Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Advanced Research & Business Laboratory (ARBL), Taichung, Taiwan (China); 2Chakra Energetics, Inc., Incubator, National Formosa University (NFU), Huwei, Taiwan (China); 3Graduate School of Electro-Optic and Material Science, National Formosa University (NFU), Huwei, Taiwan (China).
Email: hmchuwei@yahoo.com.tw, cpliao@alum.mit.edu
Received January 4th, 2011; revised April 7th, 2011; accepted April 10th, 2011.
ABSTRACT
Although mixing formulas for the effective-medium type of approximations for the dielectric permittivities in the
infi-nite-wavelength (i.e., quasistatic) limit, such as the Maxwell Garnett formula, have been popularly applied in the
whole spectral range of electromagnetic fields, their magnetic counterpart has seldom been addressed up to this day.
An effort is thus devoted to the derivation of such an equation to predict the final permeability as the result of mixing
together several materials. In a similar fashion to the approach leading to the Maxwell Garnett formula, a model is
adopted wherein an originally isotropic host material is embedded with a cluster of spherical homogeneous magnetic
particles. It is expected that such obtained formula should find wide applications, and particularly in the light frequency
domain in this blossomful era of nanometer technology.
Keywords: Mixing Formula, Magnetic Permeability, Maxwell Garnett Mixing Formula
1. Introduction
Macroscopic mixing theories have been effectively
applied in predicting the approximate would-be dielectric properties of the final mixtures without having to
deal with the microscopic fields in an in-situ manner.
In the infinite-wavelength approximation, or the socalled quasistatic limit, the effective electromagnetic
characteristics of mixtures can be properly described
by two independent quantities, i.e., a single effective
permittivity and a single effective permeability, to their
own entirety. Although it was shown that in the finitewavelength limit (or, termed the long-wave-length
limit by many, e.g., [1]) such kind of partition is inapplicable, the interest of this current work is in situations where the mixing of materials is in a practically
homogeneous manner and thus the infinite-wavelength approximation should suffice.
However, although mixing formulas for the effective-medium type of approximations for the dielectric
permittivities in such infinite-wavelength (i.e., quasistatic) limit, such as the Maxwell Garnett formula [2],
have been popularly applied in the whole spectral range
Copyright 2011 SciRes.
56
A Parallel Derivation to the Maxwell-Garnett Formula for the Magnetic Permeability of Mixed Materials
pm 0 Em
(1)
Em E E p Enear
(2)
(3)
P n 0 E P 3 0
However, it was well-known that for isotropic media
P r 1 0 E where r stood for the relative permittivity (i.e., the electric field
at the center of a uniformly
P
polarized
sphere
(with
being its polarization density)
was P 3 0 ). Then, a relation known as the LorentzLorenz formula readily followed [10,11]:
3 r 1
(4)
n r 2
eff r 0 0 3 f 0
s 0
s 2 0 f s 0
(6)
eff h 3 f h
s h
s 2 h f s h
(7)
eff 0
0
fi i
eff 2 0
i 2 0
i
(8)
K S M r M sin
(9)
where r , and are the three orthogonal base vectors of the spherical coordinate. According to the BiotSavart law, the differential magnetic flux density at the
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A Parallel Derivation to the Maxwell-Garnett Formula for the Magnetic Permeability of Mixed Materials
57
Bm B Bc Bnear
(12)
mm m H m
(13)
where m is the molecular magnetization of the mole
cule. Because M equals nmm , we have [8]
M n m H m m H m
(14)
where m is known as the magnetic susceptibility.
Hence, Bm can be further expressed as [8]
Bm 0 r H m 0 1 n m H m 0 1 m H m (15)
with r being the relative permeability. By incorporating
(12) and (15) into (14) we obtain:
I
dl r
I dl
dB 0 C
0 C 2
(10)
2
4
4
R
R
2 M 0
Bc
(11)
3
n m
2 M 0
0 1 n m
3
(16)
M r 1 H
B
r 1 B
0 r
, or
0 r
M
r 1
(17)
n 2 r 5
(18)
m 3V
s 0
2 s 50
(19)
Combining (18) and (19) gives the effective permeability (eff) of the final mixture, i.e.,
eff r 0 0 3 f 0
0
2 50 2 f 0
(20)
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A Parallel Derivation to the Maxwell-Garnett Formula for the Magnetic Permeability of Mixed Materials
where f = nV is the volume ratio of the embedded particles within the mixture (0 f 1). In the more general
situations where the host is no longer vacuum but of the
permeability h, then the more general mixing formula of
permeabilities becomes:
eff h 3 f h
s h
2 s 5h 2 f s h
(21)
eff 0
i 0
fi
2eff 50
2 i 50
i
(22)
where fi and i denote the volume ratios and permeabilities of the involved different inclusions, respectively. Or,
reff 1
2 reff 5
fi
i
ri 1
2 ri 5
(23)
REFERENCES
[1]
W. Lamb, D. M. Wood and N. W. Ashcroft, LongWavelength Electromagnetic Propagation in Heterogeneous Media, Physical Review B, Vol. 21, No. 6, March
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