A.

TITLE
B. PURPOSE

: Precipitation Titration and its Application

: 1. To make and determine (standardization) AgNO3 solution
2. To determine Cl- content on tap water.

C. BASIC THEORY
:
Precipitation Titration
Thus far we have examined titrimetric methods based on acidbase,
complexation, and redox reactions. A reaction in which the analyte and titrant form an
insoluble precipitate also can serve as the basis for a titration. We call this type of
titration a precipitation titration.
One of the earliest precipitation titrationsdeveloped at the end of the
eighteenth centurywas the analysis of K2CO3 and K2SO4 in potash. Calcium nitrate,
Ca(NO3)2, was used as the titrant, forming a precipitate of CaCO 3 and CaSO4. The
titrations end point was signaled by noting when the addition of titrant ceased to
generate additional precipitate. The importance of precipitation titrimetry as an
analytical method reached its zenith in the nineteenth century when several methods
were developed for determining Ag+ and halide ions.
Basic reaction of precipitation titration is the happen of precipitate in the
reaction between analyte substance, example:
Ag+ + X- AgX(s)

where x: halogen

Ag+ + CrO42- Ag2CrO4(s)

(sorrel)

Ag+ + SCN- AgSCN(s)

Fe3+ + SCN- FeSCN2+

Precipitation Titration

(red)

Indicator of K2CRO4 used in the titration between halide ion and silver ion,
where excess of Ag+ ion will be react with CrO42- forms silver chromate and the color
is brick red (Mohr way).
At equivalent point:
Equivalent Ag+ = equivalent ClIndicator of Fe3+ can be used in the titration between silver ion and SCN - ion
where the excess of SCN- ion will be react with Fe3+ ion that give a red color. Or can
be used in the titration between halide ion and excess of silver ion, and the excess of
silver ion will be titrated with thiosianat ion (Volhard way).
At equivalent point:
Sum of equivalent Ag+ recidu = sum of equivalent SCNOr
Sum of equivalent Ag+ total = sum of equivalent (Cl- + SCN-)
Selecting and Evaluating the End point
At the beginning of this section we noted that the first precipitation titration
used the cessation of precipitation to signal the end point. At best, this is a
cumbersome method for detecting a titrations end point. Before precipitation
titrimetry became practical, better methods for identifying the end point were
necessary.
In any titration, it is necessary to have some method of detecting when just
enough of the titrant has been added -- a procedure known as detecting the endpoint
of the titration. The endpoint of this titration can be detected if the rapid change in
either the concentration of silver ion or the concentration of chloride ion which
occurs at the endpoint can be made apparent to an observer. Either instrumental

Precipitation Titration

methods or equilibrium methods can be used. The equilibrium methods are fairly
straightforward. In this case we can use Ag2CrO4, because a solution of CrO42- is
yellow while Ag2CrO4 is blood-red.
Finding the End point With an Indicator
There are three general types of indicators for precipitation titrations, each of
which changes color at or near the titrations equivalence point. The first type of
indicator is a species that forms a precipitate with the titrant. In the Mohr method for
Cl using Ag+ as a titrant, for example, a small amount of K 2CrO4 is added to the
titrands solution. The titrations end point is the formation of a reddish-brown
precipitate of Ag2CrO4.
The Mohr method was first published in 1855 by Karl Friedrich Mohr.
Because CrO42 imparts a yellow color to the solution, which might obscure
the end point, only a small amount of K2CrO4 is added. As a result, the end point is
always later than the equivalence point. To compensate for this positive determinate
error, an analyte-free reagent blank is analyzed to determine the volume of titrant
needed to affect a change in the indicators color. Subtracting the end point for the
reagent blank from the titrands end point gives the titrations end point. Because
CrO42 is a weak base, the titrands solution is made slightly alkaline. If the pH is too
acidic, chromate is present as HCrO4 instead of CrO42, and the Ag2CrO4 end point is
delayed. The pH also must be less than 10 to avoid the precipitation of silver
hydroxide.
A second type of indicator uses a species that forms a colored complex with
the titrant or the titrand. In the Volhard method for Ag+ using KSCN as the titrant,
for example, a small amount of Fe 3+ is added to the titrands solution. The titrations
end point is the formation of the reddish-colored Fe(SCN) 2+ complex. The titration

Precipitation Titration

must be carried out in an acidic solution to prevent the precipitation of Fe 3+ as

Fe(OH)3.
The Volhard method was first published in 1874 by Jacob Volhard.
The third type of end point uses a species that changes color when it adsorbs
to the precipitate. In the Fajans method for Cl using Ag+ as a titrant, for example,
the anionic dye dichlorofluoroscein is added to the titrands solution. Before the end
point, the precipitate of AgCl has a negative surface charge due to the adsorption of
excess Cl. Because dichlorofluoroscein also carries a negative charge, it is repelled
by the precipitate and remains in solution where it has a greenish-yellow color. After
the end point, the surface of the precipitate carries a positive surface charge due to the
adsorption of excess Ag+. Dichlorofluoroscein now adsorbs to the precipitates
surface where its color is pink. This change in the indicators color signals the end
point.
The Fajans method was first published in the 1920s by Kasimir Fajans.
In a precipitation titration, the stoichiometric reaction is a reaction which
produces in solution a slightly soluble salt that precipitates out. To determine the
concentration of chloride ion in a particular solution, one could titrate this solution
with a solution of a silver salt, say silver nitrate, whose concentration is known. The
chemical reaction occurring is Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) --> AgCl(s) A white precipitate of
AgCl is deposited on the bottom of the flask during the course of the titration. Since
the chemical reaction is one Ag+ to one Cl-, we know that the amount of Ag+ used to
the equivalence point equals the amount of Cl- originally present. Since n = cV, the
number of moles of either Ag+ or Cl- can be calculated from the number of moles of
the other, and the molar concentration or the volume ofadded solution can be
calculated for either ion if the other is known.
Application of Precipitation Titration

Precipitation Titration

A precipitation reaction called finished, if the solubility of the precipitate is

quite small. Behind the equivalent point, the concentration of ions that is titrated will
have a big change. The problem that will be faced is choosing a good indicator.
There are some ways to determining when reach the equivalent point in the
precipitation titration:
a. With determination of coloring precipitate
b. With determination of coloring compound that is dissolve
c. With adsorption indicator
In the process of disinfection of water is often use chlor, because the prices is
cheap and have a disinfectant power through several hours after chlor recidu.
Through that process, chlor is reducted until becomes chloride (Cl -) that have no
disinfectant, beside chlor is reacted with ammonia. Chlor active in a solution is
available in a free situation (Cl2, OCl-, HOCl) and bonded situation (NH 2Cl, NHCl2,
NCl3)

Precipitation Titration

D. TOOLS AND MATERIALS

Balance
Piala glass
Coloring bottle
Weight bottle
Volumetric flask
Burette
Volumetric pipette
Erlenmeyer
Picnometer
AgNO3
Aquades
NaCl
K2CrO4
K2CrO4 5%
Tap water
Neraca analitis

Precipitation Titration

E. PROCEDURE
:
a. Determination (Standardization) AgNO3 Solution 0,1 N with NaCl as
primary standard solution.
-

0,5 grams
- Weighing in weights bottle
NaCl - Moved into volumetric flask 100 mL

Dissolved with aquades and dilute until the limit sign

Mix it well

Burette
- Washed with AgNO3 solution

Pipette with volumetric pipette 10 mL of NaCl solution

Entered into Erlenmeyer 250 mL
Added 10 mL aquades
Added 1 mL K2CrO4 indicator
Titrated with AgNO3 and mix it
Stop

Sorrel
precipitate
- Read and note the number on the buret at the beginning and

the end of titration

Determined and note the volume of AgNO3 that used in

titration
Calculated the concentration of AgNO3 solution
Repeated 3 times
Calculated the average of AgNO3 solution

Average of AgNO3

Application of Precipitate
a. Determination of the content of Cl- in the tap water
Tap Water
- Measured the density of tap water with picnometer

Precipitation Titration

Noted the place of sample

Pipette 10 mL
Diluted in the volumetric flask 100 mL

Solution

Took 10 mL
Added 5 drops of K2CrO4 5%
Titrated with AgNO3

Brick Red
Precipitate
- Repeated 3 times

Calculated the content of Cl- in the tap water

Average of Cl- in the tap

water

Precipitation Titration

F. EXPERIMENT RESULT
No

Procedure of Experiment

.
1.

Result
Determination AgNO3 Solution Before:
- NaCl: white
0,1 N with NaCl as primary
powder
standard solution
- K2CrO4: yellow
- AgNO3:
1,5 grams
NaCl

Weighing in weights

bottle
Moved into volum-

etric flask 100 mL

Dissolved with

Experiment

colorless
- Aquades:
colorless
After:
- NaCl + aquades:

aquades and dilute

colorless
- NaCl + aquades

until the limit sign

Mix it well

+ K2CrO4: yellow
- NaCl + aquades
+ K2CrO4 +

Washed with AgNO3 AgNO3: sorrel

solution
Pipette with

Burette

volumetric pipette
10 mL of NaCl
-

solution
Entered into

Erlenmeyer 250 mL
Added 10 mL

aquades
Added 1 mL K2CrO4

indicator
Titrated with AgNO3

V1
AgNO3=5.6mL
V2
AgNO3=5.7mL
V3
AgNO3=6.0mL

and mix it

Precipitation Titration

Hypothesis

Conclusion

At the

Concentration

beginning of

of AgNO3

titration:
=0.147 N
AgNO3 + NaCl
AgCl(s) +
NaNO3(aq)
white
precipitate
Approach
equivalent
point:
2AgCl +
K2CrO4
Ag2CrO4 + 2
KCl sorrel
precipitate

Stop

Sorrel
precipitate

Read and note the

number on the buret
at the beginning and

the end of titration

Determined and note
the

volume

of

AgNO3 that used in

-

titration
Calculated the concentration of AgNO3

solution
Repeated 3 times
Calculated
the
average of AgNO3
solution

average of AgNO3 solution

2.

Application of Precipitate
Determination of the content of
Cl- in the tap water
Tap Water

Precipitation Titration

Before:
- NaCl: white
crystal
- Aquades:
colorless
- K2CrO4: Yellow

10

Precentage Clin tap water =

0.0051%

Measured the density - AgNO3:

of tap water with colorless

picnometer
After:
- Noted the place of
- NaCl + aquades:
sample
colorless
- Pipette 10 mL
- NaCl + aquades
- Diluted in the volum+ K2CrO4 =
etric flask 250 mL
yellow
- NaCl + aquades
Solution
+ K2CrO4 +
-

Took 10 mL
AgNO3 = sorrel
Added 5 drops of
precipitate
K2CrO4 5%
V1
- Titrated with AgNO3
AgNO3=0.5mL
V2
Sorrel
Precipitate

AgNO3=0.8mL
V3

Repeated 3 times
Calculated the content AgNO =0.5mL
3
of Cl in the tap water

Cl- content in the tap water

G. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
Determining AgNO3 solution with NaCl as primary standard solution.
In our experiment of determining AgNO3 solution with NaCl solution. In
argentometry titration, a solution of AgNO3 used to specify halogen salts and cyanide
so, this one is include on Mohr Method. First step that we done is, we dissolving
0.0506 grams of NaCl in 100 mL volumetric flask and dilute until the limit sign. After
that pipette 10 mL of the solution and entered into Erlenmeyer 250 mL. then added
10 mL aquades. Added 1 mL of K 2CrO4 indicator to the Erlenmeyer the solution
became bright yellow because there(CrO4) 2- ion.

Precipitation Titration

11

Selected K2CrO4 indicator because the condition tends to be neutral system.

Potassium chromate can only be used in a neutral condition. If potassium
chromic react with the acid condition, the chromate ions become bichromate ion
by the reaction:
2 CrO4 2- + 2 H+ Cr2O7 2- + H2O
Whereas in the alkaline conditions, Ag+ ions will react with OHfrom the base and form a precipitate Ag (OH) and subsequently oxidized
be A2O with the reaction:
2 Ag+ + 2OH- H2O
Then titrated with AgNO3 to until there is change color from yellow become
sorrel. The sorrel precipitation is shown there is precipitate of Ag 2CrO4. But in the
equivalent point where the number of moles of AgNO3 equal to the number of moles
of NaCl, there is white precipitate of AgCl. The equivalence point of AgCl shown
with this equation :
AgNO3 + NaCl AgCl+ NaNO3
But in the end point of the titration , the indicator reacts with Titrant a sorrel
precipitate formed ( Ag2CrO4 ) by the reaction :
2AgCl + K2CrO4Ag2CrO4 + 2KCl
This the solubility of Ag2CrO4 (8.5 x10-5 mol / L) is greater than the solubility of
AgCl ( 1x10-5 ) so that the first AgCl precipitate. Titration was repeated 3 times with
same volume of NaCl and we got AgNO3 volume 5.6 mL ; 5.7 mL , and 6.0 mL with
the average of AgNO3 is 0.147N

Determining Cl- Content On Tap Water

Precipitation Titration

12

In the experiment of Determining Cl- Content On Tap Water we used tap

water that we brought from our dorm. first pipette 10 ml of tap water and diluted in
100 mL volumetric flask up to the limit sign. Then pipette 10 ml of tap water which
has been diluted and moved into Erlenmeyer. Than added 5 drops of 5% K2CrO4
(yellow), the solution became yellow and titrated with AgNO3 intil there is sorrel
precipitate the red brick (Ag2CrO4). Titration was repeated 3 times with the same
volume of tap water, so we got the AgNO3 volume are 0.5 mL; 0.8 mL, and 0.5 mL
and the precentage of Cl- in tap water is 0.0051%

H. CONCLUSION
Based on experiment that we have done, we can conclude that :
1. AgNO3 concentration is 0.147N
2. The precentage of Cl- in tap water is 0.0051%

Precipitation Titration

13

I. ANSWER AND QUESTION

Making and Determining (standardization) of AgNO3 solution
1. Make a titration curve between AgNO3 volume dan pCl for titration 50 ml
of 0.1 M NaCl solution with AgNO3 0,1 M.
Answer :
Initial titration pCl = 1
After adding 25 ml AgNO30,1 M
NaCl +

AgNO3

5 mmol

2,5 mmol

2,5

2,5

2,5

2,5

2,5

AgCl + NaNO3

[Cl] = 2,5 / 75 = 0,033

pCl = -log 0.033 = 1.48

After adding 49,9 ml AgNO30,1 M

AgCl

NaCl +

AgNO3

5 mmol

4.99 mmol

4.99

4.99

4.99

0.01

4.99

[Cl] = 0.1 / 99.9 = 0.0001

pCl = -log 0.0001 = 4

Precipitation Titration

14

NaNO3

After adding 50 ml AgNO30,1 M

AgCl

NaCl +

AgNO3

5 mmol

5 mmol

+s

[Cl-] [Ag+] = Ksp

[Cl-] = [Ag+]
[Cl-]2 = 4. 10 -13
[Cl-] = 6,32 . 10-7
pCl = - log 6,32 . 10-7
pCl = 6,199 ( equivalent point )

After adding 50,1 ml AgNO30,1 M

NaCl +

AgNO3

5 mmol

5,01 mmol

0.01

[Ag+] = 0. 01 / 100.1 = 9,99 . 10 -5

pCl = -log 9,99 . 10 -5 = 4
pAg + pCl = pKsp
pCl = 8.4

Precipitation Titration

15

AgCl +NaNO3

NaNO3

After adding 60 ml AgNO30,1 M

AgCl

NaCl +

AgNO3

5 mmol

6 mmol

[Ag+] = 1 / 10 = 9,09 . 10-3

pCl = -log 9,09 . 10-3 = 2.04
pAg + pCl = pKsp
pCl = 10.36

Titration Curves

Precipitation Titration

16

NaNO3

2. What is the concentration of NaCl salt in a solution, if 25 ml of the

solution was reacted with 25ml AgNO3 0,2 M. and an excess of AgNO3
react precisely with a 28ml KSCN 0.1 M .
Answer :
mmol AgNO3 = mmol NaCl + mmol KSCN
25 ml . 0,2 M = mmol NaCl + 28 ml . 0,1 M
5 mmol

= mmol NaCl + 2,8 mmol

mmol NaCl = 2,2 mmol

[NaCl] = 2,2 / 25 = 0.088 M

Application of Titration Precipitation

1. How to choose indicator on argentometric titration ?
Answer:
Indicators for Argentometric Titrations
Chemical end point
o Consist of a color change occasionally, the appearance or
disappearance of turbidity in the solution being titrated.
o (1) the color change should occur over a limited range in
pfunction of the reagent or the analyte and (2) the color change
should take place within the steep portion of the titration curvefor

the analyte.
Potentiometric end point
o Potential between a silver electrode and a reference electrode
whose potential is constant is measured
o Independent of the added reagent
Amperometric end point
o Current generated between a pair of silver microelectrodes in the

solution of the analyte is measured

o Current plotted as a function of reagent volume
Chromate Ion; The Mohr Method

Precipitation Titration

17

Sodium chromate can serve as an indicator for the argentometric

determination of chloride, bromide, and cyanide ions by reacting with silver
ion to form a brick-red silver chromate (Ag2CrO4) precipitate in the
equivalence-point region.
Adsorption Indicators: The Fajans Method
o An organic compound that tends to be adsorbed into the surface of the
solid in a precipitation
titration.
o Ideally, the adsorption (or
desorption) occurs near the
equivalence point and results
not only in a color change but also in a transfer of color from the
solution to the solid (or the reverse).
o Fluorescein is a typical adsorption indicator that is useful for the
titration of chloride ion with silver nitrate.
In aqueous solution, fluorescein partially dissociates into
hydronium ions and negatively charged fluoresceinate ions are

yellow-green.
The fluoresceinate ions forms an intensely red silver
salt.However, Its concentration is never large enough to

precipitate as silver fluoresceinate.

Iron(III) Ion; The Volhard Method
o In the Volhard method, silver ions are titrated with a standard solution
of thiocyanate ion:
o Iron(III) serves as the indicator:
o The titration must be carried out in acidic solution to prevent
precipitation of iron (III) as the hydrated oxide.
o The most important application of the Volhard method is the indirect
determination of halide ions.

Precipitation Titration

18

2. Explain how adsorption indicator work. Whats the function of desktrin?

Why pH have to be control ?
Answer :
How adsorption indicator works: before the equivalence point of the colloidal
particles are negatively charged AgCl caused of adsorption Cl- ions. Cl-ions are
adsorbed to form the primary solution, which resulted colloidal particles become
negatively charged. After the equivalence point, the excess Ag + ions replace Clions from the primary layer and the particles become positively charged and
anions are interested in the solution to form a secondary layer.

Precipitation Titration

19

Dextrin Functions: protective colloid to keep the sediment is widespread.

pH must be controlled : to guarantee an indicator ion concentration of weak acid
or weak base are available enough.J. REFERENCE

http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.
0/09_Titrimetric
_Methods/9E_Precipitation_Titrations Accessed on Sunday, December

21st 2013 at 15.42

http://dwb.unl.edu/Teacher/NSF/C14/C14Links/www.chem.ualberta.ca/cour
ses/plambeck/
p101/p01194.htm Accessed on Sunday, December 21st 2013 at 15.57
http://freshlysqueezedwater.org.uk/waterarticle_watercontent.php

Accessed on Sunday,
December 21st 2013 at 16.30
Jeffery, GH, Bassett J, Mendhan J,Denny RC, 1989.VOGELs Textbook of
Quantitative Chemical Analysis. Ed 5. London : Logman Group
Tim.2013.Panduan Praktikum Kimia Analitik I Dasar-Dasar Kimia Analitik.
Surabaya:Jurusan Kimia FMIPA UNESA

Precipitation Titration

20

K. ATTACHMENT
PICTURE

EXPLANATION

Detrmining Standarization of AgNO3Solution 0.1N With NaCl As Primary

Standard Solution
NaCl after adding by K2CrO4

NaCl after Titrated by AgNO3

Determining Cl- Content on Tap Water

Tap water after adding by K2CrO4

Precipitation Titration

21

Tap water after adding by AgNO3

Precipitation Titration

22

L. CALCULATION
1. Known: V AgNO3
= V1= 5,6 mL; V2= 5,7 mL; V3= 6,0 mL
Mr of NaCl = 100 mL = 0,1 L
Mass of NaCl= 0,5 grams
Asked : N AgNO3?
Answer

mass 1000 0,5 1000

x
=
x
=0,085 M
Mr
V
58,5 100
NNaCl

=Mxn
= 0,085 M x 1 = 0,085 N

1) At V AgNO3= 5,6 mL
Molek AgNO3 = Molek NaCl
N1 . V1
= N2 . V2
N1 . 5,6 mL = 0,085 N . 10 mL
N1
= 0,151 N
2) At V AgNO3= 5,7 mL
Molek AgNO3 = Molek NaCl
N1 . V1
= N2 . V2
N1 . 5,7 mL = 0,085 N . 10 mL
N1
= 0,149 N
3) At V AgNO3= 6,0 mL
Molek AgNO3 = Molek NaCl
N1 . V1
= N2 . V2
N1 . 6,0 mL = 0,085 N . 10 mL
N1
= 0,141 N
N Average

0,151 N +0,149 N +0,141 N

3

= 0,147 N

Precipitation Titration

23

2. Known: V AgNO3 = V1= 0,5 mL; V2= 0,8 mL; V3= 0,5 mL
Asked : Percentage of Cl- on tap water?
Answer
:
m tap water
tap water = picknometer V
=
m

49,23
49,33

= 0,9 grams/mL
=.V
= 0,9 . 10
= 9 grams

1) At Volume AgNO3= 0,5 mL

V Cl- . N Cl= V AgNO3 . N AgNO3
10 . N Cl= 0,5 . 0,147
N Cl = 0,00735 N
2) At Volume AgNO3= 0,8 mL
V Cl- . N Cl= V AgNO3 . N AgNO3
10 . N Cl
= 0,8 . 0,147
N Cl- = 0,01176 N
3) At Volume AgNO3= 0,5 mL
V Cl- . N Cl= V AgNO3 . N AgNO3
10 . N Cl
= 0,5 . 0,147
N Cl- = 0,00735 N

Vaverage =

0,00735 N +0,01176 N +0,00735 N

3

= 0,00882 N
M Cl- = 0,00882 N / 1 eq
= 0,00882 M

Precipitation Titration

24

Mol Cl-= M Cl- . V

= 0,00882 M . 0,1 L
= 0,0008 grams
Mass of Cl-

= mol Cl- . WE NaCl

= 0,0008 grams . 58 grams/mol
= 0,0464 grams

% Cl

0,0464 grams
x 100
9 grams

= 0,0051%

Precipitation Titration

25