Load (along length) on the Building

Fig 3.16: Seismic Load (along width) on the Building

19

EQ along length on the First Storey

Fig 3.17: EQ along length on the First Storey

EQ along length on the Last Storey

Fig 3.18: EQ along length on the Last Storey

20

3.6. Modelling in STAADPro.

a) Case I: Regular Building

(a)

(b)

Fig 3.19: (a) Front Elevation, (b) Side Elevation of the Building

Fig 3.20: 3-D View of the G+11 storey building in STAADPro.

21

Loading Pattern
Selfweight of the building

Fig 3.21: Self Weight of the Building

Dead Load

Fig 3.22: Wall load distribution

22

(a)

(b)

Fig 3.23: (a) Parapet load on the last floor (b) Floor load (Plan View)

Live Load

Fig 3.24: Live Load distribution on the Building

Seismic Load

(a)

(b)

Fig 3.25: (a) Seismic Load (along length) (b) Seismic load (along width) on building

23

b) Case II: Irregular Building

(a)

(b)

Fig 3.26: (a) Front Elevation, (b) Side Elevation of the Building

Fig 3.27: 3-D View of the G+11 storey building in STAADPro.

24

Loading Pattern
Selfweight of the building

Fig 3.28: Self Weight of the Building

Dead Load

Fig 3.29: Wall load distribution

25

(a)

(b)

Fig 3.30: (a) Wall and Parapet load on the 6 th floor (b) Floor Load

Fig 3.31: Live Load distribution

(a)

(b)

Fig 3.32: (a) Seismic Load (along length) (b) Seismic Load (along width)

26

RESULTS AND OBSERVATIONS

Some of the sample analysis and design results have been shown below for beams and
columns of various floor of the building.
4.1. ETABS software
a) Case I: Regular Building

(a)

(b)

Fig 4.1: (a) B.M. Diagram for Selfweight (b) Shear Force diagram for Selfweight
Fig 4.1(a): shows that the beams undergo sagging in middle portion and hogging in end
portion due to Selfweight. Beams behave like continuous beam.

Fig 4.2: Max Stress Diagram for load (0.9Self +0.9Dead +1.5EQlength)
Figure shows that the max stress in the range 60-70kN/m2 is produced at the
bottommost storey and decreases with the increase in storey height.
27

4.1.1. BEAM NO. B53 of top floor

Fig 4.3: Beam B53

Fig 4.4: B.M. Diagram for load combination 1.5(Selfweight + Dead + EQlength)
Above figure shows that the reaction of 11.59kN and 52.38kN is produced at left and
right end of the beam respectively due to load combination 1.5(Selfweight + Dead +
EQlength). Maximum shear force of 52.38kN is obtained at right end of the beam.

Maximum axial force, shear force, B.M. of the beam B53

Table 4.1: Analysis Data
Forces
Axial Force (P)

1.51 kN

Shear Force (V2)

74.57 kN

Shear Force (V3)

0.051 kN

Bending Moment (M2)

0.09 kN-m

Bending Moment (M3)

35.62 kN-m
28

ETABS CONCRETE DESIGN

Fig 4.5: Concrete Design of Beam 53 of Regular building

Fig 4.6: Concrete Design of Beam B53 (Envelope) of Regular building

Fig 4.5 shows that moment is 13250.97kN-m for designing beam and steel provided is
586mm2 . Fig 4.6 shows that controlling load combination for flexural and shear is
DCON13 (0.9 Self +0.9Dead +1.5EQwidth) and DCON14 (0.9Self +0.9Dead 1.5EQwidth).
29

4.1.2. COLUMN NO. C30 of storey 11

Fig 4.7: Column C30

(a)

(b)

Fig 4.8: (a) Axial Force (b) B.M. Diagram for load 1.5(Self +Dead load +EQlength)
Above fig. 4.8(a) shows that axial force is maximum at the bottom storey columns and
minimum at top storey columns. Fig 4.8(b) shows that bending moment decreases with
increase in the storey height.

30

Maximum axial force, shear force, B.M. of the column C30 of storey11
Table 4.2: Analysis Data
Column forces/ B.M.
Axial Force (P)

10.61 kN

Shear Force (V2)

33.42 kN

Shear Force (V3)

63.45 kN

Torsion (T)

0.008 kN -m

Bending Moment (M2)

85.29 kN -m

Bending Moment (M3)

73.84 kN -m

ETABS CONCRETE DESIGN

Fig 4.9: Concrete Design of Column C30 (Flexural Details) of Regular building
As column is designed according to sway analysis and design load is 208.041kN and
design moment is 712.01kN-m. Steel obtained acc. to design load is 2000mm2 .

31

Fig 4.10: Concrete Design of Column C30 of Regular building

4.1.3. Area of Steel obtained from ETABS for beams of 1st floor
Table 4.3: Area of Steel for beams of 1 st floor
Beam No.

Area of steel (mm2 )

(450 X 450 mm)

( Bottom Reinforcement)

( Top Reinforcement)

B1

685

967

B2

680

936

B3

680

935

B4

680

935

B5

680

935

B6

680

935

B7

680

936

B8

685

967

B9

652

1015

Area of steel

(mm2 )

32

B10

655

1021

B11

655

1021

B12

652

1015

B13

685

967

B14

604

980

B15

604

980

B16

604

980

B17

604

980

B18

602

980

B19

602

979

B20

602

979

B21

602

980

B22

604

980

B23

652

1015

B24

601

979

B25

601

978

B26

601

978

B27

601

979

B28

655

1021

B29

604

980

B30

601

979

B31

601

978

B32

601

978

B33

601

979

B34

604

980

B35

655

1021

B36

602

980

B37

602

978

B38

602

978

B39

602

980

B40

604

980

B41

652

1015
33

B42

680

936

B43

680

935

B44

680

935

B45

680

935

B46

680

935

B47

680

936

B48

685

967

B49

698

981

B50

665

1029

B51

668

1035

B52

669

1036

B53

669

1036

B54

669

1036

B55

668

1035

B56

616

994

B57

665

1029

B58

698

981

B59

693

950

B60

617

994

B61

618

995

B62

618

996

B63

618

995

B64

617

994

B65

616

994

B66

693

950

B67

692

948

B68

614

992

B69

615

992

B70

614

992

B71

615

993

B72

615

992

B73

614

992
34

B74

614

992

B75

692

948

B76

698

981

B77

693

950

B78

616

994

B79

665

1029

B80

617

994

B81

668

1035

B82

618

994

B83

669

1036

B84

618

996

B85

669

1036

B86

618

996

B87

669

1036

B88

617

994

B89

668

1035

B90

616

994

B91

665

1029

B92

693

950

B93

698

981

4.1.4. Area of Steel obtained from ETABS for columns of 1 st storey

Table 4.4: Area of Steel for column of 1 st storey
Column

Section (mm)

Area of steel (mm2 )

C1

800 (diameter)

4021

C2

800 (diameter)

4021

C3

800 (diameter)

4021

C4

800 (diameter)

4021

C5

800 (diameter)

4021

35

C6

800 (diameter)

4021

C7

800 (diameter)

4021

C8

800 (diameter)

4021

C9

800 (diameter)

4021

C10

800 (diameter)

4021

C11

800 (diameter)

4021

C12

800 (diameter)

4021

C13

800 (diameter)

4021

C14

800 (diameter)

4021

C15

800 (diameter)

4021

C16

800 (diameter)

4021

C17

800 (diameter)

4021

C18

800 (diameter)

4021

C19

800 (diameter)

4021

C20

800 (diameter)

4021

C21

800 (diameter)

4021

C22

800 (diameter)

4021

C23

800 (diameter)

4021

C24

800 (diameter)

4021

C25

800 (diameter)

4021

C26

800 (diameter)

4021

C27

600 X 600

2880

C28

600 X 600

3709

C29

600 X 600

3709

C30

600 X 600

2880

C31

600 X 600

3737

C32

600 X 600

4801

C33

600 X 600

4801

C34

600 X 600

3737

C35

600 X 600

3845
36

C36

600 X 600

4918

C37

600 X 600

4918

C38

600 X 600

3845

C39

600 X 600

3857

C40

600 X 600

4931

C41

600 X 600

4931

C42

600 X 600

3857

C43

600 X 600

3845

C44

600 X 600

4918

C45

600 X 600

4918

C46

600 X 600

3845

C47

600 X 600

3737

C48

600 X 600

4801

C49

600 X 600

4801

C50

600 X 600

3737

C51

600 X 600

2880

C52

600 X 600

3709

C53

600 X 600

3709

C54

600 X 600

2880

4.1.5. Area of Steel obtained from ETABS for columns of 3 rd storey to 12th storey
Table 4.5: Area of Steel for columns of 3 rd storey to 12th storey
Storey

Column

Area of Steel (mm2 )

3rd

800 mm (dia)

4021

3rd

600 X 600 mm

2880

4th

800 mm (dia)

4021

4th

600 X 600 mm

2880

37

5th

800 mm (dia)

4021

5th

600 X 600 mm

2880

6th

800 mm (dia)

4021

6th

600 X 600 mm

2880

7th

500 X 500 mm

2000

8th

500 X 500 mm

2000

9th

500 X 500 mm

2000

10th

500 X 500 mm

2000

11th

500 X 500 mm

2000

12th

500 X 500 mm

2000

Table 4.5 shows that the steel area decreases with increase in storey height and become
constant after 6th storey level.

Storey Overturning Moments

(kN-m)

4.1.6. Storey Overturning Moment for structure

STOREY OVERTURNING MOMENTS

120000
100000
EQ length (X-Direction)

80000

EQ width (Y-Direction)

60000
40000
20000
0
Storey

Fig 4.11: Graph of Storey Vs Overturning Moment

As per above graph it has been concluded that the storey overturning moment decreases
with increase in storey height in both x and y-directions for EQlength and EQwidth
respectively
38

4.1.7. Storey Shear for structure

Storey Shear (kN)

STOREY SHEAR
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0

EQ length (X-Direction)
EQ width (Y- Direction)

10 11 12

Storey
Fig 4.12: Graph of Storey Vs Storey Shear
As per above graph it has been concluded that the storey shear decreases with increase
in storey height in both x and y-directions for EQlength and EQwidth respectively.

4.1.8. Max Storey Displacement for structure

MAX STOREY DISPLACEMENT

Max Storey Displacement
(mm)

40
35
30
25
20
15
EQ length( in X-Direction)

10

EQ width(in Y-Direction)

12

11

10

Base

Storey

Fig 4.13: Graph of Storey Vs Max Storey Displacement

As per above graph it has been concluded that the max storey displacement increases
with increase in storey height in both x and y-directions for EQlength and EQwidth
respectively.
39

b) Case II: Irregular Building

(a)

(b)

Fig 4.14: (a) B.M. (b) Shear Force diagram for Dead load

Fig 4.15: Max Stress Diagram for load combination 1.5(Self +dead +Live)
Figure shows that the max stress in the range 14-21kN/m2 is produced at the
bottommost storey and decreases with the increase in storey height, from storey 2 nd to
11th storey a stress of (-7 to +7kN/m2) is acting .

40

4.1.9. BEAM NO. B26 of top floor 12

Fig 4.16: Beam B26 of Irregular building

Maximum Axial force, Shear force, B.M. of the beam B26

Table 4.6: Analysis Data
Forces
Axial Force (P)

-0.347 kN

Shear Force (V2)

56.23 kN

Shear Force (V3)

0.024 kN

Torsion (T)

0.066 kN-m

Bending Moment (M2)

0.047 kN-m

Bending Moment (M3)

26.94 kN-m

ETABS CONCRETE DESIGN

Fig 4.17: Concrete Design of Beam 26 of Irregular building

41

Fig 4.18: Concrete Design of Beam 26 (Envelope)

4.1.10. COLUMN NO. C18 of storey 11

Fig 4.19: Column C18

Maximum axial force, shear force, B.M. of the column C18 of storey11
Table 4.7: Analysis Data
Forces
Axial Force (P)

-118.49 kN

Shear Force (V2)

9.18 kN

Shear Force (V3)

4.02 kN

Torsion (T)

0.48 kN-m

Bending Moment (M2)

88.69kN-m

Bending Moment (M3)

92.96 kN-m
42

(a)

(b)

Fig 4.20: (a) B.M. (b) Axial Force diagram for load combination 1.2(Self +Dead
+Live +EQwidth)

ETABS CONCRETE DESIGN

Fig 4.21: Concrete Design of Column C18

43

Fig 4.22: Concrete Design of Column C18 (Flexural Details)

4.1.11. Area of Steel obtained from ETABS for beams of 1 st floor
Table 4.8: Area of Steel for beams of 1 st floor
Beam No.

Area of steel (mm2 )

Area of steel

(mm2 )

( Bottom Reinforcement)

( Top Reinforcement)

B1

644

520

B2

645

520

B3

669

520

B4

669

520

B5

655

520

B6

655

520

B7

636

520

B8

641

520

B9

626

520

B10

620

520

B11

566

520

B12

571

520

B13

566

520

B14

571

520

44

B15

620

520

B16

626

520

B17

641

520

B18

636

520

B19

655

520

B20

655

520

B21

669

520

B22

669

520

B23

645

520

B24

644

520

B25

604

463

B26

643

463

B27

640

463

B28

640

463

B29

643

463

B30

604

463

B31

591

463

B32

631

463

B33

628

463

B34

594

463

B35

630

463

B36

599

463

B37

593

463

B38

630

463

B39

594

463

B40

604

463

B41

642

463

B42

602

463

B43

602

463

B44

593

463
45

B45

599

463

B46

628

463

B47

631

463

B48

595

463

B49

594

463

B50

630

463

B51

594

463

B52

569

463

B53

642

463

B54

630

463

B55

606

520

B56

565

520

B57

565

520

B58

606

520

B59

670

520

B60

618

520

B61

618

520

B62

670

520

B63

661

520

B64

599

520

B65

599

520

B66

661

520

B67

634

463

B68

633

463

B69

634

463

B70

633

463

B71

632

463

B72

633

463

4.1.12. Area of Steel obtained from ETABS for columns

All columns of 1st to 12th Storey have steel area = 4500 mm2
46

Storey Overturning Moments(kN-m)

4.1.13. Storey Overturning Moment for structure

STOREY OVERTURNING MOMENTS

60000

50000
EQ length (X- direction)

40000

EQ width (Y- direction)

30000

20000
10000
0

Storey
Fig 4.23: Graph of Storey Vs Overturning Moment
As per above graph it has been concluded that the storey overturning moment decreases
with increase in storey height in both x and y-directions for EQlength and EQwidth
respectively.

4.1.14. Storey Shear for structure

STOREY SHEAR
Storey Shear (kN)

2500

EQ length (X- direction)

2000

EQ width (Y- direction)

1500
1000
500
0

9 10 11 12

Storey
Fig 4.24: Graph of Storey Vs Storey Shear
As per above graph it has been concluded that the storey shear decreases with increase
in storey height in both x and y-directions for EQlength and EQwidth respectively.
47

MAX STOREY DISPLACEMENT

35
30

25
20

X - Direction

15

Y - Direction

10
5

12

11

10

Base

Max Storey Displacement (mm)

4.1.15. Max Storey Displacement for structure

Storey
Fig 4.25: Graph of Storey Vs Max Storey Displacement due to EQ length
As per above graph it has been concluded that the max storey displacement increases
with increase in storey height along x-direction for EQlength load and varies constantly
(app.) along y-direction for EQlength.

4.1.16. Max Storey Displacement for structure

30
25
20
15

X - Direction

10

Y - Direction

5
12

11

10

Base

Max Storey Displacement (mm)

MAX STOREY DISPLACEMENT

Storey

Fig 4.26: Graph of Storey Vs Max Storey Displacement due to EQ width

As per above graph it has been concluded that the max storey displacement increases
with increase in storey height along x-direction for EQwidth load and varies constantly
(app.) along y-direction for EQwidth load.
48

4.2. STAADPro.
a) Case I: Regular Building

(a)

(b)

Fig 4.27: (a) B.M. (b) Shear Force diagram for load 1.5(Self +Dead EQlength)

4.2.1. Beam No. 1835 of top floor

Fig 4.28: Beam 1853

Fy(kN)
80

Mz(kNm)
80

80
61.7

80

70.7

40

40

40

40

653

2.67

653
1

2
-28.6

40

80

684
3

4
-20

40

80

(a)

684
1

4
-12.8
40

40

80

80

(b)

Fig 4.29: (a) B.M. (b) S.F. diagram for load 1.2(Self +Dead +Live +EQlength)

49

Maximum axial force, shear force, B.M. of the beam 1853

Table 4.9: Analysis Data
Forces
Axial Force (Fx )

52.71 kN

Shear Force (Fy )

77.17 kN

Shear Force (Fz)

4.82 kN

Torsion (Mx )

0.14 kN-m

Bending Moment (My )

9.97 kN-m

Bending Moment (Mz)

88.35 kN-m

STAADPro. CONCRETE DESIGN

Fig 4.30: Concrete Design of Beam 1835 (Hogging) of Regular building

50

Fig 4.31: Concrete Design of Beam 1835 (Sagging) of Regular building

4.2.2. COLUMN NO. 1602 of storey 11

Fig 4.32: Column C1602

51

Fig 4.33: B.M. diagram for load combination 1.5(Self +Dead EQlength)

Maximum axial force, shear force, B.M. of the column 1602

Table 4.10: Analysis Data
Forces
Axial Force (Fx )

522.99 kN

Shear Force (Fy )

37.37 kN

Shear Force (Fz)

71.26 kN

Torsion (Mx )

0.05 kN-m

Bending Moment (My )

122.130 kN-m

Bending Moment (Mz)

114.40 kN-m

STAADPro. CONCRETE DESIGN of column 1602/member 873

Fig 4.34: Main Reinforcement Cross-Section

52

Fig 4.35: Main Reinforcement

4.2.3. Area of Steel obtained from STAADPro. for beams of 1st floor
Table 4.11: Area of steel for beams of 1st floor
Member

Area of steel (mm2 )

(450 X 450 mm)

( Bottom Reinforcement)

( Top Reinforcement)

M1

1257

1885

M2

1257

1963

M3

1257

1885

M4

1257

1963

M5

1257

2413

M6

1257

1885

M7

1257

2413

M8

1257

1963

M9

1257

2413

Area of steel

(mm2 )

53

M10

1257

2413

M11

1257

2413

M12

1257

2413

M13

1257

2413

M14

1257

2413

M15

1257

2413

M16

1257

2413

M17

1257

2413

M18

1257

2413

M19

1257

2413

M20

1257

2413

4.2.4. Area of Steel obtained from STAADPro. for columns

Table 4.12: Area of steel for columns
Storey

Column

Area of Steel (mm2 )

Main Reinforcement

1st

600 X 600 mm

3927

8- T25

1st

800 mm (dia)

3436

7- T25

3rd

800 mm (dia)

2827

9- T20

3rd

600 X 600 mm

3768

12- T20

4th

800 mm (dia)

2827

9- T20

4th

600 X 600 mm

3768

12- T20

5th

800 mm (dia)

2199

7- T20

5th

600 X 600 mm

1885

6- T20

6th

800 mm (dia)

2199

7- T20

6th

600 X 600 mm

1885

6- T20

7th

500 X 500 mm

1885

6- T20

8th

500 X 500 mm

1885

6- T20

9th

500 X 500 mm

1885

6- T20

10th

500 X 500 mm

1885

6- T20

11th

500 X 500 mm

1885

6- T20

12th

500 X 500 mm

1885

6- T20
54

b) Case II: Irregular Building

(a)

(b)

Fig 4.36: (a) B.M. (b) S.F. diagram for load 1.5(Self +Dead +EQlength)
4.2.5. Beam No. 1313 of 6th floor

Fig 4.37: Beam 1313

(a)

(b)

Fig 4.38: (a) B.M. (b) S.F. diagram for load 1.5(Self + Dead EQ width)

55

Maximum axial force, shear force, B.M. of the beam 1313

Table 4.13: Analysis Data

Forces
Axial Force (Fx )

35.34 kN

Shear Force (Fy )

92.08 kN

Shear Force (Fz)

35.44 kN

Torsion (Mx )

1.43 kN-m

Bending Moment (My )

75.01 kN-m

Bending Moment (Mz)

148.62 kN-m

Fig 4.39: Stress diagram for load combination 1.5(Self + Dead EQ width)

56

STAADPro. CONCRETE DESIGN of beam 1313 (Member 222)

Fig 4.40: Concrete Design of Beam 1313 (Hogging) of Irregular building

Fig 4.41: Concrete Design of Beam 1313 (Sagging) of Irregular building

57

4.2.6. COLUMN C99 of 1st storey

Fig 4.42: Column C99

Fig 4.43: B.M. diagram for load combination (0.9Self +0.9Dead +1.5EQlength)

Fig 4.44: Stress diagram for load combination (0.9Self +0.9Dead +1.5EQlength)

58

Maximum axial force, shear force, B.M. of the column 99

Table 4.14: Analysis Data
Forces
Axial Force (Fx )

4056.02 kN

Shear Force (Fy )

101.16 kN

Shear Force (Fz)

145.56 kN

Torsion (Mx )

10.46 kN-m

Bending Moment (My )

576.62 kN-m

Bending Moment (Mz)

476.52 kN-m

STAADPro. CONCRETE DESIGN of column 99(member 249)

Fig 4.45: Main Reinforcement Cross-Section

Fig 4.46: Main Reinforcement

59

4.2.7. Area of Steel obtained from STAADPro. for beams of 1 st floor

Table 4.15: Area of steel for beams of 1st floor
Beam Section

Area of steel (mm2 )

Area of steel (mm2 )

(mm)

( Bottom Reinforcement)

( Top Reinforcement)

M1

400 x 450

1257

1885

M2

400 x 400

942

1885

M3

400 x 450

942

1473

M4

400 x 400

942

1571

M5

400 x 450

942

1473

M6

400 x 400

942

1571

M7

400 x 450

1257

1885

M8

400 x 400

942

1885

M9

400 x 400

942

1885

M10

400 x 400

942

1885

M11

400 x 450

942

1885

M12

400 x 450

1257

1885

M13

400 x 450

942

1885

M14

400 x 450

942

1885

M15

400 x 450

942

1885

M16

400 x 450

1257

1885

Member

4.2.8. Area of Steel obtained from STAADPro. for columns of 1 st storey

Table 4.16: Area of steel for column (750 x 750mm)

Member

Area of Steel (mm2 )

Main Reinforcement

223

5891

12 T25

224

3770

12 T20

225

5027

16 T20

226

3770

12 T20

(750 x 750mm)

60

227

3770

12 T20

228

3770

12 T20

229

3770

12 T20

230

5027

16 T20

231

3770

12 T20

232

5027

16 T20

233

3770

12 T20

234

5027

16 T20

235

5027

16 T20

236

5891

12 T25

237

5027

16 T20

238

3770

12 T20

239

5027

16 T20

240

3770

12 T20

241

3770

12 T20

242

3770

12 T20

243

3770

12 T20

244

5027

16 T20

245

3770

12 T20

246

5891

12 T25

247

5891

12 T25

248

5891

12 T25

249

3770

12 T20

250

5027

16 T20

251

3770

12 T20

252

3770

12 T20

253

3770

12 T20

254

3770

12 T20

255

3770

12 T20

256

3770

12 T20

257

3770

12 T20

258

3770

12 T20
61

4.2.9. Area of Steel obtained from STAADPro. for columns from 3 rd to 12th storey

Table 4.17: Area of steel for column (750 x 750mm)

Storey

Area of Steel (mm2 )

Main Reinforcement

3rd

3770

12 - T20

4th

3770

12 - T20

5th

3770

12 - T20

6th

3770

12 - T20

7th

3770

12 - T20

8th

3770

12 - T20

9th

3770

12 - T20

10th

3770

12 - T20

11th

3770

12 - T20

12th

3770

12 - T20

62

CONCLUSIONS
General
After Discussion of results and observation some of results are summarized. Based on
the behaviour of RCC frames on STAADPro. and ETABS some important conclusions
are drawn:1. Results of max vertical reactions of a 12-storey regular building. As per table 5.1 it has
been concluded that the max reaction produced is

4572.12kN

in

ETABS

and

4624.92kN in STAADPro. due to load 1.5(Self +Dead +Live).

Table 5.1: Comparison of vertical reaction of Regular building

ETABS

STAADPro

Forces
Loading

Axial

1.5(Self +Dead

Force FX

EQlength)

Shear

1.5(Self +Dead

Force FY

+Live)

Shear

1.5(Self +Dead

Force FZ

EQwidth)

B.M. MX

MY

MZ

Value

140.23kN

4572.12kN

138.11kN

Loading
1.2(Self +Dead +Live
EQlength)

1.5(Self +Dead +Live)

1.2(Self +Dead +Live
EQwidth)

Value

171.48kN

4624.92kN

173.98kN

1.5(Self +Dead

397.17

1.2(Self +Dead +Live

535.81

+EQwidth)

kN-m

EQwidth)

kN-m

1.5(Self +Dead
EQwidth)

0.35kN-m

1.2(Self +Dead +Live

+EQlength)

3.04kN-m

1.5(Self +Dead

397.74

1.2(Self +Dead +Live +

518.89

EQlength)

kN-m

EQlength)

kN-m

63

2. Max Deformation of members of 12-storey regular and irregular building

Table 5.2: Max Node Displacement

Max Node Displacement (mm)
Displacement Direction

Regular building

Irregular building

STAADPro.

ETABS

STAADPro.

ETABS

75.48

51.36

106.25

44.9

1.11

0.77

1.062

0.48

81.57

53.47

93.40

42.38

As per above table it has been concluded that the maximum displacement is along xdirection and its value is 106.25mm (in STAADPro.) for irregular building and
53.47mm (in ETABS) along z-direction for regular building. So, more precise results
are generated by ETABS which leads to economical design of the building.

3. Design Results of sample beam and column

Column C13 of storey 6 from ETABS and Column 851 of storey 6 from STAADPro. of
12 storey regular building are taken for comparison.

Table 5.3: Steel Reinforcement

Total Reinforcement ( mm2 )
Section
STAADPro.

ETABS

Beam (450 x 450mm)

1257

1172

Column (dia-800 mm)

4021

4021

As per above table it has been concluded that the ETABS gave lesser area of steel
required as compared to STAADPro. in case of beam whereas in case of column steel
calculated is same by both softwares.

64

STOREY OVERTURNING MOMENTS

120000

100000
80000
Regular Building

60000

Irregular Building

40000
20000

12

11

10

0
Base

Storey Overturning moments (kN-m)

4. Comparison of Storey Overturning Moments

Storey
Fig 5.1: Storey Vs Storey Overturning Moments due to EQ length in X-direction
As per above graph it has been concluded that the storey overturning moment decreases
with increase in storey height along x-direction for EQlength load and they are more in
regular building than the irregular building.

5.

Maximum Steel Reinforcement of beam and column of regular and irregular building
in ETABS.

Table 5.4: Steel Reinforcement

Total Reinforcement ( mm2 )
Section
Regular Building

Irregular Building

Beam

1595

1293

Column

4931

4500

As per above table it has been concluded that the ETABS gave lesser area of steel
reinforcement for irregular building as compared to regular building in case of beams
and columns.

65

REFERENCES

[1]

Griffith M. C., Pinto A. V. (2000), Seismic Retrofit of RC Buildings - A

Review and Case Study, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia and
European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra Italy.

[2]

Sanghani bharat k. and Paresh Girishbhai Patel, 2011, Behaviour of Building

Component

in

Various

Zones,

International

Journal

of

Advances

in

Engineering Sciences, Vol. 1, Issue 1(Jan. 2011)

[3]

Poonam, Kumar Anil and Gupta Ashok K, 2012, Study of Response of

Structural

Irregular Building Frames to Seismic Excitations, International

Journal of Civil,

Structural,

Environmental and

Infrastructure Engineering

Research and Development (IJCSEIERD), ISSN 2249-6866 Vol.2, Issue 2

(2012) 25-31

[4]

Prashanth.P, Anshuman. S, Pandey. R.K, Arpan Herbert (2012), Comparison of

design results of a Structure designed using STAAD and ETABS Software,
INTERNATIONAL

JOURNAL

OF

CIVIL

AND

STRUCTURAL

ENGINEERING, ISSN 0976 4399, Volume 2, No 3, 2012

[5]

Bureau of Indian Standards: IS-875, part 1 (1987), Dead Loads on Buildings and
Structures, New Delhi, India.

66

[6]

Bureau of Indian Standards: IS-875, part 2 (1987), Live Loads on Buildings and
Structures, New Delhi, India.

[7]

Bureau of Indian Standards: IS-1893, part 1 (2002), Criteria for Earthquake

Resistant Design of Structures: Part 1 General provisions and Buildings, New
Delhi, India.

[8]

Hammad Salahuddin, Saqib Habib, Talha Rehman (2010), Comparison of

design of a building using ETABS V 9.5 & STAAD PRO 2005, University of
Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan.

67

APPENDIX A
A.1)

Comparison of Mode Shapes for regular and irregular building

Regular Building

Irregular Building
Mode I

Regular Building

Irregular Building
Mode IV

68

Regular Building

Irregular Building
Mode VIII

Regular Building

Irregular Building
Mode XI

Regular Building

Irregular Building
Mode XII
69

A.2)

Shear Force and B.M. of Column

Column C13 of storey 6 from ETABS and Column 851 of storey 6 from

STAADPro.

of 12 storey - regular building are taken for comparison of bending moment and shear
force.
Table 5.2: B.M. and S.F. of Column
Forces

STAADPro.

ETABS

Axial Force FX

450.05 kN

220.06 kN

Shear Force FY

46.29 kN

32.56 kN

Shear Force FZ

159.36 kN

121.57 kN

Bending Moment MX

0.38 kN-m

1.796 kN-m

MY

167.81 kN-m

172.593 kN-m

MZ

103.10 kN-m

257.25N-m

The S.F. FX, FY, FZ which are obtained in STAADPro. higher side as compare to
ETABS whereas value of B.M. are higher side in ETABS as compared to STAADPro.

70