Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
ANH NG T NHIN
GRAMMAR
(For grade 8)
2013
Page 1
UNIT 1
I. Enough
(not) adj + enough + to - V
(khng) .. lm vic g
a,
Nam isn't old enough to driver a car.
b, Hung is tall enough to play volleyball.
Exercises:
Combine each of the following pairs of sentences into one sentence, using
(not) adjective + enough + to infinitive.
1. My sister is old. She can drive a car.
..
2. The radio isnt small. You can put it in your pocket
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..
10.The bull isnt big. He couldnt harm you.
12. You are quite thin. You could slip between the bars
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1. The sun (rise)..in the east and (set) ..in the west.
2. She (not/ drink).coffee. She (drink).coca cola.
3. It (be)..often hot in the summer.
4. What you (do)every evening?
5. The earth ( circle) .the sun once every 365 days.
6. I (see)..her very often.
7. Most rivers (flow)into the sea.
8. Vegetarians (not/ eat)..meat.
9. Bees (make)honey.
10.Rice ( not/ grow).. in cold climates
11.Where Martin ( come). from? He
(be)Scottish.
Negative: S + DIDNT + V + O
Interrogative: DID + S + V? Yes, S + did. / No, S + didnt.
Use: express a completed action
Adverbs of time: yesterday, last month/ summer , ago, in 2008 ( now 2010).
E.g.:
a, We saw him walking in the street yesterday.
b, They invited me to the conference in Ha Noi last month.
Exercises:
A/ Change the verbs in the following sentence into past tense.
1. Yesterday, I go to the restaurant with a client.
2. We drive around the parking lot for 20 minutes in order to find a parking space.
3. When we arrive at the restaurant, the place is full.
4. The waitress asks us what we need.
5. I say, "No, my secretary forgets to make them."
6. The waitress tells us to come back in two hours.
Way Ahead 4A Writing BookBASIC
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D/ Negate the first sentence in each task. Write the negation of the verbs in
bold into the correct gaps. You can use long or short (contracted) forms of the
auxiliary.
Example: Jack wrote a text message. - Jack ______________ a text message.
Answer: Jack wrote a text message. - Jack did not write a text
message. or Jack didn't write a text message.
E/ Negate the first sentence in each task. Write the negative verb forms
(sometimes with a preposition) from the first sentences into the gaps. You can
use long or short (contracted) forms of the auxiliaries.
Example: Frank turned on the radio. - Frank ______________ the radio.
Answer: Frank turned on the radio. - Frank did not turn on the
radio. or Frank didn't turn on the radio.
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F/ Put in the correct verb form into the gap. Use Simple Past.
Example: ___ they ______ their friends? (to meet)
Answer: Did they meet their friends?
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G/ Put in the correct verb forms and the nouns into the gaps. Use Simple
Past.
Example: ____________ their friends? (they/to meet)
Answer: Did they meet their friends?
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he/ generous
What is he like?
Hes generous.
your sister/ fat
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she/ humorous
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he/ helpful
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Mai/ thin
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they/ tall
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Tun/ short
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he/ overweight
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I/ friendly
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Hoa/ sociable
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they/ gentle
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Way Ahead 4A Writing BookBASIC
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I/ thin
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UNIT 2
I.Future with be going to (near future)
Form:
S + am/ is/ are + going to + V
Use:
to express future intentions or predictions
E.g.
A/ Put in the verbs in brackets into the gap. Use will-future or going to-future:
Example: I hope that the sun ________ tomorrow. (to shine)
Answer: I hope that the sun will shine tomorrow.
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____________________________________
10.must / we / walk / back home - ____________________________________
UNIT 3
A. Reflexive Pronouns
Definition: We use the reflexive pronouns to indicate that the person who realizes
the action of the verb is the same person who receives the action. Reflexive
pronouns are identical in form to intensive pronouns.
Subject Reflexive
Singular
I
You
He
She
It
myself
yourself
himself
herself
itself
Plural
We
You
They
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
E.g.:
Reflexive pronouns always act as objects not subjects, and they require an
interaction between the subject and an object.
E.g.:
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Care must be taken to identify whether the noun is singular or plural and choose
the pronoun accordingly.
E.g.:
NOTE:
By + one-self = alone
E.g.: I did this homework by myself.
Exercises:
A/ Choose the correct reflexive pronouns to complete the sentences:
myself - yourself - himself - herself - itself - ourselves - yourselves - themselves
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b. Have to (phi ) :
* Khng nh: S + have to + V (bare-inf)
* Ph nh: S + dont / doesnt + have to + V (bare-inf)
* Nghi vn: Do/Does + S + have to + V (bare-inf).?
- Have to ch yu c dng ch s bt buc n t bn ngoi v d t lut
php , ni quy , tha thun v lnh ca ngi khc .
E.g.:
I have to stop smoking. (doctors order) (Ti phi b ht thuc (theo lnh
ca bc s))
You have to wear uniform on duty.(Anh phi mc ng phc khi ang lm
nhim v)
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7. Some students think that doing well on the TOEFL _______ (should/has to) be
the hardest part about going to the U.S. university.
8. Students ________ (must not/should not) work off campus unless they can
prove unforeseen financial hardship.
9. Students ________(don't have to/should not) get excellent grades in order to
maintain their visa.
10. Going to school in the U.S. __________ (must/should) be the best way for a
young person to see the country.
B/ Change the following sentences using one of these modals: should, ought to,
must, have to
E.g.: It is advisable that you always keep your passport in a safe place.
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__________________________________________________________________
7. If they go to buy the car during the first week in June, they are certain that there
will be enough time to have the car for the big day.
__________________________________________________________________
8. This seems like a good plan, but I think it would be advisable for them to have a
friend prepared to drive them to the hospital!
__________________________________________________________________
9. Having a baby is a big responsibility and it is necessary that you be ready.
__________________________________________________________________
10. It is advisable for you to have everything run smoothly for such a big event!
__________________________________________________________________
Why are you angry with him? (Ti sao bn gin anh y vy?)
Why did she do it by herself? (Ti sao c y lm iu mt mnh?)
UNIT 4
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E.g.:
on Tuesday (vo th ba), on 10 March (vo ngy 10 thng 3), on Christmas Day
(vo ngy Ging Sinh), on my birthday (vo sinh nht ti)......
* at (lc, vo lc): c dng trc gi (theo ng h), ban m, v nhng dp l
E.g.:
at 7 o'clock (lc 7 gi), at 9:30 a.m. (lc 9h30 sng), at night (vo ban m), at
Christmas (vo l Ging Sinh), at Easter (vo l Phc Sinh).......
* after (sau, sau khi)
E.g.:
shortly after two (sau 2h mt cht), after dinner (sau ba n ti), after school
* before (trc, trc khi)
E.g.:
before lunch (trc ba tra), two days before Christmas (2 ngy trc l Ging
Sinh), the day before yesterday (hm kia).......
* between....and (gia hai khong thi gian, ngy, thng, nm....)
E.g.:
between 7 p.m. and 10 a.m. (khong t 7h ti n 10h sng), between Friday and
Sunday (khong t th 6 n Ch Nht).......
Exercises:
A/ Fill in the correct prepositions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
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I didn't get time to come and visit you ______ last Tuesday.
at
on
in
(no preposition)
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15 They were very popular ______ the middle of the 19th Century.
at
on
in
(no preposition)
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NOTE:
Used to khng c dng hin ti. ni v thi quen hay tnh trng hin ti, ta
thng dng th hin ti n.
Exercise:
Way Ahead 4A Writing BookBASIC
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cheese but
5. When I lived in the city,
school
7. I used to really enjoy his company but
h. now Im on a diet.
i. now he drives.
holidays
10. He used to have a motorbike but
UNIT 5
I. Adverbs of manner
A. The position of adverbs of manner:
Adverbs of manner tell us how something happens. They are usually placed after
the main verb or after the object.
E.g.:
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BE CAREFUL! The adverb should not be put between the verb and the object:
If there is a preposition before the object, e.g. at, towards, we can place the
adverb either before the preposition or after the object.
E.g.:
Some writers put an adverb of manner at the beginning of the sentence to catch
our attention and make us curious:
(We want to know what happened slowly, who did it slowly, why they did it
slowly)
However, adverbs should always come AFTER intransitive verbs (=verbs which
have no object).
E.g.:
Also, these common adverbs are almost always placed AFTER the verb:
well
badly
hard
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fast
The position of the adverb is important when there is more than one verb in a
sentence. If the adverb is placed after a clause, then it modifies the whole
action described by the clause.
Notice the difference in meaning between the following pairs of sentences:
She quickly agreed to re-type the letter (= her agreement was quick)
She agreed to re-type the letter quickly (= the re-typing was quick)
He quietly asked me to leave the house (= his request was quiet)
He asked me to leave the house quietly (= the leaving was quiet)
Adverb of Manner
badly
completely
normally
surprisingly
Adverb of Manner
dramatically
scientifically
specifically
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Adverb of Manner
favorably
humbly
simply
Adverb of Manner
agilely
solely
However, in the case of the adjective whole, the final e is removed before the
ending ly is added:
Adjective
whole
Adverb of Manner
wholly
Adverb of Manner
dully
fully
shrilly
Adverb of Manner
duly
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true
truly
Adverb of Manner
busily
easily
happily
However, in the case of the adjectives shy and sly, ly is simply added to the
positive form of the adjective:
Adjective
shy
sly
Adverb of Manner
shyly
slyly
Adverb of Manner
coyly
greyly
However, in the case of the adjective gay, y is changed to i before the ending ly is
added:
Adjective
gay
Adverb of Manner
gaily
It should be noted that while most adverbs which end in ly are adverbs of manner,
other types of adverb may also end in ly.
For instance, consequently and subsequently are connecting adverbs. The
following are adverbs of frequency which are formed by adding ly to the
Way Ahead 4A Writing BookBASIC
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corresponding adjectives.
Adjective
frequent
rare
usual
Adverb of Frequency
frequently
rarely
usually
Adverb of Manner
well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb, the word well can
also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy. The adjective well is most
often used as a predicate adjective.
E.g.: Well used as an Adjective: I hope you are well.
Well used as an Adverb: He did well on the examination.
In the first example, well is a predicate adjective, modifying the pronoun you. In
the second example, well is an adverb of manner, modifying the verb did.
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner, location, time and
frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives.
Adjective
fast
hard
little
loud
much
straight
Adjective
far
Adverb of Manner
fast
hard
little
loud or loudly
much
straight
Adverb of Location
far
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high
low
near
wide
high
low
near
wide
Adjective
early
first
late
long
Adverb of Time
early
first
late
long
Adjective
daily
monthly
weekly
yearly
Adverb of Frequency
daily
monthly
weekly
yearly
It should also be noted that there are several adjectives ending in ly which have no
corresponding adverbs:
friendly
likely
lively
lonely
silly
ugly
When it is desired to use one of these words to modify a verb, an adverb phrase of
manner may be used. In the following examples, the adverb phrases are
underlined.
E.g.: He behaved in a friendly manner.
They acted in a silly way.
The following table gives examples of pairs of adverbs which are closely related
but have different meanings.
Adverbs With and Without ly Endings
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Adverb
hard
high
late
near
wide
Meaning
with effort
opposite of low
opposite of early
opposite of far
opposite of narrow
Adverb
hardly
highly
lately
nearly
widely
Meaning
scarcely
very; very well
recently
almost
commonly
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to become
to grow
to remain
to sound
to turn
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Exercises:
A. For each of the following sentences, fill in the blank with the adverb which
corresponds to the adjective given in brackets. For example:
The letter was ________ legible. (scarce)
The letter was scarcely legible.
1. I was __________ impressed by their courage. (due)
2. The children chattered _____________. (noisy)
3 The sun shone _____________ behind the clouds. (pale)
4. They have settled in ______________. (comfortable)
5. He _______________ maintained his point of view. (dogmatic)
6. Everything is proceeding ___________. (normal)
7. Please drive ____________. (slow)
8. She worked _____________ until nine o'clock. (steady)
9. The cost of fuel has risen ______________. (dramatic)
10. He _____________ scrambled up the slope. (agile)
11. Everything was explained clearly and ____________. (simple)
12. The train whistle blew ____________ at the crossing. (shrill)
13. ____________ , it stopped raining before we had to leave. (lucky)
14. She was signaling ______________. (frantic)
15. That was ____________ unexpected. (whole)
16. We arrived _____________. (punctual)
17. England is a ____________ populated country. (dense)
18. They are ___________ dependent on coal for fuel. (sole)
19. The material was produced _______________. (synthetic)
20. They ___________ agreed to the proposal. (ready)
B. For each of the following sentences, fill in the blank with the adverb which
corresponds to the adjective given in brackets. For example:
He hit the ball ____. (hard)
He hit the ball hard.
1. I drove ____________ home. (straight)
Way Ahead 4A Writing BookBASIC
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b. carefully
b. well
b. beautiful
b. lately
b. hardly
b. loudly
b. good
b. happy
b. terribly
b. badly
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a. soon
b. early
b. quiet
E. For each of the following sentences, pay attention to whether the word to
be placed in the blank modifies a noun or an adjective, and complete the
sentence with either the adjective given in brackets or the corresponding
adverb, as appropriate. For example:
A ____ wooden fence surrounded the playground. (high)
A high wooden fence surrounded the playground.
A ______ skilled worker will be required for this job. (high)
A highly skilled worker will be required for this job.
1. They have a _________ front lawn. (wide)
2. He has challenged a __________ held theory. (wide)
3. Every author likes to receive ___________ book reviews. (favorable)
4. ____________ situated farms often produce higher yields than other farms.
(favorable)
5. Many ______________ incomprehensible phenomena have been explained
with the help of modern science. (previous)
6. Many _____________ city councils have succeeded in balancing the budget.
(previous)
7. ____________ weather conditions have prevailed for the past ten days.
(unusual)
8. An ______________ large number of variables must be taken into account.
(extreme)
9. ______________ few people understand the situation. (relative)
10. She wrote a ______________ short story. (humorous)
11. That was a ____________ occurring event. (frequent)
12. Our city boasts a _____________ bus service. (frequent)
13. It was a __________ Easter Sunday. (hot)
14. It was a __________ debated issue. (hot)
F. For each of the following sentences, pay attention to whether the word to
be placed in the blank modifies the verb or the subject of the verb, and
complete the sentence with either the adjective given in brackets or the
corresponding adverb, as appropriate. For example:
We tasted the soup ____________. (suspicious)
Way Ahead 4A Writing BookBASIC
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II.
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Exercises:
A. Complete each sentence pair by "reporting" what was said in the first
sentence. Fill in any words that are missing:
E.g.: JOHN: "Go away!"
John told us to go away.
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2. "Don't bathe when the red flag is flying" the lifeguard said to us.
The lifeguard told us ________________________.
3."Please, switch off your mobile phone", the air hostess told him.
The air hostess __________________________.
4." Please, don't drink any more", he told his friend.
He asked _________________________.
5. "Be very careful crossing roads" she told her daughter.
She asked her daughter ___________________________.
6. "Don' t go near the water, children" the teacher said.
The teacher ordered __________________________.
7. "Don't smoke near the petrol pump", he said to them.
He told them ________________________ near the petrol pump.
8. "Show me your driving licence", the policeman told the driver.
The policeman ________________________.
9. "Could you read the next paragraph?" the teacher said to her.
The teacher _______________________.
10. "Please, come to my birthday party tomorrow", my friend told me.
My friend asked me _______________________.
E. Reported speech: Advice
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Try these:
I think you should make the reservations early.
_______________________________________________________
You might want to bring some extra money for food.
_______________________________________________________
It might be a good idea to see a doctor.
_______________________________________________________
If I were you, I would bring something to read on the train.
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_______________________________________________________
You should probably take some warm clothes.
_______________________________________________________
Id stick together so that you dont get lost.
_______________________________________________________
It might be a good idea to buy a map.
_______________________________________________________
If I were in your shoes, I would leave early.
_______________________________________________________
I think you should check the weather forecast.
______________________________________________________
UNIT 6
I. Present simple with future meaning
a. A future tense is not used in a time clause or conditional clause. The meaning of
the clause is future, but the simple present tense is used. For example:
Linda will leave soon. Before she leaves, she is going to finish her work.
As soon as the taxi arrives, we will be able to leave for the airport.
I will wait until she comes.
I will go to bed after I finish my work.
I will go to bed after I have finished my work.
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c. Statements about the calendar are also the straightforward illustrations of the
use of the simple present referring to future time. For example:
Tomorrow is Wednesday.
Next New Year's Eve falls on Friday.
Exercises:
Complete the sentences:
1. What time _____________________ (the film/ begin)?
2. The train ___________ (leave) Plymouth at 10.30 and ___________
(arrive) in London at 13.45.
3. The football match ___________ (start) at 8 oclock.
4. The day after tomorrow ___________ (be) Friday.
5. _______________________ (the film/ begin) at 3.30 or 4.30?
6. The concert this evening ___________ (start) at 7.30.
7. The art exhibition ___________ (open) on 3 May and ___________ (finish)
on 15 July.
8. My birthday __________ (be) on 10 October.
9. The train ____________ (arrive) at Cambridge at 10.30.
10. When _______________________ (this TV program/ end)?
II. Gerunds
Every gerund, without exception, ends in ing. Gerunds are not, however, all that
easy to identify. The problem is that all present participles also end in ing. What is
the difference?
Gerunds function as nouns. Thus, gerunds will be subjects, subject
complements, direct objects, indirect objects, and objects of prepositions.
A gerund can be an object of some verbs such as like, dislike, love, hate, enjoy,
mind, stop, etc. It can also be an object of some prepositions like of, in, at, for,
from, to, with, without, before, after, about, etc.
Present participles, on the other hand, complete progressive verbs or act
as modifiers.
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Since Francisco was five years old, swimming has been his passion.
Swimming = subject of the verb has been.
Francisco's first love is swimming.
Swimming = subject complement of the verb is.
Francisco enjoys swimming more than spending time with his girlfriend
Diana.
Swimming = direct object of the verb enjoys.
Francisco gives swimming all of his energy and time.
Swimming = indirect object of the verb gives.
When Francisco wore dive fins to class, everyone knew that he was
devoted to swimming.
Swimming = object of the preposition to.
Exercises:
A. Complete the sentences with the gerund form of the verbs in parentheses:
1.
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2.
He is crazy about (sing) _____________.
3.
I don't like (play) ___________ cards.
4.
They are afraid of (swim) ___________ in the sea.
5.
You should give up (smoke) ____________.
6.
Sam dreams of (be) ____________ a popstar.
7.
He is interested in (make) ____________ friends.
8.
My uncle is afraid of (go) ____________ by plane.
9.
We insist on (cook) ____________ the dinner ourselves.
10. I can't help (feel) ___________ worried about the situation in the Middle East.
11. I think most people prefer (ride) ___________ in comfortable cars to
(walk) ___________.
12. She loves (swim) ____________ in the lake.
13. There's no (deny) ____________ that he enjoys (listen) ____________ to his
own voice.
14. Don't keep on (shout) ____________ like that; you will wake up your mother.
15. I enjoy (rest) ____________ in the afternoon after (try) ____________ to
finish (do) ____________ my English homework.
16. She likes (begin) ____________ pieces of knitting but hates
(finish) _____________ them.
17. I dread (take) ______________ examinations for fear of
(fail) _____________.
18. I couldn't resist (buy) _____________ the lovely apples.
19. I wouldn't miss (see) _____________ that lovely film for the world!
20. We cant think of (buy) ___________ a new house before (sell)
____________ the old one.
B. Complete these sentences with gerunds:
1. (to ski) ____________can be dangerous.
2. After (to shop) ____________ ,we went to the cinema.
3. (to smoke) _____________ is unhealthy.
4. (to swim) _____________ is my favourite activity.
5. Do you like (to surf) ______________ on the net?
6. Does she enjoy (to wear) ______________ jewels?
7. At the (begin) _______________ of the year,we move south.
8. Before (to go) _______________ to bed,I usually have a shower.
9. Be careful when (to spell) ______________ words.
10. The neighbours thanked me for (to call) _____________ the fire department.
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UNIT 7
I. Present perfect tense for and since
We use Present Perfect tense to talk about action which started in the past and
continues up to the present.
E.g.:
I have had this computer for about a year.
How long have you been at this school?
I haven't seen Julia since September.
We use for with a period of time, for example: a few days, half an hour, two
years. We use since with the time when the action started, for example: last year,
June 8, I met you.
Exercises:
A. Use for or since to complete these sentences:
1. I haven't phoned home __________ Christmas.
2. We've been here __________ nine o'clock.
3. I have worked for International House __________ more than eight years.
4. I haven't visited my home town __________ I left school.
5. I haven't been to the cinema ___________ ages.
6. I have studied non-stop ____________ 9.15.
7. I have had a driving licence ___________ I was eighteen.
8. She hasn't had a day off ____________ 1999.
9. Johan has been in England _____________ more than two weeks now.
10.Peter has been my best friend ____________ we were nine.
B. Decide if you need for or since with these time expressions:
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4. ________ my birthday
II.Comparison
+ So snh bng:
S1 + BE (NOT) + AS + ADJ + AS + S2
E.g.:
Hoa is as tall as Huong.
Quan isnt as tall as Phuong.
+ be (not) the same as : ging y nh/ khng ging y nh (to talk about similarity)
E.g.:
My bike is the same as yours.
+ be different from = khc vi (to talk about differences)
E.g.:
Huys bag is different from Tus.
+ like (prep.): ging nh
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E.g.:
He looks like his father.
Her hair is dark brown like mine.
A club should be like a big family.
He cried like a child.
Exercises:
Use either as as or not as as in the sentences below:
Example: Ben Nevis is __________ as Mont Blanc (not/high).
Answer: Ben Nevis is not as high as Mont Blanc.
UNIT 8
I. Present continuous for future events
1. Form
See notes on form in section on Present Continuous.
Subject + to be
+ V-ing
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She
is
meeting.
2. Function
The present continuous is used to talk about arrangements for events at a time
later than now.
There is a suggestion that more than one person is aware of the event, and that
some preparation has already happened.
E.g.:
a. I'm meeting Jim at the airport = and both Jim and I have discussed this.
b. I am leaving tomorrow. = and I've already bought my train ticket.
c. We're having a staff meeting next Monday = and all members of staff have been
told about it.
More examples:
a. Is she seeing him tomorrow?
b. He isn't working next week.
c. They aren't leaving until the end of next year.
d. We are staying with friends when we get to Boston.
In example (a), seeing is used in a continuous form because it means meeting.
NOTE
1. The simple present is used when a future event is part of a programme or timetable. Notice the difference between:
a. We're having a staff meeting next Monday.
b. We have a staff meeting next Monday. (= we have a meeting every Monday, it's
on the time-table.)
2. You need to use the present continuous to say what you have
already decided to do. Do not use the present simple.
Exercises:
A. Answer the questions below using the present continuous tense. Refer to
the diary below:
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Play Tennis
TUESDAY
Meet Tasmina
WEDNESDAY
THURSDAY
Job interview
FRIDAY
3 ( when go )
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4 (go alone)
5 (travel by car)
6 (where stay)
7 (what do)
8 (what see)
9 (who visit)
10 (when return)
UNIT 9
I. In order to, so as to , to
We use to / so as to / in order to to express purpose.
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E.g.:
A: Why did you call him?
B: I called him in order to invite him.
The negatives are not to / in order not to / so as not to.
E.g.:
I called him not to congratulate him, but to invite him.
Exercise:
Choose the correct answer:
1. You have to dress now ________ be late for the party.
a. in order to
b. in order not to
2. Stop talking ________ let me hear what he is saying.
a. to
b. not to
3. ________ be late, you have to dress now!
a. So as not to
b. So as to
4. I am writing ________ congratulate you for your success.
a. to
b. not to
5. ________ complete her registration, she has to pay the fees as soon as possible.
a. To
b. not to
6. I will go to university ________ study English, not to study French.
a. to
b. not to
7. Read your text silently ________ disturb the others.
a. in order not to
b. in order to
8. Revise well ________ get good marks.
a. to
b. not to
9. Call him ________ tell him what happened with his wife.
a. not to
b. to
10. She has to have experience ________ be accepted in that company.
a. to
b. not to
II.;
Way Ahead 4A Writing BookBASIC
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UNIT 10
I. Passive voice
The passive voice is less usual than the active voice. The active voice is the
"normal" voice. But sometimes we need the passive voice. In this lesson we look
at how to construct the passive voice, when to use it and how to conjugate it.
Construction of the Passive Voice
The structure of the passive voice is very simple:
S + auxiliary V (be) + main V (past participle)
The main verb is always in its past participle form.
Look at these examples:
subject
Water
is
drunk
by everyone.
100
people
are
employed
by this
company.
am
paid
in euro.
We
are
paid
in dollars.
Are
they
paid
in yen?
not
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verb
object
President
Kennedy
was killed
by Lee Harvey
Oswald.
My wallet
has been
stolen.
Note that we always use by to introduce the passive object (Fish are
eaten by cats).
Look at this sentence:
Normally we use by to introduce the passive object. But the gun is not the active
subject. The gun did not kill him. He was killed by somebody with a gun. In the
active voice, it would be: Somebody killed him with a gun. The gun is the
instrument. Somebody is the "agent" or "doer".
Conjugation for the Passive Voice
We can form the passive in any tense. In fact, conjugation of verbs in the passive
tense is rather easy, as the main verb is always in past participle form and the
auxiliary verb is always be. To form the required tense, we conjugate the auxiliary
verb. So, for example:
Exercises:
A. Rewrite the sentences in passive voice:
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disappointed
happy
sad
relieved
anxious
frightened
pleased
surprised
amazed
ashamed
glad
proud
unhappy
astonished
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If the subject is the same in both clauses, you usually use a to-infinitive clause. If
the subject is different, you must use a that-clause.
I was happy to see them again.
He was happy that they were coming to the party.
You often use a to-infinitive clause when talking about future time in relation to
the main clause.
I am afraid to go home.
He was anxious to leave before it got dark.
You often use a that-clause when talking about present or past time in relation to
the main clause.
He was anxious that the passport was missing.
They were afraid that I might have talked to the police.
2. You often use sorry with a that-clause. Note that that is often omitted.
I'm very sorry that I can't join you.
I'm sorry I'm so late.
3. Some adjectives are not usually used alone, but have a to-infinitive clause
after them to say what action or situation the adjective relates to.
able
apt
bound
due
inclined
unwilling
liable
likely
unlikely
prepared
ready
willing
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4. When you want to express an opinion about someone or something, you often
use an adjective followed by a to-infinitive clause.
difficult
easy
impossible
possible
right
wrong
extraordinary
important
sad
bad
funny
interesting true
essential
good
obvious
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Exercises:
A. Choose the correct answers:
a) to go
b) to
meet
c) to help
a) to eat
b) to
meet
c) to be
a) to
change
b) to be
c) to hear
a) to go
b) to be
c) to call
a) to reach b) to go
a) to call
b) to
touch
c) to
listen
a) to take
b) to
listen
c) to
work
a) to be
b) to take
c) to
know
b) to be
c) to hear
a) to hear
b) to be
c) to
know
a) Are
b) Is
c) Be
a) are
b) is
c) be
b) is
c) am
a) are
b) is
c) am
a) are
b) is
c) am
a) aren't
b) isn't
c) am not
c) to be
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a) are
b) be
c) was
a) aren't
b) isn't
c) am not
a) are
b) is
c) am
a) were
b) was
c) am
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=> .....................................................................................
C. Combine two sentences into one:
1. I was very happy. I received your letter this morning.
=>.
2. The factory is producing more and more pollution. We are afraid.
=>.
3. They burned the plastic waste. Its not good.
=>.
4. He didnt pass the driving test. He was very sad.
=>.
5. I have finished the work on time. I am delighted.
=>.
UNIT 11
I. Participial adjectives -ed/ -ing
Ongoing versus Completed States
A participial adjective which modifies a noun and may indicate:
an ongoing process
a completed process
Ongoing vs. Completed
PRESENT PARTICIPIAL
ADJECTIVE
ONGOING QUALITY OR STATE
An ongoing state The present
participle serves as an adjective
formed from an active verb.
a roasted chicken
a roasting chicken
still cooking!
Way Ahead 4A Writing BookBASIC
done!
BASIC GRAMMAR Grade 8
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PRESENT PARTICIPIAL
ADJECTIVE FUNCTION
Page 74
PAST PARTICIPIAL
ADJECTIVE NATURAL
QUALITY OR STATE
Exercise:
Choose the correct answer:
Way Ahead 4A Writing BookBASIC
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1.
2.
exploded
exploding
3.
fried
frying
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4.
fried
frying
5.
frozen
freezing
6.
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frozen
freezing
7.
winding
wound
8.
winding
wound
9.
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falling
fallen
10.
falling
fallen
11.
We called a plumber to repair the__________ faucet.
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dripped
dripping
12.
His art looks like __________ paint.
dripped
dripping
13.
melted
melting
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14.
The __________ ice makes delicious drinking water.
melted
melting
15.
We heard the sound of__________ eggs in the kitchen
broken
breaking
16.
A __________ egg was on the kitchen counter.
broken
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breaking
After would you mind/do you mind we normally use an -ing form. It is possible
for the -ing form to have its own subject.
Compare:
Would you mind opening the window? (= Will you please open the
window?)
Would you mind my opening the window? (= Can I open the window?)
Note that after would you mind/do you mind we use a pronoun in the possessive
case.
An if clause is possible after would you mind/do you mind.
We can use don't mind/wouldn't mind to say that we are not troubled by
something.
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Exercises:
A. Choose the most appropriate answer for expressing the idea specified in
parentheses.
1. ___________ I speak to Mr. Smith, please? (Formal polite request)
a. Can
b. May
c. Would
d. Would you mind if
2. ___________ you open the window, please? It's hot in here. (Polite request)
a. Could
b. Couldn't c. Won't
d. Wouldn't
3. ___________ closing the window, please? It's cold in here. (Polite request)
a. Could you b. Will you c. Would you
d. Would you mind
4. Would you mind if I ___________ your dictionary for an hour or so? (Polite
request)
a. borrowed b. will borrow
c. would borrow
5. Would you mind if I ___________ come to your party? (Asking for permission)
a. didn't
b. won't
c. wouldn't
6. Mrs. Redding, ___________ lend me two hundred dollars till next week,
please? (Polite request)
a. can you
b. could you c. do you mind
d. would you mind
7. Would you mind ___________ here? I have a headache. (Polite request)
a. not to smoke
b. not smoke
c. no smoking d. not smoking
8. Betty, ___________ help me with this grammar exercise, please? (Informal
request)
a. can you
b. can't you
c. won't you
d. do you mind
9. Could I use your cell phone, please? - Sorry, you ___________. (Permission
not given)
a. can't
b. couldn't
c. mustn't d. won't
10. Could I stay here for a while? - Yes, you ___________. (Permission given)
a. could
b. can
c. will
d. must
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2.
a.
gave me a hand
b.
giving me a hand
c.
give me a hand
mind keeping
b.
keeping an eye
c.
keep an eye
a.
b.
Do you mind
c.
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a.
b.
Please
c.
The trees were damaged in the storm. Later, the ___ trees were cut
down.
a.
damages
b.
damaged
c.
damage
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After I had waited for three hours, my flight was canceled. The ___
flight wasn't rescheduled until the next day.
a.
cancel
b.
cancels
c.
canceled
a.
handwriting
b.
handwritten
c.
handwrites
The moving company broke all our glasses. The company paid to
replace the ___ glasses.
a.
break
b.
broken
c.
broke
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The child tore her picture book. Her mother repaired the ___ book
with tape.
a.
torn
b.
tore
c.
tear
I lost one of my new gloves. And it's hard to replace just one ___
glove!
a.
losing
b.
lose
c.
lost
UNIT 12
I/ Past Continuous
FORM
Negative
Question
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I was singing.
You were
singing.
We were
singing.
They were
singing.
He was singing.
She was
singing.
It was singing.
I was not
singing.
You were not
singing.
We were not
singing.
They were not
singing.
He was not
singing.
She was not
singing.
It was not
singing.
Was I singing?
Were you singing?
Were we singing?
Were they singing?
Was he singing?
Was she singing?
Was it singing?
E.g.:
Exceptions in Spelling
Exceptions in spelling when adding ing
Examples
come coming
(but: agree
agreeing)
sit sitting
travel travelling
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lie lying
final ie becomes y
USE
USE 1 Interrupted Action in the Past
Use the Past Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was
interrupted. The interruption is usually a shorter action in the Simple Past.
Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time.
E.g.:
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NOTE
In the Simple Past, a specific time is used to show when an action began or
finished. In the Past Continuous, a specific time only interrupts the action.
E.g.:
When you use the Past Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it
expresses the idea that both actions were happening at the same time. The actions
are parallel.
E.g.:
USE 4 Atmosphere
In English, we often use a series of parallel actions to describe the atmosphere at a
particular time in the past.
E.g.:
Way Ahead 4A Writing BookBASIC
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When I walked into the office, several people were busily typing,
some were talking on the phones, the boss was yelling directions, and
customers were waiting to be helped. One customer was yelling at a
secretary and waving his hands. Others were complaining to each other
about the bad service.
The Past Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the
idea that something irritating or shocking often happened in the past. The concept
is very similar to the expression "used to" but with negative emotion. Remember
to put the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and "V-ing."
E.g.:
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ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always,
only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
E.g.:
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
E.g.:
The salesman was helping the customer when the thief came into the
store. ACTIVE
The customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came into
the store. PASSIVE
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to have:
to hear:
to look:
to miss:
to see:
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to smell:
to taste:
to think:
to weigh:
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NOTICE: Only rarely is "to be" used in a continuous form. This is most
commonly done when a person is temporarily behaving badly or stereotypically. It
can also be used when someone's behavior is noticeably different.
to feel:
NOTICE: The second meaning of "feel" is very flexible and there is no real
difference in meaning between "I don't feel well today" and "I am not feeling well
today."
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Exercises:
A. Write down the ing form of the following words:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
live ______________
run ______________
give ______________
swim ______________
lie ______________
sit ______________
travel ______________
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UNIT 13
I. Reported speech Statements
1) If the sentence starts in the present, there is no backshift of tenses in Reported
speech.
E.g.: Susan: "I work in an office." Susan says that she works in an office.
2) If the sentence starts in the past, there is often backshift of tenses in Reported
speech. (see: Note)
E.g.: Susan: "I work in an office." Susan said that she worked in an office.
Backshift of tenses
from
to
Simple Present
Simple Past
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Simple Past
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
Past Perfect
will
would
Progressive forms
am/are/is
was/were
was/were
has been
had been
had been
Backshift of tenses
from
to
Progressive forms
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that (evening)
today/this
day
that day
these (days)
those (days)
now
then
here
there
next (week)
tomorrow
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NOTE
In some cases the backshift of tenses is not necessary, e.g. when statements are
still true.
John: "My brother is at Leipzig university."
John said that his brother was at Leipzig university. or
John said that his brother is at Leipzig university.
or
Mandy: "The sun rises in the East."
Mandy said that the sun rose in the East. or
Mandy said that the sun rises in the East.
Exercises:
A. Finish the sentences using Reported speech. Always change the tense,
although it is sometimes not necessary:
Example: Peter: "I clean the black shoes."
Peter told me that ____________________________
Answer: Peter told me that he cleaned the black shoes.
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.
.
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.
.
7) Jason and Victoria: "We will do our best in the exams tomorrow."
Jason and Victoria told me that
C. Change the direct speech into reported speech. Use She said at the
beginning of each answer:
1. He works in a bank.
......................................................................................................................
2. We went out last night.
......................................................................................................................
3. Im coming!
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......................................................................................................................
4. I was waiting for the bus when he arrived.
......................................................................................................................
5. Id never been there before.
......................................................................................................................
6. I didnt go to the party.
......................................................................................................................
7. Lucy will come later.
......................................................................................................................
8. He hasnt eaten breakfast.
......................................................................................................................
9. I can help you tomorrow.
......................................................................................................................
10. You should go to bed early.
.....................................................................................................................
11. I dont like chocolate.
....................................................................................................................
12. I wont see you tomorrow.
.....................................................................................................................
13. Shes living in Paris for a few months.
.....................................................................................................................
14. I visited my parents at the weekend.
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.....................................................................................................................
15. She hasnt eaten sushi before.
....................................................................................................................
16. I hadnt traveled by underground before I came to London.
.....................................................................................................................
17. They would help if they could.
.....................................................................................................................
kind-hearted
old-fashioned
open-minded
brightly-lit
deeply-rooted
densely-populated
well-behaved
E.g.:
Note that adverb / past participle combinations when they are used with a copular
verb like be or seem, and come after the noun they modify, are not hyphenated:
The streets in our town are dimly / brightly lit and encourage / discourage
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burglars.
There are sometimes many possible combinations, e.g. broad-minded, narrowminded, absent-minded, strong-minded, as well as open-minded. It is partly a
matter of knowing which adjectives or adverbs collocate or go with which
participles and nouns. We have brightly-lit streets, but also brightlycoloured dresses or swimsuits or sweets.
B. adj / adv / noun + present participle
Here are some common examples:
good-looking
hard-wearing
free-standing
far-reaching
long-lasting
never-ending
labour-saving
mouth-watering
record-breaking
E.g.:
The dishes he had prepared with all the labour-saving devices at his
disposal were all mouth-watering.
When they refused to exchange the shop-soiled item, I was tongue-tied and
didn't know what to say.
If you want trouble-free motoring, make sure you use only lead-free petrol.
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She was wearing a full-length dress, quite unsuitable for deep-sea diving.
The forty-mile journey in the two-door, open-top convertible was illadvised in such inclement weather.
Exercises:
A. Choose the correct answer:
1. well- _____________
a. fashioned
b. mannered
c. new
d. rooted
e. sighted
c. new
d. rooted
e. sighted
c. new
d. rooted
e. sighted
c. new
d. rooted
e. sighted
c. new
d. rooted
e. sighted
2. brand- _____________
a. fashioned
b. mannered
3. deeply- _____________
a. fashioned
b. mannered
4. short- _____________
a. fashioned
b. mannered
5. old- _____________
a. fashioned
b. mannered
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the blackboard.
4. Some people think that we should preserve
the _____________________ traditions of countries.
5. Cathy is a _____________________ girl. She's very polite.
b. open-minded
c. red-handed
d. tight-fisted
e. well-informed
2. People should be tolerant towards other cultures. They should
_____________________.
a. absent-minded
b. open-minded
c. red-handed
d. tight-fisted
e. well-informed
3. Sarah couldnt answer the teachers question because she
was _____________________.
a. absent-minded
b. open-minded
c. red-handed
d. tight-fisted
e. well-informed
4. Dont expect him to invite you for dinner. He is _____________________.
a. absent-minded
b. open-minded
c. red-handed
d. tight-fisted
e. well-informed
5. To be a translator you need to be _____________________ about linguistics.
a. absent-minded
b. open-minded
c. red-handed
d. tight-fisted
e. well-informed
Way Ahead 4A Writing BookBASIC
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Match the numbers with the letters (write the letters a, b, c, d, e or f):
Compound adjectives
Meaning
1.
well-earned
a- deserved
2.
self-reliant
b- eternal
3.
narrow-minded
c- inflexible
4.
ever-lasting
e- depressed
5.
heart-broken
f- independent
UNIT 14
I. Reported speech Questions
For pronouns, tenses and place / time expressions see statements in reported
speech.
Besides, note that instead of that you use the interrogative. If there is no
interrogative, use whether/ if.
Direct Speech
Reported Speech
statement
question with
interrogative
question without
interrogative
It is also important that you use an indirect question in reported speech. After the
interrogative or whether/ if, you continue the sentence as if it were a statement
(subject-verb etc.). The auxiliary verb do/ does/ did is not used in indirect
questions.
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E.g.:
He asked: Where does she live? He asked where she lived.
Exercises:
A. Complete the sentences in reported speech. Note the change of pronouns
and tenses:
1. "Where is my umbrella?" she asked.
She asked _________________________________
2. "How are you?" Martin asked us.
Martin asked us _________________________________
3. He asked, "Do I have to do it?"
He asked _________________________________
4. "Where have you been?" the mother asked her daughter.
The mother asked her daughter _________________________________
5. "Which dresses do you like best?" she asked her boyfriend.
She asked her boyfriend _________________________________
6. "What are they doing?" she asked.
She wanted to know _________________________________
7. "Are you going to the cinema?" he asked me.
He wanted to know _________________________________
8. The teacher asked, "Who speaks English?"
The teacher wanted to know _________________________________
9. "How do you know that?" she asked me.
She asked me _________________________________
10."Has Caron talked to Kevin?" my friend asked me.
My friend asked me _________________________________
B. Complete the sentences in reported speech. Note the change of pronouns
and tenses:
1. "What's the time?" he asked.
He wanted to know _________________________________
2. "When will we meet again?" she asked me.
She asked me _________________________________
3. "Are you crazy?" she asked him.
She asked him _________________________________
4. "Where did they live?" he asked.
He wanted to know _________________________________
Way Ahead 4A Writing BookBASIC
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offer
decide
appear
forger
refuse
attempt
plan
seem
learn (how)
promise
manage
arrange
pretend
dare
threaten
fail
hope
afford
tend
Exercises:
A. Use the verbs in the box to complete the sentence:
to fly
to talk
to lend
to get
to be
to play
to shut
to phone
to hire
to look
to understand
E.g.:
Dont forget to post the letter I gave you.
1. Tom refused__________________ me any money.
2. Jill has decided not __________________ a car.
3. The thief got into the house because I forgot __________________ the
window.
4. There was a lot of traffic but we managed __________________to the airport
in time.
5. Ive arranged __________________tennis tomorrow afternoon.
6. One day Id like to learn __________________an airplane.
7. I shouted to him. He pretended not __________________me but Im sure he
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did.
8. Why hasnt Sue arrived yet? She promised not __________________late.
9. Our neighbour threatened __________________the police if we didnt stop the
noise.
10. Ann offered __________________after our children while we were out.
11. The teacher was very strict. Nobody dared __________________during his
lessons.
B. Complete each sentence using what or how with one of the following verbs:
do
say
use
ride
cook
UNIT 15
I. Present perfect with yet and already
Already vs. Yet
ALREADY
YET
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Exercises:
A. Use the words below to form present perfect tense sentences using yet or
already. Dont forget to put a full-stop at the end of each sentence:
E.g.:
Have you been to the gallery?
No, I havent been there yet.
Have you sold your car?
Yes, Ive already sold it.
1. Have you seen the new movie?
No, _________________________________
2. Have you been to Paris?
Yes, _________________________________
Way Ahead 4A Writing BookBASIC
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yet
b.
already
already
b.
yet
Page 116
already
b.
yet
already
b.
yet
yet
b.
already
already
b.
yet
yet
b.
already
yet
b.
already
II. The present perfect tense and the past simple tense
There are some differences between the present perfect tense and the simple past
tense.
The present perfect is used when the time period has not finished:
E.g.: I have seen three movies this week.
(This week has not finished yet.)
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The present perfect is used with for and since, when the actions have not
finished yet:
E.g.: I have lived in London five years.
(I still live in London.)
The simple past is used with for and since, when the actions have already
finished:
E.g.: I lived in London for five years.
(I don't live in London now.)
We normally use the Present Perfect when we want to talk about something which
Way Ahead 4A Writing BookBASIC
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happened in the past but is relevant now. Often we use words like just/already/not
...yet with the Present Perfect.
I feel really tired. I've just finished my report.
I haven't spoken to Brian yet but I've already spoken to Malcolm.
Exercises:
A. Choose the correct answer:
1. Joji _____________ in Tokyo for five years, but he left in 1993.
a. lived
b. has lived
b. has sunk
b. has stolen.
b. has fallen
b. has graduated
b. have seen
b. have walked
b. has lived
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a. I cut
b. Ive cut
b. have lost
2. ___________________ in Pakistan?
a) Did you ever worked
b) Have you ever worked
c) Worked you
d) Didn't you have worked
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falled
b) rose
fell
c) have risen
have fallen
d) rose
have fallen
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9. You ____________
to a word ____________
a) listened
I haven't said
b) didn't listen
I say
c) listened
saying
d) haven't listened
I've said
UNIT 16
I. Passive voice
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