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Abstract- The analysis of two dimensional (2D) flow over NACA 0012 airfoil is validated with
NASA Langley Research Center validation cases. The k- shear stress transport (SST) model is
utilized to predict the flow accurately along with turbulence intensities 1% and 5% at velocity inlet
and pressure outlet respectively. The computational domain is composed of 120000 structured
cells. In order to enclose the boundary layer method the enhancement of the grid near the airfoil
is taken care off. This validated simulation technique is further used to analyse aerodynamic
characteristics of plain flapped NACA 0012 airfoil subjected to different flap angles and Mach
number. The calculation of lift coefficients (CL), drag coefficients (CD) and CL/CD ratio at
different operating conditions show that with increasing Mach number (M) CL increases but CD
remains somewhat constant. Moreover, a rapid drastic decrease is observed for CL and an
abrupt upsurge is observed for Cd with velocity approaching to the sonic velocity. In all cases
range and endurance are decreased, as both values of CL/CD and CL/CD are declined.
Keywords: NACA 0012 airfoil; lift coefficient (CL); drag coefficient (CD); lift curve; drag polar; flap
angle (); range (R); endurance (E); mach number (M); k- shear stress transport (SST) model.
GJRE-J Classification : FOR Code: 09 139 9
ComputationalStudyofFlowAroundaNACA0012WingFlappedatDifferentFlapAngleswithVarying MachNumbers
Strictly as per the compliance and regulations of :
2013. Tousif Ahmed, Mohammad Tanjin Amin, S.M. Rafiul Islam & Shabbir Ahmed. This is a research/review paper, distributed
under
the
terms
of
the
Creative
Commons
Attribution-Noncommercial
3.0
Unported
License
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), permitting all non commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any
medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Nomenclature
CL
Lift coefficient
W1
CD
Drag coefficient
W0
Flap angle
Ct
Thrust-specific fuel
consumption
Lift
Drag
Mach Number
Plane weight
Endurance
Frontal area
Range
Density
Free-stream velocity
I.
the present study aerodynamic characteristics of a welldocumented airfoil, NACA 0012, equipped with plain
flap is investigated. Wing with flap is usually known as
high lift device. This ancillary device is fundamentally a
movable element that supports the pilot to change the
geometry and aerodynamic characteristics of the wing
sections to control the motion of the airplane or to
improve the performance in some anticipated way.
CFD facilitates to envisage the behavior of geometry
subjected to any sort of fluid flow field. This fast
progression of computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
has been driven by the necessity for more rapid
and more exact methods for the calculations of flow
fields around very complicated structural configurations
of practical attention. CFD has been demonstrated as
an economically viable method of preference in the
field of numerous aerospace, automotive and industrial
components and processes in which a major role is
played by fluid or gas flows. In the fluid dynamics, For
modelling flow in or around objects many commercial
and open source CFD packages are available. The
computer simulations can model features and details
that are tough, expensive or impossible to measure
or visualize experimentally.
Introduction
Year 2 013
Tousif Ahmed , Md. Tanjin Amin , S.M. Rafiul Islam & Shabbir Ahmed
Year 2 013
Computational Study of Flow Around a NACA 0012 Wing Flapped at Different Flap Angles with Varying
Mach Numbers
Theoretical Background
L= qSCL = 2 2 SCL
Thus, V =
flight, L=W]
Examining Eq. (1), we find that the only
alternative to minimize V is by maximizing CLfor an
airplane of given weight and size at a given altitude.
Therefore, stalling speed resembles to the angle of
attack that yieldsCL,max:
Vstall =
(2)
Computational Study of Flow Around a NACA 0012 Wing Flapped at Different Flap Angles with Varying
Mach Numbers
R = 2
1/2
1/2
(0
1/2
(3)
of .
1/2
E=
ln 0
(4)
+ u = Sm
(5)
Year 2 013
Computational Study of Flow Around a NACA 0012 Wing Flapped at Different Flap Angles with Varying
Mach Numbers
( u )+ ( u u )=-+ ( )+ g + F
where p is
the
static
pressure,
(6)
is the
Year 2 013
= u + u 2 u
3
(7)
+ = 0
( )
( )
Where,
P = ij
ij = t2
2
3
= P 2 +
is
( )
( )
] +2(1-F1)
= P *k +
[( + kt)
F1 = tanh(14 )
arg1 = min
500
2
F2 = tanh(22 )
arg2 = 2
1 = 1
12
CDk = max22
(9)
(10)
[( + t)
= 2 +
(8)
4 2
, 1020
500
22
2 = 2
III.
1 = 0.5
2 = 0.856
= 0.41
1 = 0.075
2 = 0.828
1= 0.31
Computational Method
1 = 0.85
2 = 1.0
= 0.09
Year 2 013
Computational Study of Flow Around a NACA 0012 Wing Flapped at Different Flap Angles with Varying
Mach Numbers
Year 2 013
Computational Study of Flow Around a NACA 0012 Wing Flapped at Different Flap Angles with Varying
Mach Numbers
(b)
10
(a)
2013 Global Journals Inc. (US)
IV.
(1)
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
-20
-15
-10
0
5
10
-5
Angle of Attack (AoA)
15
20
11
Year 2 013
Computational Study of Flow Around a NACA 0012 Wing Flapped at Different Flap Angles with Varying
Mach Numbers
Computational Study of Flow Around a NACA 0012 Wing Flapped at Different Flap Angles with Varying
Mach Numbers
12
0.009
Flap
Angle
=10
Flap
Angle
=20
Flap
Angle
=30
Flap
Angle
=40
Flap
Angle
=50
0.008
0.007
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Mach No (M)
1
0.03
Flap
Angle=10
0.025
0.02
Flap
Angle=20
0.015
Flap
Angle=30
0.01
Flap
Angle=40
0.005
Flap
Angle=50
Lift Coefficient, CL
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V.
Drag Coefficient, Cd
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1 Mach No (M)
Computational Study of Flow Around a NACA 0012 Wing Flapped at Different Flap Angles with Varying
Mach Numbers
(b)
Flap
Angle=10
Flap
Angle=20
Flap
Angle=30
Flap
Angle=40
Flap
Angle=50
30
25
CL/CD
(c)
20
15
10
5
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1 Mach No.
13
(a)
Year 2 013
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Computational Study of Flow Around a NACA 0012 Wing Flapped at Different Flap Angles with Varying
Mach Numbers
14
Conclusions
Computational Study of Flow Around a NACA 0012 Wing Flapped at Different Flap Angles with Varying
Mach Numbers
Appendix
AoA ()
Pressure contour
Velocity Contour
Streamlines
Year 2 013
0 (zero)
deg.
10
deg.
15
deg.
Figure 15 : Velocity, pressure contours and streamlines formed around NACA 0012 airfoil for different AoA
15
Year 2 013
Computational Study of Flow Around a NACA 0012 Wing Flapped at Different Flap Angles with Varying
Mach Numbers
16