Name

admin
alias
ar

Category
SCCS
Misc
Misc

Description
Create and administer SCCS files
Define or display aliases
Create and maintain library archives

asa
at

Text Processing
Process Management

Interpret carriage-control characters

Execute commands at a later time

awk

Text processing

Pattern scanning and processing language

basenam
e
batch
bc

Filesystem

Return non-directory portion of a pathname; see also dirname

Process Management
Misc

Schedule commands to be executed in a batch queue

Arbitrary-precision arithmetic language

bg
c99

Process Management
C Programming

Run jobs in the background

Compile standard C programs

cal

Misc

Print a calendar

cat

Filesystem

Concatenate and print files

cd

Filesystem

Change the working directory

cflow
chgrp
chmod

C Programming
Filesystem
Filesystem

Generate a C-language flowgraph

Change the file group ownership
Change the file modes/attributes/permissions

chown

Filesystem

Change the file ownership

cksum
cmp

Filesystem
Filesystem

Write file checksums and sizes

Compare two files; see also dif

comm

Text Processing

Select or reject lines common to two files

First appeared
PWB UNIX
Version 1 AT&T
UNIX
System V
Version 7 AT&T
UNIX
Version 7 AT&T
UNIX
Version 7 AT&T
UNIX
Version 6 AT&T
UNIX
IEEE Std 1003.12001
Version 5 AT&T
UNIX
Version 1 AT&T
UNIX
Version 6 AT&T
UNIX
System V
PWB UNIX
Version 1 AT&T
UNIX
Version 1 AT&T
UNIX
4.4BSD
Version 1 AT&T
UNIX
Version 4 AT&T
UNIX

comman
d
compress
cp

Shell Programming

Execute a simple command

Filesystem
Filesystem

Compress data
Copy files

crontab
csplit
ctags
cut
cxref
date

Misc
Text Processing
C Programming
Text Processing
C Programming
Misc

Schedule periodic background work

Split files based on context
Create a tags file
Cut out selected fields of each line of a file
Generate a C-language program cross-reference table
Display the date and time

dd

Filesystem

Convert and copy a file

delta
df

SCCS
Filesystem

Make a delta (change) to an SCCS file

Report free disk space

dif

Text processing

Compare two files; see also cmp

dirname
du

Filesystem
Filesystem

Return the directory portion of a pathname; see also basename

Estimate file space usage

echo

Shell programming

Write arguments to standard output

ed

Text processing

The standard text editor

env
ex
expand
expr

Misc
Text processing
Text Processing
Shell Programming

Set the environment for command invocation

Text editor
Convert tabs to spaces
Evaluate arguments as an expression

false

Shell programming

Return false value

fc
fg

Misc
Process Management

Process the command history list

Run jobs in the foreground

4.3BSD
Version 1 AT&T
UNIX
System V
PWB UNIX
3BSD
System III
System V
Version 1 AT&T
UNIX
Version 5 AT&T
UNIX
PWB UNIX
Version 1 AT&T
UNIX
Version 5 AT&T
UNIX
System III
Version 1 AT&T
UNIX
Version 2 AT&T
UNIX
Version 1 AT&T
UNIX
System III
1BSD
3BSD
Version 7 AT&T
UNIX
Version 7 AT&T
UNIX

file

Filesystem

Determine file type

find

Filesystem

Find files

fold
fort77
fuser

Text processing
FORTRAN77 Programming
Process Management

gencat
get
getconf
getopts
grep

Misc
SCCS
Misc
Shell Programming
Misc

Filter for folding lines

FORTRAN compiler
List process IDs of all processes that have one or more files
open
Generate a formatted message catalog
Get a version of an SCCS file
Get configuration values
Parse utility options
Search text for a pattern

hash
head

Misc
Text processing

hash database access method

Copy the first part of files

Version 4 AT&T
UNIX
Version 1 AT&T
UNIX
1BSD
XPG4
System V
PWB UNIX
Version 4 AT&T
UNIX
PWB UNIX[citation
needed]

iconv
id
ipcrm

Text processing
Misc
Misc

ipcs
jobs
join

Misc
Process Management
Text Processing

kill

Process Management

Codeset conversion
Return user identity
Remove a message queue, semaphore set, or shared memory
segment identifier
Report interprocess communication facilities status
Display status of jobs in the current session
Merges two sorted text files based on the presence of a
common field
Terminate or signal processes

lex

C Programming

Generate programs for lexical tasks

link

Filesystem

Create a hard link to a file

ln

Filesystem

Link files

locale
localedef

Misc
Misc

Get locale-specific information

Define locale environment

HP-UX
4.4BSD
System V
System V
Version
UNIX
Version
UNIX
Version
UNIX
Version
UNIX
Version
UNIX

7 AT&T
4 AT&T
7 AT&T
1 AT&T
1 AT&T

logger
logname
lp
ls

Shell programming
Misc
Text Processing
Filesystem

Log messages
Return the user's login name
Send files to a printer
List directory contents

m4
mailx

Misc
Misc

Macro processor
Process messages

make
man

Programming
Misc

Maintain, update, and regenerate groups of programs

Display system documentation

mesg

Misc

Permit or deny messages

mkdir

Filesystem

Make directories

mkfifo
more
mv

Filesystem
Text processing
Filesystem

Make FIFO special files

Display files on a page-by-page basis
Move files

newgrp

Misc

Change to a new group (functionaliy similar to sg[1])

nice

Process Management

Invoke a utility with an altered nice value

nl
nm

Text Processing
C Programming

Line numbering filter

Write the name list of an object file

nohup

Process Management

Invoke a utility immune to hangups

od

Misc

Dump files in various formats

paste

Text processing

Merge corresponding or subsequent lines of files

patch
pathchk
pax

Text processing
Filesystem
Misc

Apply changes to files

Check pathnames
Portable archive interchange

4.3BSD
4.4BSD
System V
Version 1 AT&T
UNIX
PWB UNIX
Version 1 AT&T
UNIX
PWB UNIX
Version 2 AT&T
UNIX
Version 1 AT&T
UNIX
Version 1 AT&T
UNIX
4.4BSD
3BSD
Version 1 AT&T
UNIX
Version 6 AT&T
UNIX
Version 4 AT&T
UNIX
System III
Version 1 AT&T
UNIX
Version 4 AT&T
UNIX
Version 1 AT&T
UNIX
Version 32V AT&T
UNIX
4.3BSD
4.4BSD

pr

Text processing

Print files

printf
prs
ps

Shell programming
SCCS
Process Management

Write formatted output

Print an SCCS file
Report process status

pwd

Filesystem

print working directory - Return working directory name

qalter
qdel
qhold
qmove
qmsg
qrerun
qrls
qselect
qsig
qstat
qsub
read
renice
rm

Batch Utilities
Batch Utilities
Batch Utilities
Batch Utilities
Batch Utilities
Batch Utilities
Batch Utilities
Batch Utilities
Batch Utilities
Batch Utilities
Batch Utilities
Shell Programming
Process Management
Filesystem

Alter batch job

Delete batch jobs
Hold batch jobs
Move batch jobs
Send message to batch jobs
Rerun batch jobs
Release batch jobs
Select batch jobs
Signal batch jobs
Show status of batch jobs
Submit a script
Read a line from standard input
Set nice values of running processes
Remove directory entries

rmdel
rmdir

SCCS
Filesystem

Remove a delta from an SCCS file

Remove directories

sact
sccs
sed

SCCS
SCCS
Text processing

Print current SCCS file-editing activity

Front end for the SCCS subsystem
Stream editor

sh

Shell programming

Shell, the standard command language interpreter

Version 1 AT&T
UNIX
4.3BSD-Reno
PWB UNIX
Version 4 AT&T
UNIX
Version 5 AT&T
UNIX

4BSD
Version 1 AT&T
UNIX
PWB UNIX
Version 1 AT&T
UNIX
System III
4.3BSD
Version 7 AT&T
UNIX
Version 7 AT&T
UNIX (in earlier
versions, sh was
either the
Thompson shell

sleep

Shell programming

Suspend execution for an interval

sort

Text Processing

Sort, merge, or sequence check text files

split

Misc

Split files into pieces

strings
strip

C Programming
C Programming

Find printable strings in files

Remove unnecessary information from executable files

stty

Misc

Set the options for a terminal

tabs
tail

Misc
Text processing

Set terminal tabs

Copy the last part of a file

or the PWB shell)

Version 4 AT&T
UNIX
Version 1 AT&T
UNIX
Version 3 AT&T
UNIX
2BSD
Version 1 AT&T
UNIX
Version 2 AT&T
UNIX
PWB UNIX
PWB UNIX[citation
needed]

talk
tee

Misc
Shell programming

Talk to another user

Duplicate standard input

test

Shell programming

Evaluate expression

time

Process Management

Time a simple command

touch

Filesystem

Change file access and modification times

tput
tr

Misc
Text processing

Change terminal characteristics

Translate characters

true

Shell programming

Return true value

tsort

Text processing

Topological sort

tty

Misc

Return user's terminal name

type

Misc

Displays how a name would be interpreted if used as a

command

4.2BSD
Version 5 AT&T
UNIX
Version 7 AT&T
UNIX
Version 3 AT&T
UNIX
Version 7 AT&T
UNIX
System V
Version 4 AT&T
UNIX
Version 7 AT&T
UNIX
Version 7 AT&T
UNIX
Version 1 AT&T
UNIX

ulimit
umask
unalias
uname
uncompr
ess
unexpan
d
unget
uniq

Misc
Misc
Misc
Misc
Misc

Set or report file size limit

Get or set the file mode creation mask
Remove alias definitions
Return system name
Expand compressed data

Text Processing

Convert spaces to tabs

3BSD

SCCS
Text Processing

Undo a previous get of an SCCS file

Report or filter out repeated lines in a file

unlink

Filesystem

Call the unlink function

uucp

Network

System-to-system copy

uudecod
e
uuencod
e
uustat
uux

Network

Decode a binary file

System III
Version 3 AT&T
UNIX
Version 1 AT&T
UNIX
Version 7 AT&T
UNIX
4BSD

Network

Encode a binary file

4BSD

Network
Process Management

uucp status inquiry and job control

Remote command execution

val
vi
wait

SCCS
Text processing
Process Management

Validate SCCS files

Screen-oriented (visual) display editor
Await process completion

wc

Text processing

Line, word and byte or character count

what
who

SCCS
System Administration

Identify SCCS files

Display who is on the system

write

Misc

Write to another user's terminal

xargs
yacc

Shell Programming
C Programming

Construct argument lists and invoke utility

Yet another compiler compiler

System III
Version 7 AT&T
UNIX
System III
1BSD
Version 4 AT&T
UNIX
Version 1 AT&T
UNIX
PWB UNIX
Version 1 AT&T
UNIX
Version 1 AT&T
UNIX
PWB UNIX
PWB UNIX

System III
PWB UNIX
4.3BSD

zcat

Text Processing

Expand and concatenate data

4.3BSD