651

T ECHNICAL RESOURCES
Wet-Bulb Temperature Selection

This section contains tables that are commonly used for the design and sizing of
evaporative cooling equipment, reproduced from Chapter 14 of the 2009 ASHRAE
Handbook-Fundamentals.
Overview
The data presented in the tables represents different climatic conditions throughout North America. Dry-bulb temperature data
represents the sensible component of outdoor air, whereas wet-bulb temperature data represents the amount of moisture that
the air can evaporate. Evaporative cooling equipment selection is based on wet-bulb temperature, as units rely on the process of
evaporation to reject heat.
Columns in the table are organized to present dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures corresponding to 0.4%, 1% and 2% annual
cumulative frequency of occurrence. Each temperature in a column represents the value that is exceeded by the indicated
percentage of hours in a year (8,760). For instance, according to Appendix: Design Conditions for Selected Locations from the
2009 ASHRAE Handbook-Fundamentals, the wet-bulb temperature in Huntsville, Alabama will exceed 78.3F as shown in
Evaporation WB/MCDB column on average 35 hours (0.4%) in any given year. As cooling systems must be designed to meet the
peak cooling load, most comfort cooling and light industrial application designs are based on 0.4% annual cumulative frequency
of occurrence.
Pages J9 to J21 are Copyright 2009, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.
org). Reprinted by permission from 2009 ASHRAE Handbook-Fundamentals. This text may not be copied nor distributed in either
paper or digital form without ASHRAEs permission.
J8
Q U E S T I O N S ? C A L L 4 1 0 . 7 9 9 . 6 2 0 0 O R V I S I T W W W. B A LT I M O R E A I R C O I L . C O M
PRODUCT & APPLICATION HANDBOOK 2012
J9
Reprinted with permission from the 2009 ASHRAE Handbook-Fundamentals. Copyright 2009.
J10
J11
J12
J13
J14
J15
J16
J17
J18
J19
J20
J21
Temperature Conversion Chart

In the center column, find the number which corresponds to the base temperature to be converted. The Celsius equivalent
temperature to a Fahrenheit base temperature is in the left column. The Fahrenheit equivalent temperature to a Celsius base
temperature is in the right column.
Temperature Conversion Chart
C
J22
40
-40
-10
14
20
68
50
122
80
176
110
230
140
284
-39
-38.2
-9
15.8
21
69.8
51
123.8
81
177.8
111
231.8
141
285.8
-38
-36.4
-8
17.6
22
71.6
52
125.6
82
179.6
112
233.6
142
287.6
-37
-34.6
-7
19.4
23
73.4
53
127.4
83
181.4
113
235.4
143
289.4
-36
-32.8
-6
21.2
24
75.2
54
129.2
84
183.2
114
237.2
144
291.2
-35
-31
-5
23
25
77
55
131
85
185
115
239
145
293
-34
29.2
-4
24.8
26
78.8
56
132.8
86
186.8
116
240.8
146
294.8
-33
-27.4
-3
26.6
27
80.6
57
134.6
87
188.6
117
242.6
147
296.6
-32
-25.6
-2
28.4
28
82.4
58
136.4
88
190.4
118
244.4
148
298.4
-31
-23.8
-1
30.2
29
84.2
59
138.2
89
192.2
119
246.2
149
300.2
-30
-22
32
30
86
60
140
90
194
120
248
150
302
-29
-20.2
33.8
31
87.8
61
141.8
91
195.8
121
249.8
151
303.8
-28
-18.4
35.6
32
89.6
62
143.6
92
197.6
122
251.6
152
305.6
-27
-16.6
37.4
33
91.4
63
145.4
93
199.4
123
253.4
153
307.4
-26
-14.8
39.2
34
93.2
64
147.2
94
201.2
124
255.2
154
309.2
-25
-13
41
35
95
65
149
95
203
125
257
155
311
-24
-11.2
42.8
36
96.8
66
150.8
96
204.8
126
258.8
156
312.8
-23
-9.4
44.6
37
98.6
67
152.6
97
206.6
127
260.6
157
314.6
-22
-7.6
46.4
38
100.4
68
154.4
98
208.4
128
262.4
158
316.4
-21
-5.8
48.2
39
102.2
69
156.2
99
210.2
129
264.2
159
318.2
-20
-4
10
50
40
104
70
158
100
212
130
266
160
320
-19
-2.2
11
51.8
41
105.8
71
159.8
101
213.8
131
267.8
161
321.8
-18
-0.4
12
53.6
42
107.6
72
161.6
102
215.6
132
269.6
162
323.6
-17
1.4
13
55.4
43
109.4
73
163.4
103
217.4
133
271.4
163
325.4
-16
3.2
14
57.2
44
111.2
74
165.2
104
219.2
134
273.2
164
327.2
-15
15
59
45
113
75
167
105
221
135
275
165
329
-14
6.8
16
60.8
46
114.8
76
168.8
106
222.8
136
276.8
166
330.8
-13
8.6
17
62.6
47
116.6
77
170.6
107
224.6
137
278.6
167
332.6
-12
10.4
18
64.4
48
118.4
78
172.4
108
226.4
138
280.4
168
334.4
-11
12.2
19
66.2
49
120.2
79
174.2
109
228.2
139
282.2
169
336.2
Formulas and Tables

Fan Laws
The fan laws can be used to predict the performance of a tower with a non-standard motor.
RPM2 = RPM1 (CFM2) / (CFM1)
Static Pressure2 = Static Pressure1 (CFM2/CFM1)2

DID YOU KNOW?
Horsepower2 = Horsepower1 (CFM2 / CFM1)3
Cooling tower tons account
Formulas
for the heat of

compression imposed by
the chiller in addition to
Range = Entering Water Temperature - Leaving Water Temperature
the building load. The heat
Approach = Leaving Water Temperature - Ambient Wet-Bulb Temperature
of compression is typically
assumed to be a 25%
addition, or 3,000 BTUH per
Heat Rejected by a Cooling Tower:
ton.
BTUH = (Flow) X (Range) X 500 X (SG) X (SH)

Note: SG = SH = 1 for water
MBH = 1000 BTUH
Refrigeration Tons:
Tons =
Basic Electrical:
BTUH
E=IxR
12,000
P=IxE
Where: E = voltage (volts)
Cooling Tower Tons:

Tons =
I = current (amps)
R = resistance (ohms) P = power (watts)
BTUH
15,000
AC Line Current in a Single Phase Supply

I=
P
E * PF * EFF
Where:
I is the RMS line current in Amps
P is the average output power in Watts
E is the AC line voltage in Volts
AC Line Current in a Three Phase Supply

I=
P
(3) * E * PF * EFF
PF is the input power factor

EFF is the efficiency of the supply
J23
Formulas and Tables

STEEL GAUGE THICKNESS
AND WEIGHTS
S P E C I F I C H E A T A N D S P E C I F I C G R A V I T Y O F G LY C O L
Gauge
Inches
lbs/ft2
0.165
6.9
0.150
6.3
10
0.135
5.6
Ethylene Glycol
Propylene Glycol
SH
SG
SH
SG
10%
0.957
1.015
0.981
1.009
20%
0.924
1.030
0.960
1.019
0.887
1.045
0.934
1.027
11
0.120
5.0
30%
12
0.105
4.3
40%
0.849
1.058
0.904
1.034
13
0.090
3.7
50%
0.809
1.071
0.868
1.040
14
0.075
3.0
15
0.067
2.8
16
0.059
2.5
Temperature Conversions
Fahrenheit to Celsius: Temp C = 5/9 (Temp F - 32)
For quick temperature

conversion, see page J22.
Celsius to Fahrenheit: Temp F = 9/5 (Temp C) + 32
Water Quality Guidelines
To control the cycles of concentration such that BAC water quality

guidelines* are maintained, it will be necessary to bleed or blow down
a small amount of recirculating water from the system. This bleed water
is replenished with fresh make-up water, thereby limiting the build-up of
impurities.
The required continuous bleed rate can be calculated using the following
formula:
Bleed Rate =
Evaporation Rate
Number of Cycles of Concentration - 1
Number of Cycles of Concentration

The degree to which dissolved solids
and other impurities build up in the
recirculating water may be defined as
the cycles of concentration. Specifically,
cycles of concentration is the ratio of the
concentration of a dissolved solid (for
example - chlorides, sulfates, etc.) in the
recirculating water to the concentration of
the same material in the make-up water.
Where:
Evaporation Rate = (Flow) x (Range) x 0.001
The evaporation rate can also be estimated as:

2 GPM per 1 million BTU/HR of heat rejection
3 GPM per 100 tons of refrigeration
Water Make-Up Rate = Bleed Rate + Evaporation Rate

NOTE: BAC water quality guidelines are available in the applicable Operation and Maintenance Manuals available at
www.BaltimoreAircoil.com.
J24
Conversion Factors
Multiply
acre
ampere-hr (A-hr)
ngstrm ()
atmosphere (atm)
atm, std
atm, std
atm, std
atm, std
bar
barrelsoil
Btu
Btu
Btu
Btu/hr
Btu/hr
Btu/hr
calorie (g-cal)
cal
cal
cal/sec
centimeter (cm)
cm
centipoise (cP)
centistokes (cSt)
cubic feet/second (cfs)
By
43,560
3,600
11010
76.0
29.92
14.70
33.90
1.013105
1105
42
1,055
2.928104
778
3.930104
0.293
0.216
3.968103
1.560106
4.186
4.186
3.281102
0.394
0.001
1106
0.646317
CONVERSION FACTORS
To Obtain
square feet (ft2)

coulomb (C)
meter (m)
cm, mercury (Hg)
in, mercury (Hg)
lbf/in2 abs (psia)
ft, water
pascal (Pa)
Pa
gallonsoil
joule (J)
kilowatt-hr (kWh)
ft-lbf
horsepower (hp)
watt (W)
ft-lbf/sec
Btu
hp-hr
joule (J)
watt (W)
foot (ft)
inch (in)
pascalsec (Pas)
m2/sec (m2/s)
million gallons/day
(mgd)
gallon
Liters
joule (J)
cubic foot (ft3)

cubic meters (m3)
electronvolt (eV)
7.481
1,000
foot (ft)
ft
ft-pound (ft-lbf)
ft-lbf
ft-lbf
ft-lbf
ft-lbf/sec
30.48
0.3048
gallon (US Liq)

gallon (US Liq)
gallons of water
3.785
0.134
8.3453
gamma (, )
gauss
gram (g)
1109
1104
2.205103
hectare
hectare
horsepower (hp)
hp
hp
hp
hp-hr
hp-hr
hp-hr
hp-hr
1104
2.47104
42.4
745.7
33,000
550
2,544
1.98106
2.68106
0.746
square meters (m2)

acres
Btu/min
watt (W)
(ft-lbf)/min
(ft-lbf)/sec
Btu
ft-lbf
joule (J)
kWh
inch (in)
in of Hg
in of Hg
in of H2O
in of H2O
2.540
0.0334
13.60
0.0361
0.002458
centimeter (cm)
atm
in of H2O
lbf/in2 (psi)
atm
1.6021019
1.285103
3.766107
0.324
1.356
1.818103
cm
meter (m)
Btu
kilowatt-hr (kWh)
calorie (g-cal)
joule (J)
horsepower (hp)
liter (L)
ft3
pounds of water
tesla (T)
T
pound (lbm)
Multiply
By
To Obtain
9.478104
0.7376
1
1
Btu
ft-lbf
newtonm (Nm)
watt (W)
kilogram (kg)
kgf
kilometer (km)
km/hr
kilopascal (kPa)
kilowatt (kW)
kW
kW
kW-hour (kWh)
kWh
kWh
kip (K)
K
2.205
9.8066
3,281
0.621
0.145
1.341
3,413
737.6
3,413
1.341
3.6106
1,000
4,448
pound (lbm)
newton (N)
feet (ft)
mph
lbf/in2 (psi)
horsepower (hp)
Btu/hr
(ft-lbf )/sec
Btu
hp-hr
joule (J)
lbf
newton (N)
liter (L)
L
L
L/second (L/s)
L/s
61.02
0.264
103
2.119
15.85
in3
gal (US Liq)
m3
ft3/min (cfm)
gal (US)/min (gpm)
meter (m)
m
3.281
1.094
feet (ft)
yard
m/second (m/s)
mile (statute)
mile (statute)
mile/hour (mph)
mph
mm of Hg
mm of H2O
196.8
5,280
1.609
88.0
1.609
1.316103
9.678105
feet/min (ft/min)
feet (ft)
kilometer (km)
ft/min (fpm)
km/h
atm
atm
newton (N)
Nm
Nm
0.225
0.7376
1
lbf
ft-lbf
joule (J)
pascal (Pa)
Pa
Pasec (Pas)
pound (lbm,avdp)
lbf
lbf-ft
lbf/in2 (psi)
psi
psi
psi
9.869106
1
10
0.454
4.448
1.356
0.068
2.307
2.036
6,895
atmosphere (atm)
newton/m2 (N/m2)
poise (P)
kilogram (kg)
N
Nm
atm
ft of H2O
in of Hg
Pa
radian
180/
degree
stokes
1104
m2/s
therm
1105
Btu
watt (W)
W
W
weber/m2 (Wb/m2)
3.413
Btu/hr
horsepower (hp)
joule/sec (J/s)
gauss
joule (J)
J
J
J/s
1.341103
1
10,000
Reprinted with permission from Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) Supplied-Reference Handbook, 6th Edition, Copyright 2003.
J25

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T ECHNICAL RESOURCES

Wet-Bulb Temperature Selection

PRODUCT & APPLICATION HANDBOOK 2012

PRODUCT & APPLICATION HANDBOOK 2012

PRODUCT & APPLICATION HANDBOOK 2012

PRODUCT & APPLICATION HANDBOOK 2012

PRODUCT & APPLICATION HANDBOOK 2012

PRODUCT & APPLICATION HANDBOOK 2012

PRODUCT & APPLICATION HANDBOOK 2012

Temperature Conversion Chart

Formulas and Tables

Static Pressure2 = Static Pressure1 (CFM2/CFM1)2

Horsepower2 = Horsepower1 (CFM2 / CFM1)3

Cooling tower tons account

for the heat of

Range = Entering Water Temperature - Leaving Water Temperature

the building load. The heat

Approach = Leaving Water Temperature - Ambient Wet-Bulb Temperature

Heat Rejected by a Cooling Tower:

BTUH = (Flow) X (Range) X 500 X (SG) X (SH)

Cooling Tower Tons:

R = resistance (ohms) P = power (watts)

AC Line Current in a Single Phase Supply

AC Line Current in a Three Phase Supply

PF is the input power factor

PRODUCT & APPLICATION HANDBOOK 2012

Formulas and Tables

Fahrenheit to Celsius: Temp C = 5/9 (Temp F - 32)

For quick temperature

Celsius to Fahrenheit: Temp F = 9/5 (Temp C) + 32

Water Quality Guidelines

To control the cycles of concentration such that BAC water quality

Number of Cycles of Concentration

2 GPM per 1 million BTU/HR of heat rejection

3 GPM per 100 tons of refrigeration

Water Make-Up Rate = Bleed Rate + Evaporation Rate

square feet (ft2)

cubic foot (ft3)

gallon (US Liq)

square meters (m2)

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