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India Oil Corporation Limited (IOC) and Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPC) are
exploring the commercial viability of setting up of Solar Power Plant in the country.
IOC had submitted its offer in response to the bid invited by NTPC Vidyut Vypar Nigam (NVVN).
HPC had submitted their bid for a 5 MW solar power plant at Kota, Rajasthan under Phase 1 of
Jawaharlal Nehru Naitonal Solar Mission, but the Corporation has not been short-listed. Bharat
Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPC) has proposed to set up 1 MW solar farm based on
Photovoltaic cells at its LPG bottling plant, Lalru, Village Alamgir, Post Tiwana, Dist- Mohali,
Punjab. The Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs) have not as yet set up solar power plants. The
OMCs take a decision on setting up solar power plants based on their commercial judgment.
The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh, launched the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar
Mission Solar India in New Delhi today
This National Solar Mission has the pride of place in Indias National Action Plan on
Climate Change. Its success has the potential of transforming Indias energy prospects,
and contributing also to national as well as global efforts to combat climate change.
The importance of this Mission is not just limited to providing large-scale grid connected
power. It has the potential to provide significant multipliers in our efforts for transformation
of Indias rural economy. Already, in its decentralized and distributed applications, solar
energy is beginning to light the lives of tens of millions of Indias energy-poor citizens.
The rapid spread of solar lighting systems, solar water pumps and other solar powerbased rural applications can change the face of Indias rural economy. We intend to
significantly expand such applications through this Mission. As a result, the movement for
decentralized and disbursed industrialization will acquire an added momentum, a
momentum which has not been seen before.
The target of 20,000 MW of solar generating capacity by the end of the 13th Five Year
Plan is no doubt an ambitious target.
Clearly, technological innovation will be a key factor in ensuring the success of this
Mission.
we will need to find ways of reducing the space intensity of current solar applications,
including through the use of nano-technology. Cost-effective and convenient storage of
solar energy beyond daylight hours will be critical to its emergence as a mainstream
source of power. In the meantime, we may need to explore hybrid solutions, combining
solar power generation with gas, biomass or even coal-based power.
It was the vision of Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru that enabled India to create
world-class scientific and technological capacities in the field of atomic energy and space
sectors. It is these strengths in science and technology that eventually have created the
Information Technology revolution in India and made it a global power.
Eventually, if the ambitious roll out of the Mission is to become a living reality, we will
have to create many Solar Valleys on the lines of the Silicon Valleys that are spurring our
IT industry across the four corners of our country. These valleys will become hubs for
solar science, solar engineering and solar research, fabrication and manufacturing. I urge
Indian industry to see the National Solar Mission as the huge business opportunity that it
is going to be.
The Sun has long been recognized as a primal source of all energy on earth. In an
ancient civilization like India, the Sun has been worshipped as the God who bestows life
and sustains it. The bounty of the Sun is truly inexhaustible, renewable and free. It is to
this source of energy that humankind must turn to meet the twin challenge of energy
India today stands among the top five countries of the world in terms of renewable energy
capacity with an installed base of over 19000 MW of grid interactive renewable power
which is around 11% of our total installed capacity. In addition, it adds about 2500 MW
of renewable power annually. Its renewable energy programme is one of the largest and
most ambitious in the world. Besides being one of the very few countries with a fullfledged ministry devoted exclusively to renewable energy, its emphasis on creating new
generation capacity using all possible sources of renewable energy and the latest
technologies has been considerably successful in recent years. On the solar front, it has
recently launched the ambitious and game changing National solar Mission with a target
capacity of 20 GW by 2022. With over 400 million citizens who lack access to modern
forms of energy, it also has one of the largest decentralized off-grid renewable energy
programmes. India is also one of the largest players in providing energy access to remote
and disadvantaged people and remote locations. Even today, it has over 1.5 million
decentralized solar applications, over 4 million biogas plants and over 5 millions sq m of
solar thermal applications installed in some of the farthest and remotest areas of the
country.
Coal-bed methane
Coalbed methane (CBM) or coalbed gas is a form of natural gas extracted
from coal beds. In recent decades it has become an important source of
energy in United States, Canada, and other countries. Australia has rich
deposits where it is known as coal seam gas.
Coal-bed methane (CBM) is a clean burning fuel for domestic and
industrial uses, and its extraction reduces explosion hazards in
underground coal mines.
India is endowed with huge reserves of bituminous coal of Paleozoic and
Tertiary ages within the CBM window at depths of nearly 250-1200
metres.
Lack of data on producible reserves of CBM, gas content, reservoir
saturation and permeability has prevented full exploitation of the
resource. India wants foreign and domestic private companies for the
exploration and commercial exploitation -CBM resources at some-of the
underground-coal mines.
Contracts that will be awarded will be similar to the "concession" concept
in oil and gas exploration. Coal-bearing areas will be leased to the
successful bidders and they will have to explore and test-drill.
If recovery and commercial exploitation of the CBM gas in these areas
ultimately prove viable, the exploring firms will be free to construct
pipelines and sell the gas to consumers or they may set up gas-based
power plants.
India began producing coal bed methane from a West Bengal field. Two
other companies, Reliance Industries and Oil and Natural Gas Corp., are
also drilling for CBM and are planning to begin commercial sales within
the next year.
India has huge CBM reserves, about 16 trillion cubic feet. And India's
Directorate General of Hydrocarbons has approved the drilling of more
than 100 CBM wells
Government has initiated actions to formulate a policy on Shale Gas. Detailed studies are being
taken up to identify the prospective basins/areas and estimation of Shale Gas resources in the
country.
As a part of R & D project, a shale gas well in Raniganj basin (RNSG-I) has been started by Oil
and Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC) and drilling is in progress. As Shale Gas
exploration is in R & D stage, comparison of cost of exploration to other hydro-carbons cannot be
made.
United States of America and Canada are the two major , which have commercially exploited
Shale Gas resources. In USA, Shale Gas reportedly accounts for about 17% of the total Gas
production. In India, Shale Gas exploration has not entered the commercial stage.
the unconventional hydro-carbon sources, Coal Bed Methane is being commercially produced.
However, other unconventional sources such as Gas Hydrate and Oil Shale are presently in the
research and development stage.
Shale gas is considered to be unconventional gas, along with coalbed methane and tight
gas. The presence of shale gas has been known for a long time but its economics of
production were always questionable because of the low permeability of the rock in
which the gas is located. In other words, a given well would produce a relatively small
amount of gas which was not as economic as other wells. Advances in hydraulic
fracturing and horizontal drilling have improved the picture for shale gas. Wells are now
routinely drilled down and then horizontally, thus exposing the well bore to a greater
area. Combined with techniques to fracture the rock and thereby free the gas, greater
production is possible from a given well.
Advances in shale gas technology have resulted in large natural reserve additions,
particularly in the United States where the trend is more advanced. Indeed, the US has
seen net additions to its gas reserves in the last couple of years, following years of
decline.
BIOFUELS IN INDIA
Biofuel , or fuel derived from non-fossil plant sources is being seen today as a cleaner alternative to
diesel. Biofuel development in India centers mainly around the cultivation and processing of Jatropha plant
seeds to give biodiesel and producing ethanol from sugarcane. Ethanol can be blended with petrol for
automobiles. Similarly, bio-diesel can be blended with high speed diesel for transport vehicles, generators,
railway engines, irrigation pumps, etc. Large volumes of such oils can also substitute imported oil for
making soap. In its National Biofuel Policy the Government of India has set a target of a minimum 20 per
cent ethanol blended
petrol and diesel across the country by 2017. Bio-diesel plantations would be encouraged only on waste
community / government / forest lands, and not on fertile land. Minimum Support Price (MSP) would be
announced to provide fair price to the growers. Minimum Purchase Price (MPP) for the purchase of bioethanol by the Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs) would be based on the actual cost of production and
import price of bioethanol. In case of bio-diesel, the MPP would be linked to the prevailing retail diesel
price. The National Biofuel Policy also envisages bringing bio-diesel and bio-ethanol under the ambit of
"Declared Goods" by the Government to ensure their unrestricted movement.
Biofuels
Biofuel can be broadly defined as solid, liquid, or gas fuel derived from
recently dead biological material. This distinguishes it from fossil fuels,
which are derived from long dead biological material. Biofuels are used
globally, most commonly to power vehicles and cooking stoves. Biofuel
industries are expanding in Europe, Asia and the Americas.
Biofuels are more or less carbon neutral- produce energy without a net
increase of carbon into the atmosphere. The use of biofuels also
reduces dependence on petroleum and enhances energy security. It is
also recommended when global crude prices are ruling high.
There are two common strategies of producing biofuels. One is to grow
crops high in either sugar (sugar cane, sugar beet, and sweet sorghum)
or starch (corn/maize) and then use yeast fermentation to produce
ethyl alcohol (ethanol). The second -biodiesel- is to grow plants that
contain high amounts of vegetable oil. such as oil palm, soybean,
algae, or jatropha. Whet) these oils are heated. their viscosity is
reduced, and they can be burned directly in a diesel engine, or the oils
can be chemically processed to produce fuels such as biodiesel. Wood
and its byproducts can also be converted into biofuels.
Humans have used biomass fuels in the-form of solid biofuels for
heating and cooking since the discovery of fire. In rural India, cow
dung cakes are used for cooking.
In the last few years,' renewed interest in biofuels is `visible. The
drivers for biofuel research and development include rising oil prices,
concerns over the potential oil peak( we are running out of oil as the
been extracted, as well as other crops that are not used for food
purposes, such as switch grass and cereals that bear little grain, and
also industry waste such as wood chips, skins and pulp from fruit
pressing etc.
Third generation biofuels
Algae fuel is a biofuel from algae. Algae are low-input/high-yield (30
times more energy per acre than land) feedstocks to produce biofuels
and algae fuel are biodegradable:
With the higher prices of fossil-fuels (petroleum), there is much
interest in alga culture (farming algae).
One advantage of many biofuels over most other fuel types is that
they
Are biodegradable, and so relatively harmless to the environment if
spilled.
.
Second and third generation biofuels are also called advanced biofuels.
Biofuels in developing countries
Amongst rural populations in developing countries, biomass provides
the majority of fuel for heat and cooking. Wood, animal dung and crop
residues are commonly burned. Figures from the International Energy
Agency show that biomass energy' provides around 30% of the total
primary energy supply in developing countries like India
India is developing both bioethanol and biodiesel programs. India is
extending plantations of jatropha, an oil-producing tree that is used in
biodiesel production. The Indian sugar ethanol program sets a target of
5% bioethanol incorporation into transport fuel.
Issues in biofuel production and use
Biofuels, to recall, have such benefits as: reduction of greenhouse gas
emissions. reduction of fossil fuel use, increased national energy
security, increased rural development and a sustainable fuel supply for
the future.
However, biofuel production is questioned from a number of angles. The
chairman of the International Panel on Climate Change, Rajendra
Pachauri, (Director of Teri) observed that food inflation and implication
for food security need to be given highest priority and biofuels( corn etc)
should get second priority.
However, the need is not to roll back biofuels. But to opt for 2GBs.First
generation biofuel production processes have limitations in their use as
fuels
Regarding the 1 GBs, scientists argue that because such large amounts
of energy. are required to grow corn and convert it to ethanol, the net
energy gain of the resulting fuel is modest.
Large-scale deforestation of mature trees to make way for biofuel
production contributes to un-sustainable global warming, loss of
habitat, and a reduction of valuable biodiversity. Demand for -biofuel has
led to clearing land for Palm Oil plantations. It contributes to soil
erosion. Increased use of biofuels puts increasing pressure on water
resources: water use for the irrigation of crops used as feedstocks for
biodiesel production. Therefore, 2G biofuels are to be promoted.
Biofuels in India
Biofuel can make India self-sufficient in energy source as the product
has been proven to be efficient, sustainable, cost-effective and
pollution-free.
As a cleaner burning fuel produced from renewable resources like
soybean oil, biofuel can be used alone or blended with other petroleum
products like heating oil. It is biodegradable and can be domestically
produced.
Other biofuels can be extracted from dry organic matter or
combustible oils produced by plants. Alcohol (from fermented sugar),
black liquor from paper manufacturing process and wood are some of
the sources of bio-organic fuel.
They help reduce air toxics emissions, greenhouse gas build-up and
dependence on imported oil.
Biofuel plants such as Jatropha were best cultivated in wastelands and
would not impact food production.
Sowing biofuel plants in fertile farmland should not be encouraged.
Plants like Jatropha, Hongai and Neem that yield biofuel require
minimum water and maintenance. Animals or insects do not feed on
them. As a future source of energy, biofuel has the potential to change
urban transportation and bring about a revolution in rural India
where farmers can use it to run tractors and derive biogas and organic
manure as its residue for fighting, cooking and soil nutrient instead of
using toxic fertilizers.
Increasing use of biofuels will also enable India to lesson its
dependence on oil imports, which account for 73 percent of total fuel
consumption.
The country's development is correlated to energy use. Once our
energy requirements are met, growth can be ensured.
State-run oil marketing firms like Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd
and Indian Oil Corporation Ltd have been using five percent of ethanol
as an additive in petrol and diesel. .
Ethanol content can be increased by another 10 percent in petrol and
diesel. The greater the use of ethanol, the more fossil fuels will be ecofriendly. Use of biodiesel and bio petrol do not require any change in the
vehicle engine.
the sea level, resist its turbidity, last for years and still be cheap enough for
practical use. India has done it.
The National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT), a Chennai-based
research organization under the earth sciences ministry, has already
designed pipes for dredging cold water.
At a barge off the Chennai coast, NIOT has been operating a 1 mld
(million litres per day) desalination plant which removes excess salts from
water-since 2006, that it says it produces fresh water that is 100 times
purer than bottled mineral water at 6 paise a litre, using the differential
temperature of the ocean.
Sagar Shakthi - the Ocean Ther-mal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Barge - a
power plant, is the first of its kind in the world to generate electricity
utilising the temperature gradients between surface and deep-sea water.
The barge houses the Rankine Cycle based power plant. The barge has
been jointly conceived and developed by the National Institute of Ocean
Technology, Chennai, and Dempo Shipbuilding and Engineering Pvt. Ltd,
Goa.
101 to 2000
Small Hydro
2001 to 25000
Fuel cell
Fuel cells are power-generating devices having a wide range of
applications including stationary power generation (MW), portable power
generation (kW) and transportation (kW).A fuel cell is an electrochemical
conversion device. It produces electricity from fuel (on the anode side)
and an oxidant (on the cathode side), which react in the presence of an
electrolyte. The reactants flow into the cell, and the reaction products
flow out of it, while the electrolyte remains within it. Fuel cells can
operate virtually continuously as long as the necessary flows are
maintained.
Fuel cells are different from electrochemical cell batteries in that they
consume reactant from an external source, which must be replenished a
thermodynamically open system. By contrast, batteries store electrical
energy chemically and hence represent a thermodynamically closed
system.
Many combinations of fuels and oxidants are possible. A hydrogen fuel
cell uses hydrogen as its fuel and oxygen (usually from air) as its oxidant.
Other fuels include hydrocarbons and alcohols. Other oxidants include
chlorine and chlorine dioxide.
The principle of the fuel cell had been demonstrated by Sir William Grove
in 1839, and other, investigators had experimented with various forms of
fuel cell. The first practical fuel cell was developed by Francis Thomas
Bacon in 1959.
Fuel cells are very useful as power sources in remote locations, such as
spacecraft, remote weather stations, large parks, rural locations, and in
certain military applications. A fuel cell system running on hydrogen
can be compact and lightweight and have-no-ma j or-moving Because
fuel cells have no moving parts and do not involve combustion, in ideal
conditions they can achieve up to 99.99% reliability
A Fuel cell vehicle or FC vehicle (FCV) is any vehicle that uses a fuel cell
to produce its on-board motive power. Fuel cells on board the FC
hydrogen vehicles create electricity to power an electric motor using
hydrogen fuel and oxygen from the air. A fuel cell process produces only
water and heat.
There are different types of fuel cells and their applications range from
powering a laptop computer (few watts) to utility power plants (few
megawatts). Fuel cells are an attractive technology option for India
because of their economic, environmental, and energy-management
advantages. In the Indian context, they have the following benefits.
Highly efficient, can deliver more power per unit of fuel
consumption Least polluting for coal-based power generation
Low gestation periods for getting up new power plants
No transmission and distribution losses because of dispersed
generation
Suitable for powering vehicles (especially buses) to reduce urban
pollution and diesel import.
In India, development of fuel cells is primarily supported by the NINES
(Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources). Several universities and
research organizations are involved.
Geothermal energy is the natural heat of the earth. Earth's interior heat
originated from its fiery consolidation of dust and gas over 4 billion years
ago. It is continually regenerated by the decay of radioactive elements,
that occur in all rocks.
In India, exploration and study of geothermal fields started in 1970. The
GSI (Geological Survey of India) has identified 350 geothermal energy
locations in the country. The most promising of these is in Puga valley of
Ladakh. The estimated potential for geothermal energy in India is about
10000 MW.
There are seven geothermal provinces in India : the Himalayas, Sohana,
West coast, Cambay, Son-Narmada-Tapi (SONATA), Godavari, and
Mahanadi.
The important sites being explored in India are shown in the map of
India
A mega status entails fiscal benefits such as tax holidays and duty breaks
on import of equipment for the project developer
Benefits of the scheme have also been extended to the new super critical
technology based projects to be awarded through international competitive
bidding with the mandatory condition of setting up indigenous
manufacturing facility.
A web based Management Information System (MIS) will be put in place for
real time monitoring of the Mission.
per day) of municipal solid waste (MSW) and a large quantity of liquid waste i.e.
sewage, are generated every year by our urban population. This translates into a
potential for generation of over 2600 MW of power from urban wastes in the country.
The estimated potential of energy from MSW upto the end of 11 th and 12th five year
Plans is estimated as 3650 and 5200 MW, respectively.
Similarly, it has been estimated that there is a potential for recovery of about 1300
MW of energy from solid and liquid wastes generated by various industry sectors
such as, sugar, pulp and paper, fruit and food processing, sago / starch, distilleries,
dairies, tanneries, slaughterhouses, poultries, etc. The energy recovery potential is
expected to increase to about 1600 MW by 2012 and 2000 MW by the year 2017.
Wind Power
Wind energy, today, has emerged as the most promising renewable energy
technology for generating grid connected power amongst various renewable energy
sources. The Ministrys wind power programme covers survey and assessment of
wind resources, facilitation of implementation of demonstration and private sector
projects through various fiscal and promotional policies. A total capacity of 10925
MW has been established up to December, 2009 in the country. India is now the fifth
largest wind power producer in the world, after USA, Germany, Spain and China.
The Ministry has sponsored a project on Preparation of Indian Wind Atlas to CWET,
Chennai in association with Riso National Laboratory, Denmark. The project involves
extensive use of micro and meso scale models like WAsP and KAMM in conjunction
with super computers. The project has been completed and Wind Atlas Book is under
preparation for publication.
Tidal Energy
Among the various forms of energy contained in the seas and oceans, tidal energy,
has been developed on a commercial scale. Technologies for harnessing other forms
of energy from seas and oceans are still under development. France, Russia, China,
Canada, United Kingdom and Korea are some of the countries, which are making use
of tidal energy on commercial basis. The tidal power potential sites in India are in the
Gulf of Kutch, Gulf of Cambay in Gujarat and the Delta of the Ganges in West Bengal.
In order to develop and harness tidal energy for power generation, the Ministry is
implementing a programme on tidal energy. The first tidal power project of 3.75 MW
capacity is being set up by WBREDA through the NHPC Ltd. at Durgaduani Creek in
Sunderbans, West Bengal. The NHPC Ltd. is in the process of awarding contract for
the project, through international bidding process.