Class 30: Outline

Hour 1:
Traveling & Standing Waves
Hour 2:
Electromagnetic (EM) Waves

P30- 1

Last Time:
Traveling Waves

P30- 2

Traveling Sine Wave

Now consider f(x) = y = y0sin(kx):
Amplitude (y0)

2
Wavelength ( ) =
wavenumber (k )

x
What is g(x,t) = f(x+vt)? Travels to left at velocity v
y = y0sin(k(x+vt)) = y0sin(kx+kvt)
P30- 3

Traveling Sine Wave

y = y0 sin ( kx + kvt )

At x=0, just a function of time: y = y0 sin( kvt ) y0 sin( t )

Amplitude (y0)

1
Period (T ) =
frequency (f )
2
=
angular frequency ( )

P30- 4

Traveling Sine Wave

i Wavelength:
i Frequency : f
i Wave Number: k =

y = y0 sin(kx t )
2

i Angular Frequency: = 2 f
1 2
i Period: T = =

i Speed of Propagation: v =

=f

k
i Direction of Propagation: + x

P30- 5

This Time:
Standing Waves

P30- 6

Standing Waves
What happens if two waves headed in opposite
directions are allowed to interfere?

E1 = E0 sin(kx t )

E2 = E0 sin(kx + t )

Superposition: E = E1 + E2 = 2 E0 sin( kx) cos( t )

P30- 7

Standing Waves: Who Cares?

Most commonly seen in resonating systems:
Musical Instruments, Microwave Ovens

E = 2 E0 sin(kx) cos( t )

P30- 8

Standing Waves: Bridge

Tacoma Narrows Bridge Oscillation:

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/bridge/tacoma3.html

P30- 9

Group Work: Standing Waves

Do Problem 2

E1 = E0 sin(kx t )

E2 = E0 sin(kx + t )

Superposition: E = E1 + E2 = 2 E0 sin( kx) cos( t )

P30- 10

Last Time:
Maxwells Equations

P30- 11

Maxwells Equations
Qin

E dA =
S

(Gauss's Law)

dB
C E d s = dt

(Faraday's Law)

B dA = 0

(Magnetic Gauss's Law)

dE
C B d s = 0 I enc + 0 0 dt

(Ampere-Maxwell Law)

F = q (E + v B)

(Lorentz force Law)

P30- 12

Which Leads To
EM Waves

P30- 13

Electromagnetic Radiation:
Plane Waves

http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/8/8.02T/f04/visualizations/light/07-EBlight/07-EB_Light_320.html
P30- 14

Traveling E & B Waves

i Wavelength:
i Frequency : f

E sin( kx t )
E=E
0

i Wave Number: k =

i Angular Frequency: = 2 f
1 2
i Period: T = =

i Speed of Propagation: v =

=f

k
i Direction of Propagation: + x

P30- 15

Properties of EM Waves
Travel (through vacuum) with
speed of light

v=c=

m
= 3 10
s
0 0
8

At every point in the wave and any instant of time,

E and B are in phase with one another, with

E E0
=
=c
B B0
E and B fields perpendicular to one another, and to
the direction of propagation (they are transverse):

Direction of propagation = Direction of E B

P30- 16

PRS Questions:
Direction of Propagation

P30- 17

How Do Maxwells Equations

Lead to EM Waves?
Derive Wave Equation

P30- 18

Wave Equation
d
E dA
Start with Ampere-Maxwell Eq: B d s = 0 0

dt
C

P30- 19

Wave Equation
d
E dA
Start with Ampere-Maxwell Eq: B d s = 0 0

dt
C
Apply it to red rectangle:

B d s = B ( x, t )l B ( x + dx, t )l
z

E y

d
0 0 E dA = 0 0 l dx

dt
t

E y
Bz ( x + dx, t ) Bz ( x, t )

= 0 0
t
dx
So in the limit that dx is very small:

E y
Bz

= 0 0
x
t
P30- 20

Wave Equation
Now go to Faradays Law

d
C E d s = dt B dA

P30- 21

Wave Equation
d
C E d s = dt B dA

Faradays Law:
Apply it to red rectangle:

E d s = E ( x + dx, t )l E ( x, t )l
y

Bz
d
B dA = ldx
t
dt
E y ( x + dx, t ) E y ( x, t )
dx

Bz
=
t

So in the limit that dx is very small:

E y

Bz
=
x
t
P30- 22

1D Wave Equation for E

E y

Bz
=
x
t

E y
Bz

= 0 0
x
t

Take x-derivative of 1st and use the 2nd equation

E y

x x

2 Ey

Bz
=
=
2
x t
x

Ey

Bz

=
t x

2 Ey

= 0 0
2
t

Ey
2

= 0 0

2
P30- 23

1D Wave Equation for E

Ey
2

Ey
2

= 0 0

This is an equation for a wave. Let:

Ey
2

x
2 Ey
2

= f '' ( x vt )
= v f '' ( x vt )

E y = f ( x vt )

v =
2

0 0
P30- 24

1D Wave Equation for B

E y
Bz
=
t
x

E y
Bz
= 0 0
x
t

Take x-derivative of 1st and use the 2nd equation

Bz Bz E y

= 2 =
t t t
t x
2

E y
=
x t

1 Bz
=
2

0 0

Bz
Bz
=

0 0
2
2
x
t
2

P30- 25

Electromagnetic Radiation
Both E & B travel like waves:

Ey
2

Ey
2

= 0 0

Bz
Bz

=
0
0
2
2
x
t
2

But there are strict relations between them:

E y
Bz
=
t
x

E y
Bz
= 0 0
x
t

Here, Ey and Bz are the same, traveling along x axis

P30- 26

Amplitudes of E & B
Let E y = E0 f ( x vt ) ; Bz = B0 f ( x vt )
E y
Bz
=
vB0 f ' ( x vt ) = E0 f ' ( x vt )
t
x

vB0 = E0
Ey and Bz are the same, just different amplitudes
P30- 27

Group Problem:
EM Standing Waves
Consider EM Wave approaching a perfect conductor:

0 cos(kz t )
Eincident = xE

If the conductor fills the XY plane at Z=0 then the

wave will reflect and add to the incident wave
1. What must the total E field (Einc+Eref) at Z=0 be?
2. What is Ereflected for this to be the case?
3. What are the accompanying B fields? (Binc & Bref)
4. What are Etotal and Btotal? What is B(Z=0)?
5. What current must exist at Z=0 to reflect the
wave? Give magnitude and direction.

Recall: cos ( A + B ) = cos ( A ) cos ( B ) sin ( A ) sin ( B )

P30- 28

Next Time: How Do We

Generate Plane Waves?

http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/8/8.02T/f04/visualizations/light/09-planewaveapp/09planewaveapp320.html
P30- 29