HVAC Systems

Complying To ECBC
EMERSON CLIMATE TECHNOLOGIES (I) LIMITED

Energy Conservation Building Code 2007

Applicable To Buildings With > 500KW Load Or 1000 Sq M

Conditioned Space

Prescribes Norms & Standards For Energy Consumption In Per

Sq M Basis

Bureau Of Energy Efficiency (BEE) Mandated To Prescribe

Guidelines For ECBC

Central And State Governments Can Amend ECBC To Suit

Regional And Local Climatic Conditions

ECBC 2007 Will Become Mandatory To Comply Once Legislated

Now At Voluntary Adoption Stage

Scope For ECBC

Covers Entire Aspects Related To Energy Utility In A Building

Building Aesthetics

Building Envelop

Mechanical Systems And Equipments Including HVAC Systems

Lighting Systems : Interior & Exterior

Service Hot Water

Electrical Motors In Non-Conditioned Buildings

Building Energy Consumption Pattern

Ventilation Fans

5%

MIS Equip

16%

57%
22%
Lighting

Air Conditioning

Key Market Considerations For

Air Conditioning
Residential
(House, Villa, Apartment)
End User




Lifecycle

Cost



Better

Comfort


Aesthetics

Commercial
(Office, Hotel, Factory)


Lifecycle

Cost


Operating

Flexibility

Better Comfort



Sound

Facility
Professional




Easy

Installation




Easy

Installation



Reliability



Reliability



Billing



Easy



Easy

Per Usage

Maintenance

Maintenance



Billing

Per Usage


Scalability

Key Drivers For High Efficiency AC

Government Regulations

Energy Efficiency Standards

Market Dynamics

Energy Standards Awareness & Pull From Users

Competitive Scenario

LEED Rating Requirements Of End Users

Carbon Credit Potential

Year-Round Site Conditions

Pune Site Example
8

Unit Selection Is Made For Peak

Load Consideration

Only 20% Of Time The Actual Space

Heat Load Is >80%

45% Of Time The Actual Heat Load Is

Between 40% - 80% The Appliance
Capacity

35% Of Time Capacity Needed

7
6

tons

5
4
3
2
1
0
9.00 AM

12.00 AM

Summer

3.00 PM

Monsoon

6.00 PM

Is <40%

Winter

An efficient capacity control

solution is very much essential

HVAC Complying To ECBC

Design Considerations

Equipment Selection

Technology Trends

Operation & Maintenance

Design Considerations

Roof Shading, Insulation

Reduce Solar Gain Through Glasses

Consider 24oC For Heat Load Estimate For Comfort

Efficient Lighting

Reduce Starting Current

Multiple Compressor
Unloaded Start
Soft Starter

Review Diversity Factor And Yearly Heat Load To Optimise Plant

Capacity

Equipment Selection

Non Ducted Split AC

Multiple Ducted Or Packaged ACs

Water Chillers

Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) Units

Non Ducted Split AC

Split AC Contributes To 55% of 1.8Mn Pcs Sold In India In FY07

IS1391:2002 & ISO 5151:1994 Standards Followed

Trends So Far

First Cost IS The Concern For OEMs

Low Cost, Low Efficiency Compressors & AC s From China

Unverified Claims By OEMs On System COP

Todays Scenario

Awareness On Efficiency Brought Back To Centre Stage With India

Labeling Norms In FY07

In Voluntary Adoption Phase Now

Expected To Become Mandatory In June08

Room AC Energy Standards

India Efficiency Plans
Applicable Upto 3TR Window & Split
2007 2008 2010

Single Point 350C Ambient Rating

3.1

3.3

3.5 Star 5

Balanced Ambient Calorimeter Method

2.9

3.1

3.3 Star 4

Now In Voluntary Adoption Phase

2.7

2.9

3.1 Star 3

2.5

2.7

2.9 Star 2

Buy Only Star Labeled AC

Higher Star Results In Higher Saving

2.3

2.5

2.7 Star 1

Initial Cost Offset By Faster Pay Back

Pay Back With 5 Star AC

Ene rgy Sa vings For End Use r With High Efficie ncy Airconditione r

No of hours of ope ra tion : Conse rva tive e stim a te : 768 hours (8 hours x 30 da ys x 4 m onths x 80% run tim e )
Ele ctricity ta riff : INR 5.60 in Mum ba i

Appliance
size

Annual Energy
cost Zero star
AC (INR)

Annual Savings
of 1 Star(INR)
Over Zero star

Annual Energy
cost 1 star AC
(INR)

Annual Energy
cost 5 star

Annual Savings
of 5 star (INR)
over zero star

Annual Savings
of 5 star (INR)
over 1 star

2HP(1.5TR)

10304

9856

448

7313

2992

2543

2.5HP(2TR)

13739

13141

597

9750

3989

3391

Higher Initial Cost

(INR)*

Annual Savings
(INR)

Pay Back Period

(Years)

2HP (1.5TR)

6000

2543

2.4

2.5HP (2TR)

8000

3391

2.4

* INR 1500 To 2000 Per Higher Star

Multiple Ducted / Packaged AC

Ducted AC

Packaged AC

Outdoor Unit

Ducted / Packaged ACs

Trends So Far

Have Higher COP Than Room AC Due To High Efficiency 12 Btu/W

Scroll Compressors

Todays Scenario

Few OEMs Started Bringing Low Cost, Low Efficiency Compressors &
AC s From China

OEMs Stop Publishing Power Consumption Value On Catalogues

Will Be Difficult To Control At Small Offices / Non-Consultants Jobs

Improved Awareness On ECBC Could Be The Anti-Dote

Typical Application Layout

Energy Saving Guidelines
Separate Out Continuous
Use And Intermittent Use
Area. Apply Individual
Equipments
Pay More Attention To
Ducting And Air
Distribution
If Poorly Done, Will Lead
To Frequent Thermostat
Adjustments & Guzzling Of
Energy
Minimise Tubing Length;
Every 10C Pressure Drop
Impacts Capacity By 2%

Multiple Ducted / Packaged AC

Merits

Aesthetics Of Central AC

Capacity Control

Very Good Efficiency & Reliability

Through Use Of Scroll
Compressors

Mostly Air Cooled Version

Serves the Scarce Water Scenario

Easy To Operate; No Operation &

Maintenance Team

Lowest 1st Cost Amongst All

Options

Faster Installation

De Merits

Packaged AC s Consumes Costly

Floor Space; Ducted ACs Growing

Water Chillers

Scroll Chiller

Screw Chiller

Recip Chiller

Rotative Technologies Replace Reciprocating Technology

Mostly Air Cooled Version, Due To Scarce Water Supply
Air Cooled Modular Construction Provides Installation Flexibility

Water Chillers Trends / Constraints

ARI550 / 590 Standards

Conventionally Known; Lot Of Available Standards

India OEMs In The Process Of Applying For ARI Certification

Need To Establish Test Facilities & Comply With Norms

Offer Good Efficiency Due To High Efficiency Scroll / Screw /

Centrifugal Compressors

OEMs Do Not Publish Power Consumption Values

Water Chiller Systems

Merits

De Merits

Central AC Aesthetics

Higher Overall Cost

Capacity Control

Costly Floor Space For AHUs

And Occasionally Chiller

Good Efficiency

Operation & Maintenance

Personnel Required

Longer Installation Period

Multi Compressors Offer

Standby Facility

Standby For Higher Capacity

Screw Or Centrifugal May Push
Up 1st Cost

Minimum Equipment Efficiency

Chiller Capacity

Type

COP

IPLV

< 150TR

Air Cooled

2.90

3.16

> 150TR

Air Cooled

3.05

3.22

< 150TR

Water Cooled

4.70

5.49

150 300TR

Water Cooled

5.40

6.17

> 300TR

Water Cooled

5.75

6.43

DX Air Conditioners To Comply With BIS / ASHRAE Standards

BMS Needed To Comply With Control Requirements

3 Different Day Start-Stop Schedule Per Week

VFD For Pumps To Meet Hydronic Balancing

Soft Water MUST For Chiller And Condenser Circuits

VRF - Multi Evaporator Central A/C

Controller
Digital Scroll

Residential Traditional

Residential Central

Fixed Speed Systems Do Not Match

Load Requirements

Capacity

Compressor Output

Compressor
Cycling
(Inefficient)
Inadequate
Heating

-20

-10

10

20

Inadequate
Cooling

30

Ambient Temperature (o C)

Heating

Cooling

40

Modulated Compressor Matches Supply & Demand

Capacity

Capacity Matches Load

Energy Savings
High Comfort

Compressor Output

Inverter 40% - 100%

Digital Scroll 10% - 100%

-20

-10

10

20

30

Ambient Temperature (o C)

Heating

Cooling

40

Typical Modulated System Configuration

Communication

Outdoor Unit

Single/Multiple Indoor Units

Merits Of VRF Applications



Saves Operating Cost By As Much As 30 40%, Depending On Technology

More Precise Room Temperature &
Humidity Control

Superior Aesthetics On Both Interior &
Exterior

Allows More Flexible Design For The
Interior

Zoning Flexibility In Operation & Billing

Scalable Important Financing
Consideration


Very Easy To Operate; NO need Of
Operation & Maintenance Team

1st Cost In Between Packaged AC &
Chiller

VRF AC
De Merits

Needs Qualified & Certified Installers

OEMs Pay Special Attention

VRF Standards Followed In India

Standard

ARI /GB(Chinese standard)

JIS (Japanese standard)

Reference No

ARI 340/360, GB18837-2002

JIS B8616 - 2006

Applicable

Capacity modulation system

Capacity modulation system

Measurement

IPLV (Integrated Part load

value)

APF (Annual power factor)

Testing condition Both indoor and outdoor @

(Cooling capacity) 27C DBT/19 C WBT

Indoor :27C DBT/19C WBT,

Outdoor: 35 C DBT

Performance
measured @

Performance measured @ 100

% & 50 % Load condition

100%,75%, 50%, 25% Load

condition

Climatic condition ARI: Common for all climate

GB: Specific For China

Specific For Japan Climate

Central AC Technology Participation

China Example
Pieces (000)
400

Chiller
Ducted
VRF

CAGR
FY03-06
21.1%
16.4%
65.5%

300

240

64

375
80

Chiller

150

Ducted

145

VRF

300

200

172
45

55
127
110

100

95
110
75
0

Residential
Commercial
Total

32
2003
82
90
172

2004
123
117
240

2005
158
142
300

2006
199
176
375

Air Conditioning Technology Trends

Current

Future

Mini Splits

Villa
Apartment
Offices

VRF

Energy
Comfort
Aesthetics

Modular Chiller

Central Plant

Large
Commercial

Energy
Maintenance
Flexibility

Modular Chiller Replacing Central Plant

Japan Case Study
Central Plant

Modular Chiller

Energy Efficiency (IPLV)

Btu/w
25
76% Increase

20
15

22.9

10

3 x 120HP

12 x 30HP

13.0

R22

R410A

4 x 30HP
Semi-Hermetic

3 X 10HP
Scroll

AC Fan Motor

DC Fan Motor

Inverter Water Pump

Inverter Water Pump

Central
Ton/Year

Modular

CO2 Emission

100

57% Reduction
80
60

No Redundancy

Partial Operation
40

No Flexibility

Add. Module

Space

Scalable

100
43

20
0

Central

Modular

Global Energy And Refrigerant Trends

Energy Ratings/Regulations
Full Load
Today 3-5 Yrs

Seasonal
Today 3-5 Yrs

Refrigerant
Today

3-5 Yrs

USA

Yes

Yes

SEER

SEER

R22/R410A

R410A

Europe

Yes

Upgraded

IPLV

IPLV

R410A

R410A

China

Yes

Upgraded

IPLV

IPLV

R22

R410A/R22

Australia

Yes

Upgraded

IPLV

R22/R410A

R410A

Korea

Yes

Upgraded

IPLV

R22

R410A/R22

Thailand

Yes

Upgraded

IPLV

R22

R22/R410A

IPLV

IPLV

India

Beginning

R22/R410A R22/R410A

Operational Measures

Is Thermostat Working?
Electronic Thermostats Sensitive & Reliable

Room Temperature Setting

How Much To Set Thermostat At?

Poor Air Distribution Leads To Fiddling Of Set Temperature