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I.
B.
Opium use is recorded as far back as 6000 years ago
1. Medicinally as a pain killer and to control diarrhea
2. Also employed as a euphoriant and as a sedative
C.
Cannabis (marijuana) was used in ancient China, India, and throughout
Eastern Europe and the Middle East as a medicine and euphoriant.
D.
Psychedelic mushrooms were used in India, Siberia, and Central America
in religious ceremonies.
III. Middle Ages
A.
Psychedelics plants of the nightshade family such as henbane,
belladonna, and the mandrake root were used as poisons, pain-killers, and
hallucinogens (often by witches and medicine men).
B.
Psychedelic mold (ergot), which grows on rye and wheat plants, caused
outbreaks of mass hallucination when people ate bread made from
contaminated grain.
C.
Islamic substitutes for alcohol, which was forbidden by Koran, included
opium, coffee, and tobacco and khat, a plant stimulant.
D.
Alcohol, especially wine, was produced in medieval monasteries, often for
sacraments. The process of distillation was also developed.
E.
Coca leaf (cocaine) chewing was reserved for the upper classes of the
Incan empire in South America.
F.
Hallucinogenic mushrooms (containing psilocybin), peyote cactus
(containing mescaline) and ololiuqui vines (containing DMT) were used by
Indian tribes of Central America.
IV. Renaissance and Enlightenment
A.
B.
Tobacco was introduced to Europe by Columbus. It became an important
revenue source for Spain and later for England.
C.
1.
2.
Drug refinement.
1. Cocaine was isolated from the leaf of the coca bush in the 1860s.
2. In 1874 heroin was refined from morphine and in 1898 the German
Bayer Company marketed heroin.
D.
use.
E.
inhalation.
Alcohol Prohibition.
Sedative-Hypnotics.
G.
H.
Legal and medical responses to abuse of psychoactive drugs focus on
supply reduction (stricter laws) and demand reduction (prevention and
treatment).
I.
Methadone, a legal narcotic, was substituted for heroin and given to
addicts, beginning in the 60's in order to control addiction.
J.
Opium supply from the Golden Triangle (Burma, Laos, and Thailand)
boosts heroin use during Vietnam War.
K.
B.
Inhalants: use of spray-can solvents and their propellants becomes a
trend.
C.
Heroin: predicted resurgence in the use of heroin (particularly smokable
heroin).
Classification of Psychoactive Drugs
A.
Uppers (stimulants) such as cocaine, amphetamine, nicotine, and caffeine
are central nervous system stimulants.
Physical effects: increased heart rate, increased
insomnia, decreased appetite, dilated pupils.
blood pressure,
Opiates & opioids such as opium, heroin, Percodan, morphine, and Demerol.
2.
3.
Alcohol
4.
relaxants.