CS425: Computer Networks

Bhaskaran Raman
[braman] AT [cse.iitk.ac.in]

http://www.cse.iitk.ac.in/users/braman/cs425/

Department of CSE, IIT Kanpur

Jul-Dec 2006

Lecture 02: Fri, 04 Aug 2006

 Updates/Announcements
●
Course web-page is up
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Lecture times (CS101):
– Mon 11-12, Fri 5-6:30
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Tutorial times (CS101):
– Tue 4:30-6, Wed 11-12:30, Thu 5:30-7
– May be reduced to one hour
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Will have to move to LHC if needed
 Recap and Lecture Outline
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Recap:
– What is a network?
– What is a protocol?
●
Lecture outline:
– What are the required/desirable functionalities?
– How to structure them?
– Concepts of layering, encapsulation
– Physical layer encoding (Kameswari Chebrolu)
Required/Desired Functionalities
●
Modulation, ●
Multiplexing,
demodulation demultiplexing
●
Encoding ●
Quality-of-Service
●
Framing ●
Security
●
Detect, correct errors ●
Compression
●
Medium Access Control ●
Naming, addressing
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Routing ●
Application
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Reliability
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In-order delivery
 OSI Layering
●
What is layering? Application

– “ Structuring technique Presentation

which permits the
network... to be viewed Session
as logically composed of Transport
a succession of layers,
each wrapping the lower Network
layers and isolating them Link-Layer-Ctrl
from higher layers” Medium-Access
[Zim80] Physical
   
 Advantages of Layering
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Handle heterogeneity
●
Software reuse, modularity
●
Allows extensibility, new technologies

   
 Inter-Layer Communication

Layer N+1 Layer N+1

Downcall Upcall

Layer N Layer N

Layer N-1 Layer N-1

PHY
Host-1 Host-2

Interface definition between layers is crucial

   
 Encapsulation & Decapsulation

Layer N+1 Layer N+1

Layer N Layer N

Layer N-1 Layer N-1

PHY
Host-1 Host-2

Each layer adds/removes its header

   
 Logical Communication between
Layers at the Same Level
Application Application
Logical

Transport Transport
Logical

Network Network
Logical

LLC/MAC LLC/MAC
Logical

PHY PHY
PHY

  Host-1   Host-2
 End-to-end versus Hop-by-hop
Application Application
Logical

Transport Transport
Logical

Network Network Network Network

Logical Logical Logical

LLC/MAC LLC/MAC LLC/MAC LLC/MAC

Logical Logical Logical

PHY PHY PHY PHY

PHY PHY PHY
End-Host-1 Intermediate- Intermediate- End-Host-2
Host-1 Host-2
   
 Summary of Concepts
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Layering
●
Inter-layer communication
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Encapsulation
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End-to-end versus hop-by-hop communication
●
Concepts not covered from Chapter-1 of
Peterson book:
– Packet switching
– Sockets
– Protocol graph
  – Bandwidth-Delay Product
  (BDP)