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NavierStokesEquations|CFD.NINJA

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OnthisslideweshowthethreedimensionalunsteadyformoftheNavierStokesEquations.
Theseequationsdescribehowthevelocity,pressure,temperature,anddensityofamovingfluid
arerelated.TheequationswerederivedindependentlybyG.G.Stokes,inEngland,andM.Navier,
inFrance,intheearly1800s.TheequationsareextensionsoftheEulerEquationsandinclude
theeffectsofviscosityontheflow.Theseequationsareverycomplex,yetundergraduate
engineeringstudentsaretaughthowtoderivetheminaprocessverysimilartothederivation
thatwepresentontheconservationofmomentumwebpage.
Theequationsareasetofcoupleddifferentialequationsandcould,intheory,besolvedfora
givenflowproblembyusingmethodsfromcalculus.But,inpractice,theseequationsaretoo
difficulttosolveanalytically.Inthepast,engineersmadefurtherapproximationsand
simplificationstotheequationsetuntiltheyhadagroupofequationsthattheycouldsolve.
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Recently,highspeedcomputershavebeenusedtosolveapproximationstotheequationsusinga
varietyoftechniqueslikefinitedifference,finitevolume,finiteelement,andspectralmethods.
ThisareaofstudyiscalledComputationalFluidDynamicsorCFD.
TheNavierStokesequationsconsistsofatimedependentcontinuityequationforconservationof
mass,threetimedependentconservationofmomentumequationsandatimedependent
conservationofenergyequation.Therearefourindependentvariablesintheproblem,thex,y,
andzspatialcoordinatesofsomedomain,andthetimet.Therearesixdependentvariablesthe
pressurep,densityr,andtemperatureT(whichiscontainedintheenergyequationthroughthe
totalenergyEt)andthreecomponentsofthevelocityvectortheucomponentisinthex
direction,thevcomponentisintheydirection,andthewcomponentisinthezdirection,Allof
thedependentvariablesarefunctionsofallfourindependentvariables.Thedifferentialequations
arethereforepartialdifferentialequationsandnottheordinarydifferentialequationsthatyou
studyinabeginningcalculusclass.
Youwillnoticethatthedifferentialsymbolisdifferentthantheusuald/dtord/dxthatyou
seeforordinarydifferentialequations.Thesymbolpartialisisusedtoindicatepartial
derivatives.Thesymbolindicatesthatwearetoholdalloftheindependentvariablesfixed,
exceptthevariablenexttosymbol,whencomputingaderivative.Thesetofequationsare:

Continuity:dr/dt+d(r*u)/dx+d(r*v)/dy+d(r*w)/dz=0
XMomentum:d(r*u)/dt+d(r*u^2)/dx+d(r*u*v)/dy+d(r*u*w)/dz=dp/dx
+1/Re*{dtauxx/dx+dtauxy/dy+dtauxz/dz}
YMomentum:d(r*v)/dt+d(r*u*v)/dx+d(r*v^2)/dy+d(r*v*w)/dz=dp/dy
+1/Re*{dtauxy/dx+dtauyy/dy+dtauyz/dz}
ZMomentum:d(r*w)/partialt+d(r*u*w)/dx+d(r*v*w)/dy+d(r*w^2)/partialz=dp/dz
+1/Re*{dtauxz/dx+dtauyz/dy+dtauzz/dz}
Energy:dEt/dt+d(u*Et)/dx+d(v*Et)/dy+d(w*Et)/dz=d(r*u)/dxd(r*v)/dyd(r*w)/dz
1/(Re*Pr)*{dqx/dx+dqy/dy+dqz/dz}
+1/Re*{d(u*tauxx+v*tauxy+w*tauxz)/dx+d(u*tauxy+v*tauyy+w*tauyz)/dy+d(u*tauxz+v*tauyz+w*
tauzz)/dz}
whereReistheReynoldsnumberwhichisasimilarityparameterthatistheratioofthescalingoftheinertiaoftheflowtothe
viscousforcesintheflow.TheqvariablesaretheheatfluxcomponentsandPristhePrandtlnumberwhichisasimilarityparameter
thatistheratiooftheviscousstressestothethermalstresses.Thetauvariablesarecomponentsofthestresstensor.Atensoris
generatedwhenyoumultiplytwovectorsinacertainway.Ourvelocityvectorhasthreecomponentsthestresstensorhasnine
components.Eachcomponentofthestresstensorisitselfasecondderivativeofthevelocitycomponents.
Thetermsonthelefthandsideofthemomentumequationsarecalledtheconvectiontermsoftheequations.Convectionisa
physicalprocessthatoccursinaflowofgasinwhichsomepropertyistransportedbytheorderedmotionoftheflow.Thetermson
therighthandsideofthemomentumequationsthataremultipliedbytheinverseReynoldsnumberarecalledthediffusionterms.
Diffusionisaphysicalprocessthatoccursinaflowofgasinwhichsomepropertyistransportedbytherandommotionofthe
moleculesofthegas.Diffusionisrelatedtothestresstensorandtotheviscosityofthegas.Turbulence,andthegenerationof
boundarylayers,aretheresultofdiffusionintheflow.TheEulerequationscontainonlytheconvectiontermsoftheNavierStokes

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equationsandcannot,therefore,modelboundarylayers.ThereisaspecialsimplificationoftheNavierStokesequationsthatdescribe
boundarylayerflows.
Noticethatallofthedependentvariablesappearineachequation.Tosolveaflowproblem,youhavetosolveallfiveequations
simultaneouslythatiswhywecallthisacoupledsystemofequations.Thereareactuallysomeotherequationthatarerequiredto
solvethissystem.Weonlyshowfiveequationsforsixunknowns.Anequationofstaterelatesthepressure,temperature,anddensity
ofthegas.Andweneedtospecifyallofthetermsofthestresstensor.InCFDthestresstensortermsareoftenapproximatedbya
turbulencemodel.

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