CHARARCTERISTICS OF ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS

1. Aim of the experiment

Here the purpuse of the experiment is to measure the position using Reflective Opto
Transducers , Gray Coded Disc , and Servo Potentiometer and also we will use Inductive
Transducers , and Tacho-Generator for speed measurement.
2.1.1. Experiment

This is the known values upward and here the experimental results
Positio C
B
A
n
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
2
0
1
1
3
0
1
0
4
1
1
0
5
1
1
1

6
7

1
1

0
0

1
0

As you see here the experimental values are all same with the known value.We found
the experimental values with rotating the shaft of the motor .We can easily understand
that light emitted led means 1 and the dark one 0.So we filled the table according to
this information.
Table 2.2
Output
Output Voltage
LED OFF
LED ON
A
B
C

0,6
1,3
0,65

4,85
4,88
4,85

Here in table 2.2 as you see ,we found output voltages of leds.We turned the shaft until
we saw the maximum and minimum voltage values.
Question 1.1
The electrical circuit arrangement for the reflective opto transducer is like that ;

The digiac 1750 (D1750) unit is a comprehensive transducer and instrumentation trainer
with examples of a full range of input and output transducers, signal conditioning circuits
and display devices. The unit is self contained and enables the characteristics of
individual devices to be studied and also their interconnection to form complete closed
loop systems. The only additional items recommended are an electronic voltmeter and an
oscilloscope.

Question 1.2
The reflective opto sensor is a device employing an infrared L.E.D. and photo
transistor.The components are arranged so that the beam is returned if a reflective

surface is placed at the correct distance.The reflective surface is a gray coded adhesive
overlay on a aluminum disk which revolves with the drive shaft.

Gray code is a sequence of binary numbers where only one bit changes at a time.
Marching through the integer sequence then only requires flipping one bit at a time which
in certain applications drastically reduces any errors. With Gray code only one bit is
changing from OFF to ON and therefore there is no error. In automation it's particularly
good for position transducers used to measure the angle of a shaft. This application
benefits from the cyclic nature of Gray codes, because the first and last values of the
sequence are different by only one bit. That is, if you feel like going round and round in
circles.
In an optical absolute encoder there is a disk with a Gray code pattern like so...

Black areas produce a low

voltage output from the associated reflective opto sensor while white areas reflect infared produce a high voltage.
A beam of light, LED or laser, is shot through the disk and the light is picked up on the
other side by a gang of phototransistors. This light is converted into electrical signals
which can be read as Gray code or converted to BCD. As the shaft (and therefore the
disk) rotate the light coming through the holes changes but only slightly based on the
Gray code. Thus the controller reading the phototransistors knows the exact position of
the shaft.
Question 1.3
If the signals in all parts of a control system are continuous functions of time, the system
is Classified as continuous time feedback control system. Typically all control signals
are of low frequency and if these signals are unmodulated, the system is known as a
d.c.control system.
These systems use potentiometers as error detectors, d.c amplifiers to amplify
the error signal, d.c. servo motor asactuating device and d.c tachometers or
potentiometers as feedback elements.If the control signal is modulated by an a.c carrier
wave, the resulting system is usually referred to as an a.c control system.These systems
frequently use synchros as error detectors and modulators of error signal, a.c amplifiers
to amplify the error signal and a.c servo motors as actuators. These motors also serve as
demodulators and produce an unmodulated output signal.

2.2.1. Experiment: Characteristics of a Servo Potentiometer

Output
Voltage(v)
5.00
4.67
3.78
2.8
1.9
0.94
0.05
-0.84
-1.68
-2.56
-3.44
-4.26
-5.00

Dial
Setting(degree)
163
150
120
90
60
30
0
-30
-60
-90
-120
-150
185

Table 4: output voltage servo potentiometer

Here we changed the values of the degrees on the servo potentiometer clockwise and
also counterclockwise to find the maximum negative and maximum positive value of the
voltage.Then other samples of voltages were recorded according to the control dial
setting.

Question 2.1
-As we know from the experiment input voltages of it changes between 5 and 5 volt.So
we should observe that maximum values should be 5 and 5.
-Error-sensing negative feedback to correct the performance of a mechanism.
-It applies only to systems where the feedback or error-correction signals help control
mechanical position, speed or other parameters.
Question 2.2
The charateristic of servo potentiometer around 0 degree is ; output voltage is too
small nearly zero and the value will not be measured with perfect accuracy.

Question 2.3
The output voltage is approximately 5 volt.And this output is the max voltage value.After
180 degree ; voltage decreasing with time.

2.3.1.Experiment: Characteristics of an Inductive Transducer

The maximum output voltage when the slot is immediately above the inductive sensor =
6.5V
Output voltage with the slot over the inductor = 6.73 volt
Maximum value of output voltage = 7.14 volt
Counting or speed measurement :
Speed of shaft recorded with the inductive sensor = 6 rev/sec
The speed of the shaft recorded without Low Pass Filter = 195 rev/sec
Table 2.6 The shaft speed for comparison
Motor Voltage
2V
Shaft
Speed
(rev/sec)
Inductive
6
Transducer
Slotted
Opto 5

4V

7V

10V

14

28

31

14

27

40

Transducer

2.4.1 experiment : Characteristics of a DC Permanent Magnet Tacho-Generator

Table 2.8 The output voltage against shaft speed

Output
Voltage(Movin
g Coil Meter) ,
V
2
2.5
5.0
7.0
9.5

Shatft
Speed(rev/sec) ,
n
5
10
20
30
40

Question 4.1
The output voltages versus to shaft speed graph explains that chacteristic of tachogenearator is nearly linear because voltage is doubled and speed of shaft is nearly
doubled and voltage is four times to first voltage and then speed of the shaft is
approximately eight times greater than first speed. When the values are getting bigger ,
the linearity gets worse.
Calibration of the moving coil meter to indicate speed directly :
Table 9: The motor speed
Shaft
Speed 600
(rev/min)
Calculated
10
Shaft
Speed
(rev/sec)
Shaft
Speed 11
from Counter
(rev/sec)

Question 4.2

1000

1200

1600

17

20

26

17

22

28

Using counter is easier than using calibrated Moving Coil Meter for setting the motor
speed, because you don't need to calibrate the counter.

CONCLUSON
Generally ; in this experiment we measured position and speed using various
components of DIGIAC 1750 and also using them we construct the circuit which is
needed.We learned the properties of the most of the components of DIGIAC 1750 as
expressed in the answers of the questions.