Wrongful conviction throws spotlight on unreliability of eyewitness evidence

William Mills was sentenced to nine years for bank robbery based on police identification from CCTV images, despite their
showing a man in sunglasses with a scarf over his mouth and chin.
Four people said they recognised William Mills as the man who robbed a bank in Glasgow's West End but all of them
were wrong. Having endured a dawn raid on his family home and roughly a year in prison, Mills was freed earlier this year.
With more eyewitness evidence being gathered than ever before, could he be part of a growing trend of wrongful
convictions?
"It was about 5.30 in the morning when I heard my partner Toni shouting loudly: 'They've got guns, they've got guns'," said
Mills. "I jumped out of bed and ran to look through the spy hole but all I could see outside was a mass of black, people in
black.
"My two young girls and my partner were standing in the hall so I told them to stay back and I opened the door. The whole
communal landing was covered in police, all dressed in black with ski masks on, with big rifles and shields ... They were
telling us all to get on the floor and there were red dots from the guns everywhere."
Mills described how he was handcuffed, wearing only his boxer shorts, as the armed police stood by. The whole of his
street had been cordoned off. "I had no idea what they wanted. I kept on trying to ask: 'Why are you doing this?' It was
only when they got me to the police station that they told me they wanted me for a bank robbery."
Mills, from Partick, Glasgow, was arrested in May 2007 and held on remand for stealing 8,216 from the Royal Bank of
Scotland's Dumbarton Road branch. Two policemen had identified Mills from CCTV stills and two witnesses customers
in the bank at the time of the robbery picked him out at an identity parade. A year later he was found guilty and
sentenced to nine years in prison.
Mills was freed earlier this year, six months into his sentence. DNA evidence found on a door stopper linked a convicted
bank robber, Michael Absalom, to the crime. Including the time he served on remand, he had spent roughly a year locked
up for something he did not do.
"I'm still suffering through what they've done," he said. "My family's suffering. I'm going to see a psychologist because I
don't like going out now ... It was crazy, man, just unbelievable; you just never think it would happen to you. On remand I
was locked up 23 hours a day, that was for six months.
"Being away from my family was the hardest thing, and not being able to protect my children [when the police came]. I felt
so helpless. After they found me guilty, I'll never have faith in the judicial system again."
So how did it happen? "This was a prosecution that stood or fell by eyewitness identification alone," said Lord Gill, the lord
justice-clerk at Mills's appeal. "That is a form of proof that has been shown to be, in some cases, a dangerous basis for a
prosecution."
It was certainly not the first time that eyewitnesses had got it wrong. As early as the 1970s there was sufficient concern in
England that eyewitnesses were making enough mistakes to warrant an investigation into several miscarriages of justice.
This investigation resulted in the 1976 Devlin report, which recommended that no one should be convicted on the basis of
eyewitness evidence alone. But this recommendation was never made law, and technological advances have meant that
identification evidence is now more easily available than ever before.
Many police forces in England and Scotland use video line-ups instead of live identity parades. This has made it cheaper
and easier to run a line-up, and means that many more are being conducted. "There are currently up to 100,000 line-ups
held per year, compared to around 2,000 at the time of the Devlin report," said Professor Tim Valentine, a leading
eyewitness researcher at the University of London. "Errors are going to be proportionate to the number of procedures that
are run, so I wouldn't be surprised if there are more errors now than there used to be."

The proliferation of CCTV cameras has also led to an increase in the availability of identification evidence. According to
the Police Foundation, the UK now has more surveillance cameras than any other country in the world, and footage is
used to solve around 160,000 criminal cases a year. When CCTV footage is used to identify someone in court, a police
officer or relative may claim to recognise that person from the footage, a jury might be asked to compare the defendant to
someone in CCTV images, or an expert can use facial mapping techniques to compare the defendant's face to that of the
suspect.
Under the Turnbull guidelines - introduced in 1977 by a judge who found that visual identification "can bring about
miscarriages of justice and has done so" - a judge has to warn the jury of the need for special caution when relying on
such evidence. But eyewitness testimonies can still be one of the most persuasive types of evidence a jury will hear. "A
witness standing up and saying: 'That's the man, I saw him, I will never forget his face' is extremely compelling to a jury,"
said Valentine. "Witnesses can be completely honest and be mistaken."
Psychological experiments have shown that facial recognition from CCTV can be as prone to error as traditional
eyewitness evidence. In an experiment which looked at 600 identity parades, a fifth of eyewitnesses picked the wrong
person, Valentine said.
In a recent experiment conducted by Valentine and Dr Josh Davis, 33% of participants identified the wrong person from
close-up, high quality, video footage of the suspect's face. CCTV images are often bad quality, and the angle and lighting
can change someone's appearance.
"You'd probably recognise your mother from a CCTV image, but recognising somebody you don't know well is very
difficult," Valentine said. On top of this, in Mills's case the suspect's face was obscured by dark glasses and he had a scarf
over his mouth and chin for most of the robbery. Yet two policemen were allowed to testify that they recognised Mills from
the CCTV image.
At Mills's appeal Lord Justice Gill expressed his unease. "It is a matter of concern that an important part of the case for the
prosecution was the evidence of two police officers, neither eyewitnesses, who made positive statements that Mills was
the robber on the basis of looking at CCTV stills," he said.
An alarming aspect of Mills's case is that in some ways he was actually extraordinarily lucky. Having suffered the
misfortune of being wrongly convicted because of faulty identification evidence, he was then very fortunate that both DNA
evidence and a plausible alternative suspect were available to set the story straight. Given that DNA evidence is found at
less than 1% of crime scenes, others in his situation may well not be so lucky.
"Without the DNA evidence there's no way we would have won an appeal," said Mills's lawyer, Liam O'Donnell . "They
would have said there are four identifications, it's up to the jury to assess the identifications and they've accepted them.
End of story."
Even with the DNA evidence Mills was initially refused an appeal. It is very rare that someone is granted an appeal on the
grounds that eyewitnesses in the original trial may have been mistaken. "I can think of at least three men I know of in
prison now on the basis of what looks like unsafe identification evidence," said Valentine.
There was a time when if someone in prison told me they were innocent, I'd say: 'Nah, I don't believe you," Mills said. "But
now I'd have to consider it. Who's to say there aren't more people like me out there?"
Sylvia Rowley
Guardian, Tuesday 18 August 2009