Here To Help You - Computer Networks - Interview

05/12/2014
"HereToHelpYou":ComputerNetworks:Interview
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Monday, May 28, 2012
ComputerNetworks:Interview,VivaandBasicQuestionsPart3
Interview,VivaandBasicsQuestionofComputerNetworksPart3
1.DefineNetwork?
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Anetworkisasetofdevicesconnectedbyphysicalmedialinks.A
networkisrecursivelyisaconnectionoftwoormorenodesbya
physicallinkortwoormorenetworksconnectedbyoneormore
nodes.
Members
2.WhatisaLink?
Atthelowestlevel,anetworkcanconsistoftwoormorecomputers
directlyconnectedbysomephysicalmediumsuchascoaxialcableor
opticalfiber.SuchaphysicalmediumiscalledasLink.
Alreadyamember?
3.Whatisanode?
Anetworkcanconsistoftwoormorecomputersdirectlyconnectedby
somephysicalmediumsuchascoaxialcableoropticalfiber.Sucha
physicalmediumiscalledasLinksandthecomputeritconnectsis
calledasNodes.
4.WhatisagatewayorRouter?
Is This Website Is
Informative????
Anodethatisconnectedtotwoormorenetworksiscommonlycalled
asrouterorGateway.Itgenerallyforwardsmessagefromonenetwork
toanother.
5.Whatispointpointlink?
Ifthephysicallinksarelimitedtoapairofnodesitissaidto
bepointpointlink.
(SS)SystemS
andAnswers
6.WhatisMultipleAccess?
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Yes
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Vote Showresults
Votessofar:203
Dayslefttovote:2503
tobeMultipleAccess.
.NetInterview
Part2
7.WhataretheadvantagesofDistributedProcessing?
.NetInterview
Part3
a.Security/Encapsulation
b.Distributeddatabase
c.FasterProblemsolving
d.Securitythroughredundancy
e.CollaborativeProcessing
8.Whatarethecriterianecessaryforaneffectiveandefficient
network?
a.Performance
Itcanbemeasuredinmanyways,includingtransmittimeand
responsetime.b.Reliability
Itismeasuredbyfrequencyoffailure,thetimeittakesalinkto
recoverfromafailure,andthenetwork'srobustness.
c.Security
Securityissuesincludesprotectingdatafromunauthorizedaccess
andvirues.
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.NetInterview
Part6
.NetInterview
Part7
.NetInterview
Part8
.NetInterview
.NetInterview
BasicsofC
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9.Namethefactorsthataffecttheperformanceofthenetwork?
CInterviewQ
3(1)
a.NumberofUsers
b.Typeoftransmissionmedium
c.Hardware
d.Software
CInterviewQ
4(1)
10.Namethefactorsthataffectthereliabilityofthenetwork?
a.Frequencyoffailure
b.Recoverytimeofanetworkafterafailure
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11.Namethefactorsthataffectthesecurityofthenetwork?
COAQuestion
a.UnauthorizedAccess
b.Viruses
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12.WhatisProtocol?
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Aprotocolisasetofrulesthatgovernallaspectsofinformation
communication.
13.Whatarethekeyelementsofprotocols?
Thekeyelementsofprotocolsare
a.Syntax
Itreferstothestructureorformatofthedata,thatistheorder
inwhichtheyarepresented.
b.Semantics
Itreferstothemeaningofeachsectionofbits.
c.Timing
Timingreferstotwocharacteristics:Whendatashouldbesentand
howfasttheycanbesent.
14.WhatarethekeydesignissuesofacomputerNetwork?
a.Connectivity
b.CosteffectiveResourceSharing
c.SupportforcommonServices
d.Performance
15.DefineBandwidthandLatency?
NetworkperformanceismeasuredinBandwidth(throughput)and
Latency(Delay).Bandwidthofanetworkisgivenbythenumberof
bitsthatcanbetransmittedoverthenetworkinacertainperiodof
time.Latencycorrespondstohowlongitt5akesamessagetotravel
fromoneendoffanetworktotheother.Itisstrictlymeasuredin
termsoftime.
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16.DefineRouting?
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Theprocessofdeterminingsystematicallyhoetoforwardmessages
towardthedestinationnodesbasedonitsaddressiscalledrouting.
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17.Whatisapeerpeerprocess?
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Theprocessesoneachmachinethatcommunicateatagivenlayerare
FileManagem
FileOperation
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calledpeerpeerprocess.
18.Whenaswitchissaidtobecongested?
FileProgram
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Itispossiblethataswitchreceivespacketsfasterthantheshared
linkcanaccommodateandstoresinitsmemory,foranextended
periodoftime,thentheswitchwilleventuallyrunoutofbuffer
space,andsomepacketswillhavetobedroppedandinthisstateis
saidtocongestedstate.
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19.Whatissemanticgap?
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Definingausefulchannelinvolvesbothunderstandingthe
applicationsrequirementsandrecognizingthelimitationsofthe
underlyingtechnology.Thegapbetweenwhatapplicationsexpectsand
whattheunderlyingtechnologycanprovideiscalledsemanticgap.
20.WhatisRoundTripTime?
Thedurationoftimeittakestosendamessagefromoneendofa
networktotheotherandback,iscalledRTT.
21.DefinethetermsUnicasting,MulticcastingandBroadcasting?
Ifthemessageissentfromasourcetoasingledestinationnode,
itiscalledUnicasting.
Ifthemessageissenttosomesubsetofothernodes,itiscalled
Multicasting.
Ifthemessageissenttoallthemnodesinthenetworkitis
calledBroadcasting.
22.WhatisMultiplexing?
Multiplexingisthesetoftechniquesthatallowsthesimultaneous
transmissionofmultiplesignalsacrossasingledatalink.
23.NamethecategoriesofMultiplexing?
a.FrequencyDivisionMultiplexing(FDM)
b.TimeDivisionMultiplexing(TDM)
i.SynchronousTDM
ii.ASynchronousTDMOrStatisticalTDM.
c.WaveDivisionMultiplexing(WDM)
24.WhatisFDM?
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FDMisananalogtechniquethatcanbeappliedwhenthebandwidthof
alinkisgreaterthanthecombinedbandwidthsofthesignalstobe
transmitted.
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25.WhatisWDM?
NetworkingIn
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WDMisconceptuallythesameasFDM,exceptthatthemultiplexing
anddemultiplexinginvolvelightsignalstransmittedthroughfiber
opticschannel.
26.WhatisTDM?
TDMisadigitalprocessthatcanbeappliedwhenthedatarate
capacityofthetransmissionmediumisgreaterthanthedatarate
requiredbythesendingandreceivingdevices.
27.WhatisSynchronousTDM?
InSTDM,themultiplexerallocatesexactlythesametimeslotto
eachdeviceatalltimes,whetherornotadevicehasanythingto
transmit.
28.ListthelayersofOSI
a.PhysicalLayer
b.DataLinkLayer
c.NetworkLayer
d.TransportLayer
e.SessionLayer
f.PresentationLayer
g.ApplicationLayer
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andAnswers
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29.Whichlayersarenetworksupportlayers?
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b.DatalinkLayerand
c.NetworkLayers
30.Whichlayersareusersupportlayers?
a.SessionLayer
b.PresentationLayerand
c.ApplicationLayer
31.Whichlayerlinksthenetworksupportlayersandusersupport
layers?
TheTransportlayerlinksthenetworksupportlayersanduser
supportlayers.
32.WhataretheconcernsofthePhysicalLayer?
Physicallayercoordinatesthefunctionsrequiredtotransmitabit
streamoveraphysicalmedium.
a.Physicalcharacteristicsofinterfacesandmedia
b.Representationofbits
c.Datarate
d.Synchronizationofbits
e.Lineconfiguration
f.Physicaltopology
g.Transmissionmode
33.WhataretheresponsibilitiesofDataLinkLayer?
TheDataLinkLayertransformsthephysicallayer,araw
transmissionfacility,toareliablelinkandisresponsiblefor
nodenodedelivery.
a.Framing
b.PhysicalAddressing
c.FlowControl
d.ErrorControl
e.AccessControl
34.WhataretheresponsibilitiesofNetworkLayer?
TheNetworkLayerisresponsibleforthesourcetodestination
deliveryofpacketpossiblyacrossmultiplenetworks(links).
a.LogicalAddressing
b.Routing
35.WhataretheresponsibilitiesofTransportLayer?
TheTransportLayerisresponsibleforsourcetodestination
deliveryoftheentiremessage.
a.ServicepointAddressing
b.Segmentationandreassembly
c.ConnectionControl
d.FlowControl
e.ErrorControl
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36.WhataretheresponsibilitiesofSessionLayer?
TheSessionlayeristhenetworkdialogController.Itestablishes,
maintainsandsynchronizestheinteractionbetweenthecommunicating
systems.
a.Dialogcontrol
b.Synchronization
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37.WhataretheresponsibilitiesofPresentationLayer?
ThePresentationlayerisconcernedwiththesyntaxandsemanticsof
theinformationexchangedbetweentwosystems.
a.Translation
b.Encryption
c.Compression
38.WhataretheresponsibilitiesofApplicationLayer?
TheApplicationLayerenablestheuser,whetherhumanorsoftware,
toaccessthenetwork.Itprovidesuserinterfacesandsupportfor
servicessuchasemail,shareddatabasemanagementandothertypes
ofdistributedinformationservices.
a.NetworkvirtualTerminal
b.Filetransfer,accessandManagement(FTAM)
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c.Mailservices
d.DirectoryServices
39.Whatarethetwoclassesofhardwarebuildingblocks?
NodesandLinks.
40.Whatarethedifferentlinktypesusedtobuildacomputer
network?
a.Cables
b.LeasedLines
c.LastMileLinks
d.WirelessLinks
41.WhatarethecategoriesofTransmissionmedia?
a.GuidedMedia
i.TwistedPaircable
1.ShieldedTP
2.UnshieldedTP
ii.CoaxialCable
iii.Fiberopticcable
b.UnguidedMedia
i.Terrestrialmicrowave
ii.SatelliteCommunication
42.Whatarethetypesoferrors?
a.SingleBiterror
Inasinglebiterror,onlyonebitinthedataunithaschanged
b.BurstError
ABursterrormeansthattwoormorebitsinthedatahavechanged.
43.WhatisErrorDetection?Whatareitsmethods?
Datacanbecorruptedduringtransmission.Forreliable
communicationerrorsmustbedeductedandCorrected.ErrorDetection
usestheconceptofredundancy,whichmeansaddingextrabitsfor
detectingerrorsatthedestination.ThecommonErrorDetection
methodsare
a.VerticalRedundancyCheck(VRC)
b.LongitudinalRedundancyCheck(VRC)
c.CyclicRedundancyCheck(VRC)
d.Checksum
44.WhatisRedundancy?
Theconceptofincludingextrainformationinthetransmission
solelyforthepurposeofcomparison.Thistechniqueiscalled
redundancy.
45.WhatisVRC?
ItisthemostcommonandleastexpensivemechanismforError
Detection.InVRC,aparitybitisaddedtoeverydataunitsothat
thetotalnumberof1sbecomesevenforevenparity.Itcandetect
allsinglebiterrors.Itcandetectbursterrorsonlyifthetotal
numberoferrorsineachdataunitisodd.
46.WhatisLRC?
InLRC,ablockofbitsisdividedintorowsandaredundantrowof
bitsisaddedtothewholeblock.Itcandetectbursterrors.Iftwo
bitsinonedataunitaredamagedandbitsinexactlythesame
positionsinanotherdataunitarealsodamaged,theLRCchecker
willnotdetectanerror.InLRCaredundantdataunitfollowsn
dataunits.
47.WhatisCRC?
CRC,isthemostpowerfuloftheredundancycheckingtechniques,is
basedonbinarydivision.
48.WhatisChecksum?
Checksumisusedbythehigherlayerprotocols(TCP/IP)forerror
detection
49.Listthestepsinvolvedincreatingthechecksum.
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a.Dividethedataintosections
b.Addthesectionstogetherusing1'scomplementarithmetic
c.Takethecomplementofthefinalsum,thisisthechecksum.
50.WhataretheDatalinkprotocols?
Datalinkprotocolsaresetsofspecificationsusedtoimplementthe
datalinklayer.ThecategoriesofDataLinkprotocolsare1.
AsynchronousProtocols
2.SynchronousProtocols
a.CharacterOrientedProtocols
b.BitOrientedprotocols
51.CompareErrorDetectionandErrorCorrection:
Thecorrectionoferrorsismoredifficultthanthedetection.In
errordetection,checksonlyanyerrorhasoccurred.Inerror
correction,theexactnumberofbitsthatarecorruptedandlocation
inthemessageareknown.Thenumberoftheerrorsandthesizeof
themessageareimportantfactors.
52.WhatisForwardErrorCorrection?
Forwarderrorcorrectionistheprocessinwhichthereceivertries
toguessthemessagebyusingredundantbits.
53.DefineRetransmission?
Retransmissionisatechniqueinwhichthereceiverdetectsthe
occurrenceofanerrorandasksthesendertoresendthemessage.
Resendingisrepeateduntilamessagearrivesthatthereceiver
believesiserrorfreed.
54.WhatareDataWords?
Inblockcoding,wedivideourmessageintoblocks,eachofkbits,
calleddatawords.Theblockcodingprocessisonetoone.Thesame
datawordisalwaysencodedasthesamecodeword.
55.WhatareCodeWords?
"r"redundantbitsareaddedtoeachblocktomakethelengthn=k
+r.Theresultingnbitblocksarecalledcodewords.2n2k
codewordsthatarenotused.Thesecodewordsareinvalidorillegal.
56.WhatisaLinearBlockCode?
AlinearblockcodeisacodeinwhichtheexclusiveOR(addition
modulo2)oftwovalidcodewordscreatesanothervalidcodeword.
57.WhatareCyclicCodes?
Cycliccodesarespeciallinearblockcodeswithoneextraproperty.
Inacycliccode,ifacodewordiscyclicallyshifted(rotated),the
resultisanothercodeword.
58.DefineEncoder?
Adeviceorprogramthatusespredefinedalgorithmstoencode,or
compressaudioorvideodataforstorageortransmissionuse.A
circuitthatisusedtoconvertbetweendigitalvideoandanalog
video.
59.DefineDecoder?
Adeviceorprogramthattranslatesencodeddataintoitsoriginal
format(e.g.itdecodesthedata).Thetermisoftenusedin
referencetoMPEG2videoandsounddata,whichmustbedecoded
beforeitisoutput.
60.WhatisFraming?
Framinginthedatalinklayerseparatesamessagefromonesource
toadestination,orfromothermessagestootherdestinations,by
addingasenderaddressandadestinationaddress.Thedestination
addressdefineswherethepackethastogoandthesenderaddress
helpstherecipientacknowledgethereceipt.
61.WhatisFixedSizeFraming?
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Infixedsizeframing,thereisnoneedfordefiningtheboundaries
oftheframes.Thesizeitselfcanbeusedasadelimiter.
62.DefineCharacterStuffing?
Inbytestuffing(orcharacterstuffing),aspecialbyteisaddedto
thedatasectionoftheframewhenthereisacharacterwiththe
samepatternastheflag.Thedatasectionisstuffedwithanextra
byte.Thisbyteisusuallycalledtheescapecharacter(ESC),which
hasapredefinedbitpattern.Wheneverthereceiverencountersthe
ESCcharacter,itremovesitfromthedatasectionandtreatsthe
nextcharacterasdata,notadelimitingflag.
63.WhatisBitStuffing?
Bitstuffingistheprocessofaddingoneextra0wheneverfive
consecutiveIsfollowa0inthedata,sothatthereceiverdoesnot
mistakethepattern0111110foraflag.
64.WhatisFlowControl?
Flowcontrolreferstoasetofproceduresusedtorestrictthe
amountofdatathatthesendercansendbeforewaitingfor
acknowledgment.
65.WhatisErrorControl?
Errorcontrolisbotherrordetectionanderrorcorrection.It
allowsthereceivertoinformthesenderofanyframeslostor
damagedintransmissionandcoordinatestheretransmissionofthose
framesbythesender.Inthedatalinklayer,thetermerrorcontrol
refersprimarilytomethodsoferrordetectionandretransmission.
66.WhatAutomaticRepeatRequest(ARQ)?
Errorcontrolisbotherrordetectionanderrorcorrection.It
allowsthereceivertoinformthesenderofanyframeslostor
damagedintransmissionandcoordinatestheretransmissionofthose
framesbythesender.Inthedatalinklayer,thetermerrorcontrol
refersprimarilytomethodsoferrordetectionandretransmission.
Errorcontrolinthedatalinklayerisoftenimplementedsimply:
Anytimeanerrorisdetectedinanexchange,specifiedframesare
retransmitted.Thisprocessiscalledautomaticrepeatrequest
(ARQ).
67.WhatisStopandWaitProtocol?
InStopandwaitprotocol,sendersendsoneframe,waitsuntilit
receivesconfirmationfromthereceiver(okaytogoahead),andthen
sendsthenextframe.
68.WhatisStopandWaitAutomaticRepeatRequest?
ErrorcorrectioninStopandWaitARQisdonebykeepingacopyof
thesentframeandretransmittingoftheframewhenthetimer
expires.
69.WhatisusageofSequenceNumberinRelaibleTransmission?
Theprotocolspecifiesthatframesneedtobenumbered.Thisisdone
byusingsequencenumbers.Afieldisaddedtothedataframeto
holdthesequencenumberofthatframe.Sincewewanttominimize
theframesize,thesmallestrangethatprovidesunambiguous
communication.Thesequencenumberscanwraparound.
70.WhatisPipelining?
Innetworkingandinotherareas,ataskisoftenbegunbeforethe
previoustaskhasended.Thisisknownaspipelining.
71.WhatisSlidingWindow?
Theslidingwindowisanabstractconceptthatdefinestherangeof
sequencenumbersthatistheconcernofthesenderandreceiver.In
otherwords,hesenderandreceiverneedtodealwithonlypartof
thepossiblesequencenumbers.
72.WhatisPiggyBacking?
Atechniquecalledpiggybackingisusedtoimprovetheefficiencyof
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thebidirectionalprotocols.WhenaframeiscarryingdatafromAto
B,itcanalsocarrycontrolinformationaboutarrived(orlost)
framesfromBwhenaframeiscarryingdatafromBtoA,itcan
alsocarrycontrolinformationaboutthearrived(orlost)frames
fromA.
Whatarethetwotypesoftransmissiontechnologyavailable?
(i)Broadcastand(ii)pointtopoint
74.Whatissubnet?
Agenerictermforsectionofalargenetworksusuallyseparatedby
abridgeorrouter.
75.Differencebetweenthecommunicationandtransmission.
Transmissionisaphysicalmovementofinformationandconcern
issueslikebitpolarity,synchronisation,clocketc.
Communicationmeansthemeaningfullexchangeofinformationbetween
twocommunicationmedia.
76.Whatarethepossiblewaysofdataexchange?
(i)Simplex(ii)Halfduplex(iii)Fullduplex.
77.WhatisSAP?
Seriesofinterfacepointsthatallowothercomputerstocommunicate
withtheotherlayersofnetworkprotocolstack.
78.Whatdoyoumeantby"tripleX"inNetworks?
ThefunctionofPAD(PacketAssemblerDisassembler)isdescribedin
adocumentknownasX.3.Thestandardprotocolhasbeendefined
betweentheterminalandthePAD,calledX.28anotherstandard
protocolexistsbetweenhtePADandthenetwork,calledX.29.
Together,thesethreerecommendationsareoftencalled"tripleX".
79.Whatisframerelay,inwhichlayeritcomes?
Framerelayisapacketswitchingtechnology.Itwilloperateinthe
datalinklayer.
80.Whatisterminalemulation,inwhichlayeritcomes?
Telnetisalsocalledasterminalemulation.Itbelongsto
applicationlayer.
81.WhatisBeaconing?
Theprocessthatallowsanetworktoselfrepairnetworksproblems.
Thestationsonthenetworknotifytheotherstationsonthering
whentheyarenotreceivingthetransmissions.Beaconingisusedin
TokenringandFDDInetworks.
82.Whatisredirector?
RedirectorissoftwarethatinterceptsfileorprintsI/Orequests
andtranslatesthemintonetworkrequests.Thiscomesunder
presentationlayer.
83.WhatisNETBIOSandNETBEUI?
NETBIOSisaprogramminginterfacethatallowsI/Orequeststobe
senttoandreceivedfromaremotecomputerandithidesthe
networkinghardwarefromapplications.
NETBEUIisNetBIOSextendeduserinterface.Atransportprotocol
designedbymicrosoftandIBMfortheuseonsmallsubnets.
84.WhatisRAID?
Amethodforprovidingfaulttolerancebyusingmultipleharddisk
drives.
85.Whatispassivetopology?
Whenthecomputersonthenetworksimplylistenandreceivethe
signal,theyarereferredtoaspassivebecausetheydon'tamplify
thesignalinanyway.Exampleforpassivetopologylinearbus.
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86.WhatisBrouter?
Hybriddevicesthatcombinethefeaturesofbothbridgesand
routers.
87.Whatiscladding?
Alayerofaglasssurroundingthecenterfiberofglassinsidea
fiberopticcable.
88.Whatispointtopointprotocol?
Acommunicationsprotocolusedtoconnectcomputerstoremote
networkingservicesincludingInternetserviceproviders.
89.HowGatewayisdifferentfromRouters?
AgatewayoperatesattheupperlevelsoftheOSImodeland
translatesinformationbetweentwocompletelydifferentnetwork
architecturesordataformats.
90.Whatisattenuation?
Thedegenerationofasignaloverdistanceonanetworkcableis
calledattenuation.
91.WhatisMACaddress?
TheaddressforadeviceasitisidentifiedattheMediaAccess
Control(MAC)layerinthenetworkarchitecture.MACaddressis
usuallystoredinROMonthenetworkadaptercardandisunique.
92.Differencebetweenbitrateandbaudrate.
Bitrateisthenumberofbitstransmittedduringonesecond
whereasbaudratereferstothenumberofsignalunitsper
secondthatarerequiredtorepresentthosebits.
baudrate=(bitrate/N)
whereNisnoofbitsrepresentedbyeachsignalshift.
93.WhatisBandwidth?
Everylinehasanupperlimitandalowerlimitonthefrequency
ofsignalsitcancarry.Thislimitedrangeiscalledthe
bandwidth.
94.WhatarethetypesofTransmissionmedia?
Signalsareusuallytransmittedoversometransmissionmedia
thatarebroadlyclassifiedintotwocategories.
a.)GuidedMedia:Thesearethosethatprovideaconduitfrom
onedevicetoanotherthatincludetwistedpair,coaxialcable
andfiberopticcable.Asignaltravelingalonganyofthese
mediaisdirectedandiscontainedbythephysicallimitsofthe
medium.Twistedpairandcoaxialcableusemetallicthataccept
andtransportsignalsintheformofelectricalcurrent.Optical
fiberisaglassorplasticcablethatacceptsandtransports
signalsintheformoflight.
b.)UnguidedMedia:Thisisthewirelessmediathattransport
electromagneticwaveswithoutusingaphysicalconductor.
Signalsarebroadcasteitherthroughair.Thisisdonethrough
radiocommunication,satellitecommunicationandcellular
telephony.
95.WhatisProject802?
ItisaprojectstartedbyIEEEtosetstandardstoenable
intercommunicationbetweenequipmentfromavarietyof
manufacturers.Itisawayforspecifyingfunctionsofthe
physicallayer,thedatalinklayerandtosomeextentthe
networklayertoallowforinterconnectivityofmajorLAN
protocols.
Itconsistsofthefollowing:
1. 802.1isaninternetworkingstandardforcompatibilityof
differentLANsandMANsacrossprotocols.
2. 802.2Logicallinkcontrol(LLC)istheuppersublayerof
thedatalinklayerwhichisnonarchitecturespecific,that
isremainsthesameforallIEEEdefinedLANs.
3. Mediaaccesscontrol(MAC)isthelowersublayerofthedata
linklayerthatcontainssomedistinctmoduleseachcarrying
proprietaryinformationspecifictotheLANproductbeing
used.ThemodulesareEthernetLAN(802.3),TokenringLAN
(802.4),TokenbusLAN(802.5).
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4. 802.6isdistributedqueuedualbus(DQDB)designedtobe
usedinMANs.
96.WhatisProtocolDataUnit?
ThedataunitintheLLCleveliscalledtheprotocoldataunit
(PDU).ThePDUcontainsoffourfieldsadestinationservice
accesspoint(DSAP),asourceserviceaccesspoint(SSAP),a
controlfieldandaninformationfield.DSAP,SSAPareaddresses
usedbytheLLCtoidentifytheprotocolstacksonthereceiving
andsendingmachinesthataregeneratingandusingthedata.The
controlfieldspecifieswhetherthePDUframeisainformation
frame(Iframe)orasupervisoryframe(Sframe)ora
unnumberedframe(Uframe).
97.Whatarethedifferenttypeofnetworking/internetworking
devices?
1. Repeater:Alsocalledaregenerator,itisanelectronic
devicethatoperatesonlyatphysicallayer.Itreceivesthe
signalinthenetworkbeforeitbecomesweak,regenerates
theoriginalbitpatternandputstherefreshedcopybackin
tothelink.
2. Bridges:Theseoperatebothinthephysicalanddatalink
layersofLANsofsametype.Theydividealargernetworkin
tosmallersegments.Theycontainlogicthatallowthemto
keepthetrafficforeachsegmentseparateandthusare
repeatersthatrelayaframeonlythesideofthesegment
containingtheintendedrecipentandcontrolcongestion.
3. Routers:Theyrelaypacketsamongmultipleinterconnected
networks(i.e.LANsofdifferenttype).Theyoperateinthe
physical,datalinkandnetworklayers.Theycontain
softwarethatenablethemtodeterminewhichoftheseveral
possiblepathsisthebestforaparticulartransmission.
4. Gateways:Theyrelaypacketsamongnetworksthathave
differentprotocols(e.g.betweenaLANandaWAN).They
acceptapacketformattedforoneprotocolandconvertitto
apacketformattedforanotherprotocolbeforeforwarding
it.TheyoperateinallsevenlayersoftheOSImodel.
98.WhatisICMP?
ICMPisInternetControlMessageProtocol,anetworklayer
protocoloftheTCP/IPsuiteusedbyhostsandgatewaystosend
notificationofdatagramproblemsbacktothesender.Ituses
theechotest/replytotestwhetheradestinationisreachable
andresponding.Italsohandlesbothcontrolanderrormessages.
99.WhatarethedataunitsatdifferentlayersoftheTCP/IP
protocolsuite?
Thedataunitcreatedattheapplicationlayeriscalleda
message,atthetransportlayerthedataunitcreatediscalled
eitherasegmentoranuserdatagram,atthenetworklayerthe
dataunitcreatediscalledthedatagram,atthedatalinklayer
thedatagramisencapsulatedintoaframeandfinally
transmittedassignalsalongthetransmissionmedia.
100.WhatisdifferencebetweenARPandRARP?
Theaddressresolutionprotocol(ARP)isusedtoassociatethe
32bitIPaddresswiththe48bitphysicaladdress,usedbya
hostoraroutertofindthephysicaladdressofanotherhoston
itsnetworkbysendingaARPquerypacketthatincludestheIP
addressofthereceiver.
Thereverseaddressresolutionprotocol(RARP)allowsahostto
discoveritsInternetaddresswhenitknowsonlyitsphysical
address.
101.Whatistheminimumandmaximumlengthoftheheaderinthe
TCPsegmentandIPdatagram?
Theheadershouldhaveaminimumlengthof20bytesandcanhave
amaximumlengthof60bytes.
102.Whatistherangeofaddressesintheclassesofinternet
addresses?
ClassA0.0.0.0127.255.255.255
ClassB128.0.0.0191.255.255.255
ClassC192.0.0.0223.255.255.255
ClassD224.0.0.0239.255.255.255
ClassE240.0.0.0247.255.255.255
103.WhatisthedifferencebetweenTFTPandFTPapplication
layerprotocols?
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TheTrivialFileTransferProtocol(TFTP)allowsalocalhostto
obtainfilesfromaremotehostbutdoesnotprovidereliability
orsecurity.Itusesthefundamentalpacketdeliveryservices
offeredbyUDP.
TheFileTransferProtocol(FTP)isthestandardmechanism
providedbyTCP/IPforcopyingafilefromonehostto
another.ItusestheservicesofferbyTCPandsoisreliable
andsecure.Itestablishestwoconnections(virtualcircuits)
betweenthehosts,onefordatatransferandanotherforcontrol
information.
104.Whataremajortypesofnetworksandexplain?
1. Serverbasednetwork:providecentralizedcontrolofnetwork
resourcesandrelyonservercomputerstoprovidesecurity
andnetworkadministration
2. Peertopeernetwork:computerscanactasbothservers
sharingresourcesandasclientsusingtheresources.
105.Whataretheimportanttopologiesfornetworks?
1. BUStopology:Inthiseachcomputerisdirectlyconnectedto
primarynetworkcableinasingleline.
Advantages:Inexpensive,easytoinstall,simpleto
understand,easytoextend.
2. STARtopology:Inthisallcomputersareconnectedusinga
centralhub.
Advantages:Canbeinexpensive,easytoinstalland
reconfigureandeasytotroubleshootphysicalproblems.
3. RINGtopology:Inthisallcomputersareconnectedinloop.
Advantages:Allcomputershaveequalaccesstonetwork
media,installationcanbesimple,andsignaldoesnot
degradeasmuchasinothertopologiesbecauseeachcomputer
regeneratesit.
106.Whatismeshnetwork?
Anetworkinwhichtherearemultiplenetworklinksbetween
computerstoprovidemultiplepathsfordatatotravel.
107.Whatisdifferencebetweenbasebandandbroadband
transmission?
Inabasebandtransmission,theentirebandwidthofthecableis
consumedbyasinglesignal.Inbroadbandtransmission,signals
aresentonmultiplefrequencies,allowingmultiplesignalsto
besentsimultaneously.
108.Explain543rule?
InaEthernetnetwork,betweenanytwopointsonthenetwork
,therecanbenomorethanfivenetworksegmentsorfour
repeaters,andofthosefivesegmentsonlythreeofsegmentscan
bepopulated.
109.WhatMAU?
IntokenRing,hubiscalledMultistationAccessUnit(MAU).
110.Whatisthedifferencebetweenroutableandnonroutable
protocols?
Routableprotocolscanworkwitharouterandcanbeusedtobuild
largenetworks.NonRoutableprotocolsaredesignedtoworkon
small,localnetworksandcannotbeusedwitharouter.
111.WhyshouldyoucareabouttheOSIReferenceModel?
Itprovidesaframeworkfordiscussingnetworkoperationsand
design.
112.Whatislogicallinkcontrol?
OneoftwosublayersofthedatalinklayerofOSIreferencemodel,
asdefinedbytheIEEE802standard.Thissublayerisresponsible
formaintainingthelinkbetweencomputerswhentheyaresending
dataacrossthephysicalnetworkconnection.
113.Whatisvirtualchannel?
Virtualchannelisnormallyaconnectionfromonesourcetoone
destination,althoughmulticastconnectionsarealsopermitted.The
othernameforvirtualchannelisvirtualcircuit.
114.Whatisvirtualpath?
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Alonganytransmissionpathfromagivensourcetoagiven
destination,agroupofvirtualcircuitscanbegroupedtogether
intowhatiscalledpath.
115.Whatispacketfilter?
Packetfilterisastandardrouterequippedwithsomeextra
functionality.Theextrafunctionalityallowseveryincomingor
outgoingpackettobeinspected.Packetsmeetingsomecriterionare
forwardednormally.Thosethatfailthetestaredropped.
116.Whatistrafficshaping?
Oneofthemaincausesofcongestionisthattrafficisoftenbusy.
Ifhostscouldbemadetotransmitatauniformrate,congestion
wouldbelesscommon.Anotheropenloopmethodtohelpmanage
congestionisforcingthepackettobetransmittedatamore
predictablerate.Thisiscalledtrafficshaping.
117.Whatismulticastrouting?
Sendingamessagetoagroupiscalledmulticasting,anditsrouting
algorithmiscalledmulticastrouting.
118.Whatisregion?
Whenhierarchicalroutingisused,theroutersaredividedintowhat
wewillcallregions,witheachrouterknowingallthedetailsabout
howtoroutepacketstodestinationswithinitsownregion,but
knowingnothingabouttheinternalstructureofotherregions.
119.Whatissillywindowsyndrome?
ItisaproblemthatcanruinTCPperformance.Thisproblemoccurs
whendataarepassedtothesendingTCPentityinlargeblocks,but
aninteractiveapplicationonthereceivingsidereads1byteata
time.
120.WhatareDigramsandTrigrams?
Themostcommontwolettercombinationsarecalledasdigrams.e.g.
th,in,er,reandan.Themostcommonthreelettercombinationsare
calledastrigrams.e.g.the,ing,and,andion.
121.ExpandIDEA.
IDEAstandsforInternationalDataEncryptionAlgorithm.
122.Whatiswidemouthfrog?
Widemouthfrogisthesimplestknownkeydistributioncenter(KDC)
authenticationprotocol.
123.WhatisMailGateway?
Itisasystemthatperformsaprotocoltranslationbetween
differentelectronicmaildeliveryprotocols.
124.WhatisIGP(InteriorGatewayProtocol)?
Itisanyroutingprotocolusedwithinanautonomoussystem.
125.WhatisEGP(ExteriorGatewayProtocol)?
Itistheprotocoltheroutersinneighboringautonomoussystemsuse
toidentifythesetofnetworksthatcanbereachedwithinorvia
eachautonomoussystem.
126.Whatisautonomoussystem?
Itisacollectionofroutersunderthecontrolofasingle
administrativeauthorityandthatusesacommonInteriorGateway
Protocol.
127.WhatisBGP(BorderGatewayProtocol)?
Itisaprotocolusedtoadvertisethesetofnetworksthatcanbe
reachedwithinanautonomoussystem.BGPenablesthisinformation
tobesharedwiththeautonomoussystem.ThisisnewerthanEGP
(ExteriorGatewayProtocol).
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128.WhatisGatewaytoGatewayprotocol?
Itisaprotocolformerlyusedtoexchangeroutinginformation
betweenInternetcorerouters.
129.WhatisNVT(NetworkVirtualTerminal)?
Itisasetofrulesdefiningaverysimplevirtualterminal
interaction.TheNVTisusedinthestartofaTelnetsession.
130.WhatisaMultihomedHost?
Itisahostthathasamultiplenetworkinterfacesandthat
requiresmultipleIPaddressesiscalledasaMultihomedHost.
131.WhatisKerberos?
ItisanauthenticationservicedevelopedattheMassachusetts
InstituteofTechnology.Kerberosusesencryptiontoprevent
intrudersfromdiscoveringpasswordsandgainingunauthorizedaccess
tofiles.
132.WhatisOSPF?
ItisanInternetroutingprotocolthatscaleswell,canroute
trafficalongmultiplepaths,andusesknowledgeofanInternet's
topologytomakeaccurateroutingdecisions.
133.WhatisProxyARP?
ItisusingaroutertoanswerARPrequests.Thiswillbedonewhen
theoriginatinghostbelievesthatadestinationislocal,whenin
factisliesbeyondrouter.
134.WhatisSLIP(SerialLineInterfaceProtocol)?
ItisaverysimpleprotocolusedfortransmissionofIPdatagrams
acrossaserialline.
135.WhatisRIP(RoutingInformationProtocol)?
Itisasimpleprotocolusedtoexchangeinformationbetweenthe
routers.
136.Whatissourceroute?
ItisasequenceofIPaddressesidentifyingtherouteadatagram
mustfollow.AsourceroutemayoptionallybeincludedinanIP
datagramheader.
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Labels:ComputerNetworks:Interview,VivaandBasicQuestionsPart3
ComputerNetworks:Interview,VivaandBasicQuestionsPart4
Interview,VivaandBasicQuestionsofComputerNetworksPart4
1.Whatare10Base2,10Base5and10BaseTEthernetLANs?
10Base2AnEthernettermmeaningamaximumtransferrateof10
Megabitspersecondthatusesbaseband
signaling,withacontiguouscablesegmentlengthof100metersand
amaximumof2segments.
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10Base5AnEthernettermmeaningamaximumtransferrateof10
signaling,with5continuoussegmentsnotexceeding100metersper
segment.
10BaseTAnEthernettermmeaningamaximumtransferrateof10
signalingandtwistedpaircabling.
2.Whatisthedifferencebetweenanunspecifiedpassiveopenanda
fullyspecifiedpassiveopen?
Anunspecifiedpassiveopenhastheserverwaitingforaconnection
requestfromaclient.Afullyspecifiedpassiveopenhastheserver
waitingforaconnectionfromaspecificclient.
3.ExplainthefunctionofTransmissionControlBlock?
ATCBisacomplexdatastructurethatcontainsaconsiderable
amountofinformationabouteachconnection.
4.WhatisaManagementInformationBase(MIB)?
AManagementInformationBaseispartofeverySNMPmanageddevice.
EachSNMPagenthastheMIBdatabasethatcontainsinformationabout
thedevice'sstatus,itsperformance,connections,and
configuration.TheMIBisqueriedbySNMP.
5.WhatisanonymousFTPandwhywouldyouuseit?
AnonymousFTPenablesuserstoconnecttoahostwithoutusinga
validloginandpassword.Usually,anonymousFTPusesalogincalled
anonymousorguest,withthepasswordusuallyrequestingtheuser's
IDfortrackingpurposesonly.AnonymousFTPisusedtoenablea
largenumberofuserstoaccessfilesonthehostwithouthavingto
gotothetroubleofsettinguploginsforthemall.AnonymousFTP
systemsusuallyhavestrictcontrolsovertheareasananonymous
usercanaccess.
6.Whatisapseudotty?
Apseudottyorfalseterminalenablesexternalmachinestoconnect
throughTelnetorrlogin.Withoutapseudotty,noconnectioncan
takeplace.
7.Whichlayerofthe7layermodelprovidesservicestothe
ApplicationlayerovertheSessionlayerconnection?
Presentation.
8.WhatdoestheMountprotocoldo?
TheMountprotocolreturnsafilehandleandthenameofthefile
systeminwhicharequestedfileresides.Themessageissenttothe
clientfromtheserverafterreceptionofaclient'srequest.
9.WhatisExternalDataRepresentation?
ExternalDataRepresentationisamethodofencodingdatawithinan
RPCmessage,usedtoensurethatthedataisnotsystemdependent.
10.WhichOSIReferenceLayercontrolsapplicationtoapplication
communication?
Session
11.BOOTPhelpsadisklessworkstationboot.Howdoesitgeta
messagetothenetworklookingforitsIPaddressandthelocation
ofitsoperatingsystembootfiles?
BOOTPsendsaUDPmessagewithasubnetworkbroadcastaddressand
waitsforareplyfromaserverthatgivesittheIPaddress.The
samemessagemightcontainthe
nameofthemachinethathasthebootfilesonit.Ifthebootimage
locationisnotspecified,theworkstationsendsanotherUDPmessage
toquerytheserver.
12.WhatisaDNSresourcerecord?
Aresourcerecordisanentryinanameserver'sdatabase.Thereare
severaltypesofresourcerecordsused,includingnametoaddress
resolutioninformation.ResourcerecordsaremaintainedasASCII
files.
13.WhatprotocolisusedbyDNSnameservers?
DNSusesUDPforcommunicationbetweenservers.Itisabetter
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choicethanTCPbecauseoftheimprovedspeedaconnectionless
protocoloffers.Ofcourse,transmissionreliabilitysufferswith
UDP.
14.Whatisthedifferencebetweeninteriorandexteriorneighbor
gateways?
InteriorgatewaysconnectLANsofoneorganization,whereasexterior
gatewaysconnecttheorganizationtotheoutsideworld.
15.WhatistheHELLOprotocolusedfor?
TheHELLOprotocolusestimeinsteadofdistancetodetermine
optimalrouting.ItisanalternativetotheRoutingInformation
Protocol.
16.Whataretheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofthethreetypesof
routingtables?
Thethreetypesofroutingtablesarefixed,dynamic,andfixed
central.Thefixedtablemustbemanuallymodifiedeverytimethere
isachange.Adynamictablechangesitsinformationbasedon
networktraffic,reducingtheamountofmanualmaintenance.Afixed
centraltableletsamanagermodifyonlyonetable,whichisthen
readbyotherdevices.Thefixedcentraltablereducestheneedto
updateeachmachine'stable,aswiththefixedtable.Usuallya
dynamictablecausesthefewestproblemsforanetwork
administrator,althoughthetable'scontentscanchangewithoutthe
administratorbeingawareofthechange.
17.WhatisacharacteristicofStoreandForwardswitches?
TheyreadtheentireframeandcheckCRCbeforeforwarding.
18.Whatissourceroute?
ItisasequenceofIPaddressesidentifyingtherouteadatagram
mustfollow.AsourceroutemayoptionallybeincludedinanIP
datagramheader.
19.WhatisRIP(RoutingInformationProtocol)?
Itisasimpleprotocolusedtoexchangeinformationbetweenthe
routers.
20.WhatisSLIP(SerialLineInterfaceProtocol)?
ItisaverysimpleprotocolusedfortransmissionofIPdatagrams
acrossaserialline.
21.WhatisProxyARP?
ItisusingaroutertoanswerARPrequests.Thiswillbedonewhen
theoriginatinghostbelievesthatadestinationislocal,whenin
factisliesbeyondrouter.
22.WhatisOSPF?
ItisanInternetroutingprotocolthatscaleswell,canroute
trafficalongmultiplepaths,andusesknowledgeofanInternet's
topologytomakeaccurateroutingdecisions.
23.WhatisKerberos?
ItisanauthenticationservicedevelopedattheMassachusetts
InstituteofTechnology.Kerberosusesencryptiontoprevent
intrudersfromdiscoveringpasswordsandgainingunauthorizedaccess
tofiles.
24.WhatisaMultihomedHost?
Itisahostthathasamultiplenetworkinterfacesandthat
requiresmultipleIPaddressesiscalledasaMultihomedHost.
25.WhatisNVT(NetworkVirtualTerminal)?
Itisasetofrulesdefiningaverysimplevirtualterminal
interaction.TheNVTisusedinthestartofaTelnetsession.
26.WhatisGatewaytoGatewayprotocol?
Itisaprotocolformerlyusedtoexchangeroutinginformation
betweenInternetcorerouters.
27.WhatisBGP(BorderGatewayProtocol)?
Itisaprotocolusedtoadvertisethesetofnetworksthatcanbe
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reachedwithinanautonomoussystem.BGPenablesthisinformation
tobesharedwiththeautonomoussystem.ThisisnewerthanEGP
(ExteriorGatewayProtocol).
28.Whatisautonomoussystem?
Itisacollectionofroutersunderthecontrolofasingle
administrativeauthorityandthatusesacommonInteriorGateway
Protocol.
29.WhatisEGP(ExteriorGatewayProtocol)?
Itistheprotocoltheroutersinneighboringautonomoussystemsuse
toidentifythesetofnetworksthatcanbereachedwithinorvia
eachautonomoussystem.
30.WhatisIGP(InteriorGatewayProtocol)?
Itisanyroutingprotocolusedwithinanautonomoussystem.
31.WhatisMailGateway?
Itisasystemthatperformsaprotocoltranslationbetween
differentelectronicmaildeliveryprotocols.
32.Whatiswidemouthfrog?
Widemouthfrogisthesimplestknownkeydistributioncenter(KDC)
authenticationprotocol.
33.WhatareDigramsandTrigrams?
Themostcommontwolettercombinationsarecalledasdigrams.e.g.
th,in,er,reandan.Themostcommonthreelettercombinationsare
calledastrigrams.e.g.the,ing,
and,andion.
34.Whatissillywindowsyndrome?
ItisaproblemthatcanruinTCPperformance.Thisproblemoccurs
whendataarepassedtothesendingTCPentityinlargeblocks,but
aninteractiveapplicationonthe
receivingsidereads1byteatatime.
35.Whatisregion?
Whenhierarchicalroutingisused,theroutersaredividedintowhat
wecallregions,witheachrouterknowingallthedetailsabouthow
toroutepacketstodestinations
withinitsownregion,butknowingnothingabouttheinternal
structureofotherregions.
36.Whatismulticastrouting?
Sendingamessagetoagroupiscalledmulticasting,anditsrouting
algorithmiscalledmulticastrouting.
37.Whatistrafficshaping?
Oneofthemaincausesofcongestionisthattrafficisoftenbusy.
Ifhostscouldbemadetotransmitatauniformrate,congestion
wouldbelesscommon.Anotheropenloop
methodtohelpmanagecongestionisforcingthepackettobe
transmittedatamorepredictablerate.Thisiscalledtraffic
shaping.
38.Whatispacketfilter?
Packetfilterisastandardrouterequippedwithsomeextra
functionality.Theextrafunctionalityallowseveryincomingor
outgoingpackettobeinspected.Packetsmeeting
somecriterionareforwardednormally.Thosethatfailthetestare
dropped.
39.Whatisvirtualpath?
Alonganytransmissionpathfromagivensourcetoagiven
destination,agroupofvirtualcircuitscanbegroupedtogether
intowhatiscalledpath.
40.Whatisvirtualchannel?
Virtualchannelisnormallyaconnectionfromonesourcetoone
destination,althoughmulticastconnectionsarealsopermitted.The
othernameforvirtualchannelisvirtualcircuit.
41.Whatislogicallinkcontrol?
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OneoftwosublayersofthedatalinklayerofOSIreferencemodel,
asdefinedbytheIEEE802standard.Thissublayerisresponsible
formaintainingthelinkbetweencomputerswhentheyaresending
dataacrossthephysicalnetworkconnection.
42.WhyshouldyoucareabouttheOSIReferenceModel?
Itprovidesaframeworkfordiscussingnetworkoperationsand
design.
43.Whatisthedifferencebetweenroutableandnonroutable
protocols?
Routableprotocolscanworkwitharouterandcanbeusedtobuild
largenetworks.NonRoutableprotocolsaredesignedtoworkon
small,localnetworksandcannotbeusedwitharouter.
44.WhatisMAU?
IntokenRing,hubiscalledMultistationAccessUnit(MAU).
45.Explain543rule?
InaEthernetnetwork,betweenanytwopointsonthenetwork,there
canbenomorethanfivenetworksegmentsorfourrepeaters,andof
thosefivesegmentsonlythreeof
segmentscanbepopulated.
46.WhatisthedifferencebetweenTFTPandFTPapplicationlayer
protocols?
TheTrivialFileTransferProtocol(TFTP)allowsalocalhostto
obtainfilesfromaremotehostbutdoesnotprovidereliabilityor
security.Itusesthefundamentalpacketdeliveryservicesoffered
byUDP.TheFileTransferProtocol(FTP)isthestandardmechanism
providedbyTCP/IPforcopyingafilefromonehosttoanother.It
usestheservicesofferedbyTCPandsois
reliableandsecure.Itestablishestwoconnections(virtual
circuits)betweenthehosts,onefordatatransferandanotherfor
controlinformation.
47.Whatistherangeofaddressesintheclassesofinternet
addresses?
ClassA0.0.0.0127.255.255.255
ClassB128.0.0.0191.255.255.255
ClassC192.0.0.0223.255.255.255
ClassD224.0.0.0239.255.255.255
ClassE240.0.0.0247.255.255.255
48.WhatistheminimumandmaximumlengthoftheheaderintheTCP
segmentandIPdatagram?
Theheadershouldhaveaminimumlengthof20bytesandcanhavea
maximumlengthof60bytes.
49.WhatisdifferencebetweenARPandRARP?
Theaddressresolutionprotocol(ARP)isusedtoassociatethe32
bitIPaddresswiththe48bitphysicaladdress,usedbyahostora
routertofindthephysicaladdressof
anotherhostonitsnetworkbysendingaARPquerypacketthat
includestheIPaddressofthereceiver.Thereverseaddress
resolutionprotocol(RARP)allowsahosttodiscoveritsInternet
addresswhenitknowsonlyitsphysicaladdress.
50.WhatisICMP?
ICMPisInternetControlMessageProtocol,anetworklayerprotocol
oftheTCP/IPsuiteusedbyhostsandgatewaystosendnotification
ofdatagramproblemsbacktothesender.Itusestheechotest/
replytotestwhetheradestinationisreachableandresponding.It
alsohandlesbothcontrolanderrormessages.
51.WhatarethedataunitsatdifferentlayersoftheTCP/IP
protocolsuite?
Thedataunitcreatedattheapplicationlayeriscalledamessage,
atthetransportlayerthedataunitcreatediscalledeithera
segmentoranuserdatagram,atthenetworklayerthedataunit
creatediscalledthedatagram,atthedatalinklayerthedatagram
isencapsulatedintoaframeandfinallytransmittedassignals
alongthetransmissionmedia.
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52.WhatisProject802?
ItisaprojectstartedbyIEEEtosetstandardsthatenable
intercommunicationbetweenequipmentfromavarietyof
manufacturers.Itisawayforspecifyingfunctionsofthephysical
layer,thedatalinklayerandtosomeextentthenetworklayerto
allowforinterconnectivityofmajorLAN
protocols.
Itconsistsofthefollowing:
802.1isaninternetworkingstandardforcompatibilityofdifferent
LANsandMANsacrossprotocols.
802.2Logicallinkcontrol(LLC)istheuppersublayerofthedata
linklayerwhichisnonarchitecturespecific,thatisremainsthe
sameforallIEEEdefinedLANs.
Mediaaccesscontrol(MAC)isthelowersublayerofthedatalink
layerthatcontainssomedistinctmoduleseachcarryingproprietary
informationspecifictotheLANproduct
beingused.ThemodulesareEthernetLAN(802.3),TokenringLAN
(802.4),TokenbusLAN(802.5).
802.6isdistributedqueuedualbus(DQDB)designedtobeusedin
MANs.
53.WhatisBandwidth?
Everylinehasanupperlimitandalowerlimitonthefrequencyof
signalsitcancarry.Thislimitedrangeiscalledthe
bandwidth.
54.Differencebetweenbitrateandbaudrate.
Bitrateisthenumberofbitstransmittedduringonesecondwhereas
baudratereferstothenumberofsignalunitspersecondthatare
requiredtorepresentthosebits.
baudrate=bitrate/NwhereNisnoofbitsrepresentedbyeach
signalshift.
55.WhatisMACaddress?
TheaddressforadeviceasitisidentifiedattheMediaAccess
Control(MAC)layerinthenetworkarchitecture.MAC
addressisusuallystoredinROMonthenetworkadaptercardandis
unique.
56.Whatisattenuation?
Thedegenerationofasignaloverdistanceonanetworkcableis
calledattenuation.
57.Whatiscladding?
Alayerofaglasssurroundingthecenterfiberofglassinsidea
fiberopticcable.
58.WhatisRAID?
Amethodforprovidingfaulttolerancebyusingmultipleharddisk
drives.
59.WhatisNETBIOSandNETBEUI?
NETBIOSisaprogramminginterfacethatallowsI/Orequeststobe
senttoandreceivedfromaremotecomputerandithidesthe
networkinghardwarefromapplications.
NETBEUIisNetBIOSextendeduserinterface.Atransportprotocol
designedbymicrosoftandIBMfortheuseonsmallsubnets.
60.Whatisredirector?
RedirectorissoftwarethatinterceptsfileorprintsI/Orequests
andtranslatesthemintonetworkrequests.Thiscomesunder
presentationlayer.
61.WhatisBeaconing?
Theprocessthatallowsanetworktoselfrepairnetworksproblems.
Thestationsonthenetworknotifytheotherstationsonthering
whentheyarenotreceivingthetransmissions.Beaconingisusedin
TokenringandFDDInetworks.
62.Whatisterminalemulation,inwhichlayeritcomes?
Telnetisalsocalledasterminalemulation.Itbelongsto
applicationlayer.
63.Whatisframerelay,inwhichlayeritcomes?
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Framerelayisapacketswitchingtechnology.Itwilloperateinthe
datalinklayer.
64.Whatdoyoumeantby"tripleX"inNetworks?
ThefunctionofPAD(PacketAssemblerDisassembler)isdescribedin
adocumentknownasX.3.Thestandardprotocolhasbeendefined
betweentheterminalandthePAD,calledX.28anotherstandard
protocolexistsbetweenhtePADandthenetwork,calledX.29.
Together,thesethreerecommendationsareoftencalled"tripleX"
65.WhatisSAP?
Seriesofinterfacepointsthatallowothercomputerstocommunicate
withtheotherlayersofnetworkprotocolstack.
66.Whatissubnet?
Agenerictermforsectionofalargenetworksusuallyseparatedby
abridgeorrouter.
67.WhatisBrouter
Hybriddevicesthatcombinethefeaturesofbothbridgesand
routers.
68.HowGatewayisdifferentfromRouters?
AgatewayoperatesattheupperlevelsoftheOSImodeland
translatesinformationbetweentwocompletelydifferentnetwork
architecturesordataformats.
69.Whatarethedifferenttypeofnetworking/internetworking
devices?
Repeater:
Alsocalledaregenerator,itisanelectronicdevicethatoperates
onlyatphysicallayer.Itreceivesthesignalinthenetworkbefore
itbecomesweak,regeneratestheoriginalbitpatternandputsthe
refreshedcopybackintothelink.
Bridges:
TheseoperatebothinthephysicalanddatalinklayersofLANsof
sametype.Theydividealargernetworkintosmaller
segments.Theycontainlogicthatallowthemtokeepthetrafficfor
eachsegmentseparateandthusarerepeatersthatrelayaframeonly
thesideofthesegmentcontainingtheintendedrecipentandcontrol
congestion.
Routers:
Theyrelaypacketsamongmultipleinterconnectednetworks(i.e.LANs
ofdifferenttype).Theyoperateinthephysical,
datalinkandnetworklayers.Theycontainsoftwarethatenablethem
todeterminewhichoftheseveralpossiblepathsisthebestfora
particulartransmission.
Gateways:
Theyrelaypacketsamongnetworksthathavedifferentprotocols
(e.g.betweenaLANandaWAN).Theyaccepta
packetformattedforoneprotocolandconvertittoapacket
formattedforanotherprotocolbeforeforwardingit.Theyoperatein
allsevenlayersoftheOSImodel.
70.Whatismeshnetwork?
Anetworkinwhichtherearemultiplenetworklinksbetween
computerstoprovidemultiplepathsfordatatotravel.
71.Whatispassivetopology?
Whenthecomputersonthenetworksimplylistenandreceivethe
signal,theyarereferredtoaspassivebecausetheydontamplify
thesignalinanyway.Exampleforpassivetopologylinearbus.
72.Whataretheimportanttopologiesfornetworks
BUStopology:
Inthiseachcomputerisdirectlyconnectedtoprimarynetworkcable
inasingleline.
Advantages:
Inexpensive,easytoinstall,simpletounderstand,easytoextend.
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STARtopology:
Inthisallcomputersareconnectedusingacentralhub.
Advantages:
Canbeinexpensive,easytoinstallandreconfigureandeasyto
troubleshootphysicalproblems.
RINGtopology:
Inthisallcomputersareconnectedinloop.
Advantages:
Allcomputershaveequalaccesstonetworkmedia,installationcan
besimple,andsignaldoesnotdegradeasmuchas
inothertopologiesbecauseeachcomputerregeneratesit.
73.Whataremajortypesofnetworksandexplain?
Serverbasednetwork
Peertopeernetwork
Peertopeernetwork,computerscanactasbothserverssharing
resourcesandasclientsusingtheresources.
Serverbasednetworksprovidecentralizedcontrolofnetwork
resourcesandrelyonservercomputerstoprovidesecurityand
networkadministration
74.WhatisProtocolDataUnit
ThedataunitintheLLCleveliscalledtheprotocoldataunit
(PDU).ThePDUcontainsoffourfieldsadestinationserviceaccess
point(DSAP),asourceserviceaccesspoint(SSAP),acontrolfield
andaninformationfield.DSAP,SSAPareaddressesusedbytheLLC
toidentifytheprotocolstacksonthereceivingandsending
machinesthataregeneratingandusingthedata.Thecontrolfield
specifieswhetherthePDUframeisainformationframe(Iframe)
orasupervisoryframe(Sframe)oraunnumberedframe(U
frame).
75.Whatisdifferencebetweenbasebandandbroadbandtransmission?
Inabasebandtransmission,theentirebandwidthofthecableis
consumedbyasinglesignal.Inbroadbandtransmission,signalsare
sentonmultiplefrequencies,allowingmultiplesignalstobesent
simultaneously.
76.Whatarethepossiblewaysofdataexchange?
(i)Simplex(ii)Halfduplex(iii)Fullduplex.
77.WhatarethetypesofTransmissionmedia?
Signalsareusuallytransmittedoversometransmissionmediathat
arebroadlyclassifiedintotwocategories.
GuidedMedia:
Thesearethosethatprovideaconduitfromonedevicetoanother
thatincludetwistedpair,coaxialcableandfiberopticcable.A
signaltravelingalonganyofthesemediaisdirectedandis
containedbythephysicallimitsofthemedium.Twistedpairand
coaxialcableusemetallicthatacceptandtransportsignalsinthe
formofelectricalcurrent.Opticalfiberisaglassorplastic
cablethatacceptsandtransportssignalsintheformoflight.
UnguidedMedia:
Thisisthewirelessmediathattransportelectromagneticwaves
withoutusingaphysicalconductor.Signalsarebroadcasteither
throughair.Thisisdonethroughradiocommunication,satellite
communicationandcellulartelephony.
78.Differencebetweenthecommunicationandtransmission.
Transmissionisaphysicalmovementofinformationandconcern
issueslikebitpolarity,synchronization,clocketc.Communication
meansthemeaningfullexchangeofinformationbetweentwo
communicationmedia.
79.TheInternetControlMessageProtocoloccursatwhatlayerofthe
sevenlayermodel?
Network
80.WhichprotocolresolvesanIPaddresstoaMACaddress?
ARP
81.MIDIandMPEGareexamplesofwhatlayeroftheOSIsevenlayer
model?
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Presentation
82.WhatistheprotocolnumberforUDP?
17
83.Whichprotocolisusedforbootingdisklessworkstations?
RARP
84.Whichlayerisresponsibleforputting1sand0sintoalogical
group?
Physical
85.Whatdoes'P'meanwhenrunningaTrace?
Protocolunreachable
86.UDPworksatwhichlayeroftheDODmodel?
HosttoHost
87.WhatisthedefaultencapsulationofNetware3.12?
802.2
88.PinguseswhichInternetlayerprotocol?
ICMP
89.Whichswitchingtechnologycanreducethesizeofabroadcast
domain?
VLAN
90.Whatisthefirststepindataencapsulation?
Userinformationisconvertedintodata.
91.WhatistheprotocolnumberforTCP?
6
92.WhatdoyouusetheAuxportfor?
Modem
93.RepeatersworkatwhichlayeroftheOSImodel?
Physical
94.WANstandsforwhichofthefollowing?
WideAreaNetwork
95.WhatISDNprotocolspecifiesconcepts,terminology,andservices?
I
96.LANstandsforwhichofthefollowing?
LocalAreNetwork
97.DHCPstandsfor
DynamicHostConfigurationProtocol
98.WhatdoestheacronymARPstandfor?
AddressResolutionProtocol
99.Whichlayerisresponsibleforidentifyingandestablishingthe
availabilityoftheintendedcommunicationpartner?
Application.
100.WhichOSIlayerprovidesmechanical,electrical,proceduralfor
activating,maintainingphysicallink?
Physical
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