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Linguistics 201
Free and Bound Morphemes
List the morphemes in each word below, and state whether each morpheme is free (F) or
bound (B).
1. creating
2. seaward
3. wastage
4. poetic
5. modernize
6. unhealthy
7. waiter
8. reconsider
9. keys
10. incompletion
Word Trees
For each word below, draw a word tree.
1. shipper
2. disobey
3. resettled
4. anticlimaxes
5. unemployment
6. simply
7. jumping
8. digitizes
9. activity
10. confrontational
6. unhealthy
create (F)
ing (B)
2. seaward
un (B)
health (F)
y (B)
7. waiter
sea (F)
ward (B)
3. wastage
wait (F)
er (B)
8. reconsider
waste (F)
age (B)
4. poetic
poet (F)
ic (B)
5. modernize
modern (F)
ize (B)
re (B)
consider (F)
9. keys
key (F)
s (B)
10. incompletion
in (B)
complete (F)
ion (B)
Word Trees
For each word below, draw a word tree.
1. shipper
2. disobey
3. resettled
4. anticlimaxes
5. disengagement
1.
6. simply
7. jumping
8. digitizes
9. activity
10. confrontational
2.
DAff
DAff
ship
er
dis
obey
3.
V
V
DAff
IAff
re
settle
4.
N
N
DAff
IAff
anti
climax
es
5. 3.
N
V
DAff
DAff
dis
engage
ment
6.
Adv
7.
Adj
DAff
IAff
simple
jump
ing
For #7, jumping could also be either a noun (Jumping over the water was dangerous)
or an adjective (The jumping bunnies looked ridiculous.) In both of these cases, ing
is a derivational affix.
8.
V
V
N
DAff
IAff
digit
ize
9.
N
Adj
V
DAff
DAff
act
ive
ity
10.
Adj
N
V
DAff
DAff
confront
ation
al
6. reader
7. redder
8. radish
9. redness
10. rotation
Esperanto
Esperanto is an artificial language that was invented by Ludwig Zamenhof in 1887. It
was designed to be easy to learn and is based largely on the languages of western Europe.
It is now primarily spoken in France, although it may also be found in eastern Asia, South
America and eastern Europe. There are now between 200-2,000 native speakers and
about 2,000,000 people worldwide speak it as a second language.
Examine the following data from Esperanto and then answer the questions below:
1. bono
2. instrua
3. malfacila
4. patrino
5. instruisto
6. porti
7. facila
8. patro
9. portisto
10. instrui
goodness
instructive
difficult
mother
teacher
to carry
easy
father
porter
to instruct
A. What are the morphemes that correspond to the following lexical categories and
concepts?
i.
Nouns
iv. Adverbs
ii.
Verbs
v. Feminine
iii.
Adjectives
purity
ii.
bad
iii.
female teacher
D
I
S
S
I
6. reader
7. redder
8. radish
9. redness
10. rotation
D
I
S
D
D
Esperanto
Esperanto is an artificial language that was invented by Ludwig Zamenhof in 1887. It
was designed to be easy to learn and is based largely on the languages of western Europe.
It is now primarily spoken in France, although it may also be found in eastern Asia, South
America and eastern Europe. There are now between 200-2,000 native speakers and
about 2,000,000 people worldwide speak it as a second language.
Examine the following data from Esperanto and then answer the questions below:
1. bono
2. instrua
3. malfacila
4. patrino
5. instruisto
6. porti
7. facila
8. patro
9. portisto
10. instrui
goodness
instructive
difficult
mother
teacher
to carry
easy
father
porter
to instruct
A. What are the morphemes that correspond to the following lexical categories and
concepts?
i.
Nouns
iv. Adverbs
ii.
Verbs
v. Feminine
in
iii.
Adjectives
mal
purity
puro
ii.
bad
malbona
iii.
female teacher
instruistino
'he likes'
'he will like'
'he liked'
'he has liked'
'he liked me'
'he liked you'
'he liked him'
'he liked us'
'he liked them'
'I will like him'
alimona
alimsaidia
alimpiga
alimchukua
alimua
ananitazama
atakusikia
alitupanya
ninakupenda
nitawapenda
Tenses
[present]:
[future]:
[past]:
[past part.]:
Cree
Cree is an Algonquian language which is spoken primarily in Canada. There are
approximately 100,000 native speakers, who can be found from the Rocky Mountains in
Alberta all the way to James Bay in northern Quebec.
niwapahten
kimachishen
nitapinan
kiwapahten
nimachishenan
kitapinawaw
'I see'
'You cut'
'We sit'
'You see'
'We cut'
'You (pl.) sit'
Pronouns
I:
You:
We:
You (pl.):
niwapahtenan
kimachishenawaw
nitapin
kiwapahtenawaw
nimachishen
kitapin
'We see'
'You (pl.) cut'
'I sit'
'You (pl.) see'
'I cut'
'You sit'
Verbs
see:
cut:
sit:
'he likes'
'he will like'
'he liked'
'he has liked'
'he liked me'
'he liked you'
'he liked him'
'he liked us'
'he liked them'
'I will like him'
alimona
alimsaidia
alimpiga
alimchukua
alimua
ananitazama
atakusikia
alitupanya
ninakupenda
nitawapenda
Tenses
[present]: na
[future]: ta
[past]: li
[past part.]: me
Cree
Cree is an Algonquian language which is spoken primarily in Canada. There are
approximately 100,000 native speakers, who can be found from the Rocky Mountains in
Alberta all the way to James Bay in northern Quebec.
niwapahten
kimachishen
nitapinan
kiwapahten
nimachishenan
kitapinawaw
'I see'
'You cut'
'We sit'
'You see'
'We cut'
'You (pl.) sit'
Pronouns
I: ni
You: ki
We: ni- -an
You (pl.): ki -awaw
niwapahtenan
kimachishenawaw
nitapin
kiwapahtenawaw
nimachishen
kitapin
'We see'
'You (pl.) cut'
'I sit'
'You (pl.) see'
'I cut'
'You sit'
Verbs
see: wapahten
cut: machishen
sit: tapin
'an ocean'
'to an ocean'
'of an ocean'
'to a house'
'from a house'
'from a little house'
'in a little ocean'
'in a hand'
9. elim
10. eller
11. dishler
12. dishiminiz
13. dishleriminiz
14. eljike
15. denizlerimizde
16. evjiklerimizde
'my hand'
'hands'
'teeth'
'of our tooth'
'of our teeth'
'to a little hand'
'in our oceans'
'in our little houses'
in:
my:
house:
to:
of:
hand:
from:
our:
tooth:
[plural]:
little:
B. What is the order of morphemes in a Turkish word (in terms of noun, plural
marker, etc.)?
I carry
He will carry
You (pl) will lead
I will swim
You will swim here
They will drive here
We will lead away
He will drive away
He will drive
They carry
They swim
We lead
yedu
ponesu
yede
nese
odnesou
odplavete
poplaveme
prineseme
prinese
odvedu
odnesesh
I drive
I will carry
He drives
He carries
They will carry away
You (pl.) will swim away
We will swim
We will bring here
He will bring here
I will lead away
You carry away
Pronouns
I:
he:
we:
you:
you (pl.):
they:
Tense, Location
here:
away:
will:
B. What is the order of these morphemes in Czech (in terms of verbs, pronouns,
tense, location)?
'an ocean'
'to an ocean'
'of an ocean'
'to a house'
'from a house'
'from a little house'
'in a little ocean'
'in a hand'
9. elim
10. eller
11. dishler
12. dishiminiz
13. dishleriminiz
14. eljike
15. denizlerimizde
16. evjiklerimizde
'my hand'
'hands'
'teeth'
'of our tooth'
'of our teeth'
'to a little hand'
'in our oceans'
'in our little houses'
in: de
my: im
house: ev
to: e
of: in
hand: el
from: den
our: imiz
tooth: dish
[plural]: ler
little: jik
B. What is the order of morphemes in a Turkish word (in terms of noun, plural
marker, etc.)?
noun - adjective - plural - possessive pronoun - preposition
Exception: when "imiz" (our) is combined with "in" (of), the "in" appears
inside of the "imiz". For example, #12: dishiminiz "of our tooth"
C .How would you say "of our little hands" in Turkish?
eljikleriminiz
D. Give the English translation for the Turkish form "dishjiklerden".
from little teeth
I carry
He will carry
You (pl) will lead
I will swim
You will swim here
They will drive here
We will lead away
He will drive away
He will drive
They carry
They swim
We lead
yedu
ponesu
yede
nese
odnesou
odplavete
poplaveme
prineseme
prinese
odvedu
odnesesh
I drive
I will carry
He drives
He carries
They will carry away
You (pl.) will swim away
We will swim
We will bring here
He will bring here
I will lead away
You carry away
Pronouns
I: u
he: e
we: eme
you: esh
you (pl.): ete
they: ou
Tense, Location
here: pri
away: od
will: po
B. What is the order of these morphemes in Czech (in terms of verbs, pronouns,
tense, location)?
tense/location - verb - pronoun
Note: when a location (here/away) is specified, then the future morpheme
("po") does not appear on the surface.
C. Provide Czech translations for the following English sentences:
1. He will swim.
poplave
2. They drive away.
odyedou
3. You lead away.
odvedesh
4. I will bring here.
prinesu