KetBingYong

EE422
SectionB
Project

ErrorProbabilityResultforMQAMModulation
Abstract
ThisprojectisdesignedtostudytheSymbolErrorrateof2QAM,4QAMand16QAMreceivedsignal.
EachSERwillbeplottedandcomparethegapbetweeneachSER.Infirstpart,wewillstudytheSERfor
eachmodulationwithAWGN.ThesecondpartisthemodulationtransmittroughtheRayleighfading
channel.

SignalModel
Ingeneral,MQAMsignalistransmittedoveranonfadingadditivewhiteGaussiannoisechannelora
frequencynonselectiveRayleighfadingchannel.Thereceivedsignalisgivenby
wheren(t)isthenoiseelement.InAWGNchannel,n(t)isthewhiteGaussiannoiseandhasthe
channelgain,h(t)=1.ButforRayleighchannel,
~
0,1 isastandardnormalGaussianwithzero
meanandvarianceof1.

TheplotbelowistheMQAMSimulinkmodelwithRayleighfadingchannel:

Figure1SimulinkmodelforRayleighfadingchannel

SymbolErrorRateofBPSK(2QAM)
1. Thebinarymodulationonlycorrespondtoonebit,thereforethesymbolandbiterrorratearethe
cos 2
totransmit0bitand
same.Considerthatthetransmittedsignals,
cos 2
tosend1bit.Theprobabilityoferrorisgivenasbelow:

2
=2Awhere

InBPSK

Thereforethesymbolerrorrateisderivedas

and

2. TheanalyticalmethodusedintheBSPKSERcalculationisbasedontheformulaabove.TheQ
functioninMatlabisequivalenttoQ(x) = 0.5*erfc(x/sqrt(2)).

3. InBPSKstimulation,thereceivedsignalisconsideredas
.
isa1sequence
and
isaAWGNnoisewhichmeansboththerealandimaginaryvalueofnoisehasmaximum
magnitudeof1.

4. Thereceivedsignalisroundedto1sothattheoutputhassimilarformasinput.Thenthereceived
signaliscomparedtothemessagesignaltofindthenumberoferroroccursandcomputedSER
value.

5. Aftertherunningwegettheplotforsymbolerrorrateagainstsignalnoiseratioforboththeoretical
calculationandstimulation.Bothcurvesareclosedtoeachother.Thisverifiedthevalidityof
equation.
0

10

BPSK, theory
BPSK, simu
-1

Bit error rate

10

-2

10

-3

10

-4

10

4
5
6
7
Average SNR per bit (dB)

Figure2BERversusSNRofBPSK

10

SymbolErrorRateofQPSK(4QAM)
1. ThetransmittedsignalsofQPSKare
cos
and
sin
.Usingtheconstellation
2 .ThereforethesymbolerrorrateofQPSKisderivedas
point,weget
2

.WeusedtheformulaabovetoplottheBERoutput.

where

2. InQPSKstimulation,thereceivedsignalisconsideredas
.
isa1j
sequenceand
isaAWGNnoisewhichmeansboththerealandimaginaryvalueofnoisehas
maximummagnitudeof1.

3. Thereceivedsignalisroundedto1jsothattheoutputhassimilarformasinput.Thenthe
receivedsignaliscomparedtothemessagesignaltofindthenumberoferroroccursandcomputed
SERvalue.

4. TheplotforQPSKBERagainstSNRisfoundinbelow.Wenoticedthatboththecurvesforanalytical
calculationandstimulationissimilar.
0

10

QPSK, theory
QPSK, simu

-1

Bit error rate

10

-2

10

-3

10

4
5
6
7
Average SNR per bit (dB)

Figure3SERversusSNRofQPSK

10

Symbo
olErrorRa
ateof16QAM

Figurre416aryQAM
M

1. The16QAMmodu
ulationhasth
heconstellatio
onabove,eacchsignalisseeparatedby
theprrobabilityofccorrectdetecctionisderiveedas:

.Therefore,

wheree

.Thessymbolerrorratecanbed
derivedas:

Andtheaverageenergyofthessignalsetis

.Hen
nce,theenerggyperbit

and

.Thereforre,thesymbo
olerrorrateeexpressionis:

And

6QAM,onlyanalyticalforrmulaisrequiired.Aftercomputingtheequationabo
oveinMatlab
b,we
2. For16
hasth
heoutputBER
RversusSNRasbelow:

QPSK, theory
-0.1

10

-0.2

Symbol error rate

10

-0.3

10

-0.4

10

-0.5

10

-0.6

10

4
5
6
7
Average SNR per bit (dB)

10

Figure5SERversusSNRof16QAM

GapsbetweenBPSK,QPSKand16QAM
1. ThesymbolerrorrateplotofBPSK,QPSKand16QAMarecombinedintoasingleplot:

10

BPSK, theory
BPSK, simu
QPSK, theory
QPSK, simu
16-QAM, theory

-1

Symbol error rate

10

-2

10

-3

10

-4

10

5
Average SNR per bit (dB)

10

Figure6BERversusSNRforBPSK,QPSKand16QAM

2. Fromtheplotabove,BPSKhasthelowestSERwhile16QAMhasthehighestSER.Thisimpliesthat
thehigherMARYmayhavehighererrorrate.

3. BPSKandQPSKhasconsistentgapdifferentof0.2.Whilethegapdifferentto16QAMisvaryingas
SNRisincreasing.Thegapdifferentof16QAMtoQPSKis0.6at0SNRand0.3at10SNR.Thegap
differentof16QAMtoBPSKis0.8at0SNRand0.3at10SNR.

RayleighFadingChannel
1. Ingeneral,theRayleighFadingchannelhasslow,flatfadingwithrespecttothesymbolperiod.The
signaltonoiseratio(SNR)istakenasfixedoverthedurationofthedecisionintervalofonesymbol.
Theaverageerrorprobabilitycanbecomputedbyintegratingoverthefadingdistribution.Sothe
SymbolErrorRate(SER)canbeachievedbyaveragingtheconditionalerrorprobabilitywithrespect
totherandomvariable asfollows

where

| istheprobabilityerroroferrorunderAWGN,and

RayleighFadingChannel,

isanexponentialfunctionas

istheprobabilityofSNR .In
_and

exp

isanlocal

meanSNR.

SERforBPSKinRayleighFading
1. Inthebeginningoftheproject,weknowtheBERofBPSKis

or

.Fromtheequationabove,theBERforBPSKinRayleighfadingisabletobederived.

2.

exp

2
ThetheoreticalvalueforBERversusSNRisasbelow:

10

1
1
2

Binary BPSK over Rayleigh Fading Channel

Theoretical BER
Empirical BER

-1

BER

10

10

10

-2

-3

10
12
SNR (dB)

14

Figure7BERversusSNRforBPSKinRayleighFading

16

18

20

3. NoticethatBERofBPSKinRayleighFadingishigher,andthechangeofcurveisalmostconstantas
SNRincrease.

SERforQPSKinRayleighFading
=1 2

1. TheBERofQPSKinAWGNis
1

symbolerrorisderivedas1

TheSERofMQAMintheRayleighFadingchannelis

| ,theprobabilityofan

1/2 .And

where

1/2and

2
2 1

tan

and

.
1

2. TheplotbelowisthesymbolerrorrateversussignalnoiseratioofQPSKinRayleighFading
10

Symbol Error Rate

10

10

10

10

BER versus SNR of QPSK in Rayleigh Fading

-1

-2

-3

-4

10

15

SNR
Figure8BERvs.SNRofQPSKinRayleighFading

3. NoticethatQPSKhashigherBERthanBPSKinRayleighFading.

Conclusion
ThisprojectgivesintuitionofsymbolerrorrateofdifferentMQAMboththeoreticalandexperimental

Reference
[1]AndreaGoldsmith,WirelessCommunications,1stEdition,CambridgeUniversityPress,2005.
[2]B.P.Lathi,ModernDigitalandAnalogCommunicationSystem,3rdEdition,2005.
[3]QuadratureAmplitudeModulation.April28,2008.
<en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation>