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Load Fatigue of
Teeth Restored With
Cast Posts and Cores and
Complete Crowns
jack I. Nicholls,
PhD*'
Twenty-five extracted human central incisors were divided into five groups
and prepared for complete cast crowns. Test teeth had cast dowel cores
fabricated with the ferrule height varying from 0.5 to 2.0 mm in 0.5-mm
increments. The five control leeth did not have cast dowel cores. A 4.0-kg
load was applied to each of the restored teeth at an angle of 135 degrees to
the long axis of each tooth. This load was applied cyclically at a rate of 72
cycles per minute. The load application point was predetermined by a
waxing jig that was used to wax all crowns. The primary variable was the
ferrule length. The independent variable was the number of load cycles
required to create preliminary failure. Preliminary failure was defined here as
the loss of the sealing cement layer between crown and tooth. An electrical
resistance strain gauge was used to provide evidence of preliminary failure.
The results of this study showed that the 0.5 mm and 1,0 mm ferrule lengths
failed at a significantly lower number of cycles than the 1.5 mm and 2.0 mm
ferrule lengths and control teeth. Int J Proithodont I995;8:l 35-16!.
155
2.0 mm. Preliminary failure defined the completion of each test. The controls were central incisors
with complete cast crowns, without posts and
cores.
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Volume B, Nu.
bmaiVN icholl s
Control
Fig 1
Group 1
Load Fatigue o Cssl Posts & Cotes a ntl Complete Cast Crowns
Group 2
Group 3
Group 4
Diagrammatic representation of the four test groups and the control group.
Tooth Dimensions
Prior to iuting of the post and core, the buccolingual dimensions of each tooth at the crown finish lines were measured and recorded.
Fatigue Loading Device
The fatigue loading device was designed and
fabricated at the University of Washington, and has
been previously described,'' In keeping with the
157
158
Volume e,N
Load FaligLe of Cast Posts & Cores and Complete Cast Cri
Ferrule
length (mm)
1
2
3
4
0.5
1.0
15
20
-
Control
Mean
Standard
deviation
113
1140
71,651
60,045
91,208
Statistical
subsets""
83
665
53,590
26,604
49,891
Statistical Analysis
lP<.05|.
The independent variable recorded was the
number of load cycles to preliminary failure. This
variable was subjected to a one-way ANOVA, with
the Student-Newman-Keuls test used to define significant subsets at the 95% confidence level.
Results
Table 1 shows the number of load fatigue cycles
required to create preliminary failure for each test
group- This table also contains the results of the
statistical analysis, with statistical subsets defined
by the vertical bars. These results are also shown in
bar graph form in Fig 5. The one-way ANOVA test
revealed that Croups 1 and 2 were significantly
different from Groups 3, 4, and tbe control group
(P< .05). It should be noted here that one sample
in the control group exhibited root fracture prior to
preliminary failure. Thus, only four samples for this
group were evaluated in the statistical analysis.
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o
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159
a I of Prostliodontics
Fig 6
Fig 7
Microleakage Evaluation
In all test groups, ink penetration occurred
between the crown margin and lingual tooth finish
line, up the ferrule, and into the tooth-core interface (Fig 61. In some specimens there was evidence
of microleakage in the coronal portion of the post
space (Fig 7). In no instance was ink observed
between the crown and core.
Discussion
Earlier studies adopted a 2-mm ferrule length as
being necessary for long-term clinical success of
endodontically treated teeth.'"" For the conditions
applied in this study, the results suggest that the
minimum ferrule length for a central incisor should
be 1.5 mm, since there was a significant increase
in the number of load cycles to preliminary failure
when the ferrule length was increased from 1.0
mm to 1.5 (Table 11.
The number of cycles to preliminary failure was
correlated with buccolingual dimensions of the test
teeth. No significant correlation was found. There
was an unexpected drop in the number of cycles to
preiiminary failure when the ferrule length was
increased from 1.5 to 2.0 mm. Although not significant, this drop may be explained by the greater
crown height associated with the 2.0 mm ferrule
that introdLtced a greater bending moment or dislodging moment on the crown.
Preliminary failure did occur for the control
group even though the preparations were entirely
on tooth structure. The complete crown preparation
of the central incisor provides minimal resistance
form when loaded from the lingual (Fig 1|. Thus,
crown disiodgment is possible for this restoration.
Conclusion
Twenty-five central incisors were restored with
cast posts and cores and complete crowns, and
subjected to a cyclically varying (fatigue) 4-kg
load. These twenty-five teeth were divided into
four test groups and one control group according
to the ferrule length of the crown. The test groups
had ferrule lengths of 0,5 mm, 1.0 mm, 1.5 mm
160
Libman/Nichoils
l.o.id F.KiKiie ct" Cast Posts , Cores and Complete Casi Crowns
15.
References
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