110-HTM000021-D

SDH Basics

Objective

Standards
Frame Structure
Multiplexing
Regenerator Section Overhead
Multiplex Section Overhead
Path Overhead
Advantages

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Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH)

European Standard

American Standard

Notation

Data Rate

Notation

Data Rate

E0

64 Kbps

T0/DS0

64 Kbps

E1

2048 Kbps

T1/DS1

1544 Kbps

E2

8448 Kbps

T2/DS2

6312 Kbps

E3

34368 Kbps

T3/DS3

44736 Kbps

E4

139264 Kbps

T4/DS4

139264 Kbps

Used in South America, Europe,

India etc

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Used in USA, Canada Japan,

Korea, Hong Kong etc

SDH at glance:

1.

SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) Recommendation for Optical

Telecomm. Networking formulated by ITU & can have line rate of 40Gbps.

2.

SDH follows the Master-Slave clock technique with PLL to synchronize the
nodes.

3.

SDH provides mapping, MUXing (TDM) & framing to mainly carry PDH &
Ethernet traffic to form STM frame.

4.

Overhead bytes ensure the management of payload & Pointers allow

dynamic allocation of payload in STM frame.

5.

Automatic Protection Switching provide protection to traffic against the fiber

cut & errors with the help of overhead bytes in SDH.

6.

Performance Monitoring & Alarms strengthens SDH by giving sufficient

indication using Overheads against errors like equipment, operator & comm.

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Standards

The hierarchy is as follows:

Optical Signal

Bit Rate

Abbreviated as

STM-0

51.84 Mbps

51 Mbps

STM-1

155.52 Mbps

155 Mbps

STM- 4

622.080 Mbps

622 Mbps

STM-16

2488.320 Mbps

2.4 Gbps

STM-64

9953.280 Mbps

10 Gbps

STM-256

39813.12 Mbps

40 Gbps

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TX END

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RX END

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STM-1 Frame Format

Frame =125s

Frame =125s

Frame = 125s

STM-1 = 270 Columns (2430 bytes)

1
2
3

Pointers

Regenerator
Section
Overhead
H1

H2

H3

H1 H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H3

5
6
7

Multiplex
Section
Overhead

Administrative Unit
Capacity of the
Virtual Container
+
Pointers

9 Rows

8
9

Overhead width = 9 columns

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STM-N Frame Format

Frame = 125s
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Frame Format

STM - Section overhead and

Administrative unit
STM-N

Section overhead Regenerator

section overhead and Multiplex section
overhead

Administrative
unit

Section
Overhead

Administrative unit Virtual container

and pointers

Regenerator
Overhead

Multiplex
overhead

Pointer

Virtual
Container

Virtual container - Payload and Path

overhead information

Path
overhead

Payload

1 Byte=8bits * 8000 frames/sec=64 Kbps

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Mapping Elements

Container

Virtual Container

Tributary Unit

Tributary Unit Group

Administrative Unit

Administrative Unit Group

STM-N Frame

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Mapping Elements

The Container (C)

Basic packaging unit for tributary signals (PDH)

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Mapping Elements

The Virtual Container (VC)

Formation of the Container by adding of a POH (Path Overhead)

The Tributary Unit (TU)

Is formed via adding a pointer to the VC

The Tributary Unit Group (TUG)

Combines several TUs for a new VC

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Mapping Elements

The Administrative Unit (AU)

Is shaped if a pointer is allocated to the VC formed at last

The Syncronous Transport Module (STM-N)

Formed by adding a Section Overhead (SOH) to AUs

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SDH Multiplexing

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SDH Multiplexing
4 columns

1 2 3 4

1 2 3

Stuffing and
POH

TU 12
9X4
9 rows

TUG-2 9
X 12

TUG-3 9
X 84
Section Over Head

P
O
H

P
O
H

(9 X 9)
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P
O
H

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
TUG - 3

TUG - 3

9 X 261

TUG - 3

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Regenerator Section Overhead - RSOH

A1

Regenerator
Section

A1

A1

A2

A2

A2

J0

B1

E1

F1

D1

D2

D3

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Regenerator Section Overhead - RSOH

A1 A2 J0
B1 E1 F1
D1 D2 D3

Framing (A1,A2)
Start of the STM-1 frame.

Section Trace or Future Growth (J0)

J0 carriesSection
sectionBIP-8
trace (B1)
message.
Section
User Channel
Local
Orderwire
(E1) is(F1)
Byte interleaved
Parity-8
(BIP-8)
used
Avoice
64kb/s
user channel.
Channel
forData
communications
for regenerator
section
error channel (DCC_R)
communication
between
any two
monitoring.
Provides
a single
192NEs.
kb/s channel for Management

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Multiplex Section Overhead - MSOH

B2

Multiplex
Section

K1

K2

D4

D5

D6

D7

D8

D9

D10

D11

D12

S1

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B2

B2

M1

E2

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Multiplex Section Overhead - MSOH

B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9
D10 D11 D12
S1 M1 E2

Data Communication Channel (DCCLine BIP-24 (B2)

M)
Byte interleaved
Parity-24
(BIP-24)
is channel for
Provides
a single
576 kb/s
used for multiplex section
error
Line RemoteManagement
Error Indicator (M1)
monitoring.status
Synchronization
or Future
Orderwire
(E2)growth
Remote
error
indication.
Conveys
the BIPAutomatic Protection
(S1)Switch
Orderwire
channel(APS)
for voice
24 error
count
thedefines
source
5-8communication
bits(K1,K2)
ofback
theto
byte
between two NEs
Used for APS status
signaling
Synchronous
message

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Pointers

SDH provides payload pointers to permit differences in the phase and frequency of the Virtual
Containers (VC-N) with respect to the STM-N frame.

On a frame-by-frame basis, the payload pointer indicates the offset between the VC payload and
the STM-N frame by identifying the location of the first byte of the VC in the payload.

The pointer value indicates the offset in bytes from the pointer to the first byte of the VC, which is
the J1 byte.

Starting points are at 3-byte increments for a VC-4 payload, the possible range is: Total STM-1
bytes Section Overhead bytes = Pointer value range
(2430 81)/3 = 783 valid pointer positions

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Pointers Continued

For a VC-4 payload, this pointer is located in columns 1 and 4 of the fourth row of
the Section Overhead

For a VC-3 payload, entire pointer bytes are used.

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Pointers Continued

The pointer value, is carried in bits 7 through 16 of the H1-H2 pointer word.
The first four bits, the N-bits, are known as the New Data Flag.These bits
contains the pattern 0110 by default to indicate No Arbitrary Change.In case of
Arbitrary Change pattern is 1001.

H1+H2

S1

S2

Pointer Values (0 782)

New Data Flag

Size Bits

0110 No Arbitrary change

1001 Arbitrary change

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Positive Pointer Justification (PPJ)

Positive Pointer Justification (PPJ)

Data

RSOH
AU Pointer

MSOH

Virtual Container (VC)

When the data rate of the VC is too slow in relation to the rate of the STM-1 frame, then I
bits are inverted & the pointer value is incremented by 1. This is known as PPJ.

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Positive Pointer Justification (PPJ)

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PPJ Example

For block 256 in frame n

Tx END (H1 H2 bytes)

0110 10 0100000000

frame n+1 initialization

0110 10 1110101010

frame n+2 I bits inverted,same ptr value

1block stuffed after H3 byte.

0110 10 0100000001

frame n+3 pointer value increased by 1

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PPJ Example continued

Rx END 256 in frame n

0110 10 0100000000

frame n+1 initialization

0110 10 1110101010

frame n+2 I bits inverted

(5/5,4/5,3/5) to get pointer
value 256

0110 10 0100000001

frame n+3 ptr value changed to 257

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Negative Pointer Justification (NPJ)

Negative Pointer Justification (NPJ)

Data

RSOH
AU Pointer

MSOH

Virtual Container (VC)

When the data rate of the VC is too fast in relation to the rate of the STM-1 frame,
D bits are inverted and the pointer value is decremented by 1. This is known as
NPJ.

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Negative Pointer Justification (NPJ)

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NPJ Example

Tx END 642 block in frame n

(H1 H2 bytes)

0110 10 1010000010 frame n+1 initialization

0110 10 1111010111 frame n+2 D bits inverted,same ptr
value,H3 bytes used.
0110 10 1010000001 frame n+3 ptr value changed to 641

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NPJ Example continued

Rx END 642 block in frame n

0110 10 1010000010 frame n+1

0110 10 1111010111

frame n+2

0110 10 1010000001 frame n+3

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initialization
D bits inverted
(5/5,4/5,3/5) to get
ptr value 642

ptr value changed to

641

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Higher Order Path Overhead HPOH(VC

HPOH(VC--4 / VCVC-3)

J1

Path
Overhead

B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
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Higher Order Path Overhead HPOH(VC

HPOH(VC--4 / VCVC-3)

J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
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Path Trace (J1)

Path BIP-8 (B3)
J1 byte carries the trace
Path error
information
at monitoring
path level
Path Signal Label (C2)
Indicates the type of payload in AU
Path Status (G1)
Indicator
(H4)
Provides
statusbyte
and performance
Path User Channel (F2)
information
back to
the remote
Carries
multiframe
information
User data channel
end at path level
Path User Channel (F3)
User
data channel
at path
level
Tandem
Connection
(N1)
Bits 1-4IEC
arefor
allocated
APS. Bits
tandemfor
connection
5-8 are monitoring
for future use.
at TCM source.

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Lower Order Path Overhead POH(VC-11 / VC-12)

VC-12
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VC-11
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Lower Order Path Overhead - POH

Tandem Connection (N2)

Signal Label
parityconnection
check
IEC forand
tandem

V5
J2
N2
K4

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monitoring at TCM source.

Path Trace (J2)
J2 byte carries the trace
Carries APS information at lower
information at lower order path
order path level
level

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Advantages

High speed standards

Efficient Multiplexing / Demultiplexing
Enhanced Operation, administration, Provisioning, Maintenance
capabilities (OAM&P)

Tejas Supports Next Generation SDH

Supports data(Ethernet) as well as voice.

No need for separate data infrastructure.

Use of GFP, VCAT, LCAS, Auto Negotiation.

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Thank You

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