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CE - 222
Lecture 6
SCEE
NUST, Sector H-12, Islamabad
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Email: asifriaz@scee.nust.edu.pk
Special Instructions
No Cross Talking
among students during lecture
Course outline
Sections Covered/Reading Assignment
Lecture
No
Introduction
Assignment-1
Quiz -1
Assignment-2
Soil Plasticity
Quiz -2
Quiz -3
10
Assignment-3
11
Soil Permeability
Quiz -4
12
13
Seepage Examples
14
In-Situ Stresses
15
Stresses in Soil
End Semester Exam
Assignment-4
Plasticity
Water Content significantly affects properties of Silty
and Clayey soils (unlike sand and gravel).
Strength decreases as water content increases
Soils swell-up when water content increases
Fine-grained soils at very high water content possess
properties similar to liquids
As the water content is reduced, the volume of the soil
decreases and the soils become plastic
Attreberg Limits
Atterberg limits are important to describe the
consistency of fine-grained soils.
Attreberg Limits
Volume, v or e
Wetting
Semi
Solid
Solid
Solid
State
Plastic
Liquid
S = 100 %
vf
SL
PL
LL
PI
Drying
Water content, w %
Attreberg Limits
Increasing water
content
Fluid soil-water
mixture
Dry Soil
Liquid State
Liquid Limit, LL
Plastic State
Plastic Limit, PL
Semisolid State
Shrinkage Limit, SL
Solid State
Atterberg Limits
Shrinkage Limit (SL) is defined as the moisture content at
which no further volume change occurs with further
reduction in moisture content (SL represents the amount of
water required to fully saturate the soil, i.e., S = 100%).
Plastic Limit (PL) is defined as the moisture content at
which soil begins to behave as a plastic material.
Liquid Limit (LL) is defined as the moisture content at
which soil begins to behave as a liquid material and begins
to flow (LL of a fine-grained soil gives the moisture content
at which the shear strength of the soil is approximately
2.5kN/m2).
10
Casagrande Apparatus
Before Test
11
After Test
12
Place a small sample of soil in LL device (deepest part about 810 mm).
Cut a groove (2mm at the base).
13
Liquid Limit
Flow Curve
50
14
48
y = -7.55Ln(x) + 70.69
46.39
46
25
44
1
10
Number of drops
100
PI, %
16
Liquid Limit, %
15
PI, %
LL values 50 (high)
16
Liquid Limit, %
50
PI, %
Liquid Limit, %
50
17
Plastic Limit
18
The moisture content (%) at which the soil when rolled into
threads of 3.2mm (1/8 in) in diameter, will crumble.
Plastic limit is the lower limit of the plastic stage of soil. It is
the dividing line between the plastic and semisolid states.
Fluid soil-water
mixture
Liquid State
Liquid Limit, LL
Plastic State
Plastic Limit, PL
Semisolid State
Shrinkage Limit, SL
Dry Soil
Solid State
Plastic Limit
19
20
PI = LL PL
LL - w
LL PI
21
Activity
22
Soil type
Activity, A
Inactive clays
A < 0.75
Normal clays
Active clays
A >1.25
23
Plasticity Index
Plasticity Chart
Liquid Limit
24
Plastic soils
Plastic soils
plot above the
A-Line on a
Plasticity Chart
25
A-Line
Non-Plastic Soils
Non-plastic or
slightly plastic
soils plot below
the A-Line on a
Plasticity Chart
26
A-Line
U-Line significance
27
U-Line
Correct tests
never plot
above U-line
and LL values
are never < 16
A-Line
16
Plasticity Chart
High plasticity/compressibility
Medium plasticity/
compressibility
Low plasticity/
compressibility
29
Plasticity Chart
30
Cohesionless soil
Organic clays
Silt
31