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Scour
Bridge
bs
Y.u.
]t tlresi.g
CHrgw
furlfitnelrt rof
SEpervised bv
and
br E.W. Hellvi1le
Privat
Bag
^Bllokaar.d
,NeJre &eAl.and
November
19,94
tb,e
to nly utife
Abstract
Local scour at cylindrical bridge piers in both uniform and
non-uniform cohesionless sediments was investigated
experiment.ally. The airn of the study was to improve understanding of local scour arounii bridge piers with sediment
transport. Three empiricaL functions which relate the
equilibrium depth of scour with approach velocitv, flow
depth and sediment size were obtained for uniform sediments.
The effects of arrnouring and sediment sizes were also
investigated for non-uniform sediments.
The experimental
t-1
The
gmallrelativetothesizeofthecoarseparticlesinnon_
uniforn sedj-ments. Experiments were conducted under
dynarnic equilibrium conditions where there is continuous
that at
sediment input from upstream of the scour hole such
equilibriun, the amount of sediment entering the bridge
site is equal to that leaving' Both the effects of
velocity'
armouring and seiliment size diminish for increasing
are
particles
At high velocity where all the sedinent
mobile, the non-uniform sediment behaves like a uniform
sediment. Hence' armouring does not occur and the
based on the
equivalent size used for sedirnent adjustment is
arrnouring
d'o size of the sediment bed' At low velocity'
of
adjustrnent
and
prominent
is
at the base of the scour hole
mixture'
original
D,/d is based on the d9O size of the
1tr
Arx
Acknowledgements
express my sincere appreciation for their guidance, encouragiement and invaluable advice.
A grant provided by the National Roads Board of New Zealand
enabled the study to be conducted. The financial
support of lhis grant is gratefully acknowledged.
In the course of the study, I have received much advice and
In particular I wish to
assistance from many people.
thank the fol"lowinq:
Mrs
Last, but not least, I wish to thank my parents and wife for
their patience, understanding and love during the course of
the studv.
l_v
Sy*boIs
CoDstailt
B
0oastllnt
Widtb ef th fl.ut"re
b
G
'Cof!e,sivenes
e
gs
!Eota.I- sediimerlt
-w
Sedl.inent eooeerttrq.tlon
eoacatratioil, I by Weigbt
iri t-he s,edineut l,ine,
SediJdat conccntrtilsa
? by weigbt
t bl rseisht
d,
dso
Pier
dti:dnrerter
d"
lqcal scour depth
dav. ds.,
'da""
fl{rnax},
*sgm
d{o,t"},
d"""
F.
-e
ctiltiqa.l ?eloaity
seditmgrt
gr
g
tlo
Ii1,
E2
Hp
E; k'
K(Dy'd
P.urlip head,
ub
Kt
r(g^y'D)
vl.
Ko
Nl, N2
N"
P
q
qs
gs1
^Ys2
Os
Ow
Otot
r
Re
in
RPM
oo
S"
Fnararr
Errct
rFimA
T
U, Uo
u*
u*^
Uo.
uob
Temperature
l"lean
vel-ocity
velocity
Ur--.r
1oeo.t
Mean
Vmax
w
Yo, Yo
z
a
y
ys
FaI1 velocitY
Flow dePth
Nornal distance
Static angle of
Specifi-c weight
SPecific weight
A d"
of a
bed
of water
of sediment
vi.i
I
o
0c
ei,reuhatlon
DisIlslonlees Bh,sqr gtler8=, rf.f ts" - Ucd
crltical value of 0 for paEtlcle entrainnent'
uf,olts, - I)sd
l,
v
p
og
To
I$av.alenEtb
Ioe ,
!tr,
$
r$
ToSb
U
Kinenati.a viseositl'
Deosity of fl,uid
Stasdar<I dleviation
tsemFot1. neElll bed snar. ia,tr6:5
'C--r5ti,gal ghear etress for PaitLcle entf,,ai:limeDt
Sh'ar stresa qorresllo-ndlnE tq ttre gm,al'a partleleer
o.r 's}lEf:ace dlag
:Bhea.'' s,tresE EofresPoad.lag to the bed featarre,
sr fornD drag
gtJq'eq[ xtower
Shape fae.tor
Contents
Fage No
Abstraet
i
iv
Ackaowleil,gerents
'slqb-ols
tt
vi!i
Cootnts
CEAFEEA
: Iutr.o.duotlon
E'eope
eIIAPTER
af, Inueattrgatj;on
2 : Literature Surqey
t.1 ftrtroduetio+
2.2 ,Xjocal Scour. ,eronnit B'ridge Piers
2.3 lteebantisq o,f f,oea]. Scorrrr
Z.n.L trlirtroduetloa
2,3-a, Eorseshoe 'ltortex, .tndt
2.3.3
Dqqnflo-rt
Deveiloprlent,
of, Forgeglroe
Vortx abd 6cour Eitle
2,3.4 Yll.alke Vorticeg
2.4 Fastrorg A,ffeetihE tr,ocal Seour
iat Fiers
2:.rl.L trntroduction
2;4.1.I X'!ui'd
2-1.J.,2 Sire
2,4,1.3 pierr
2.4,1.4 Sedinett
2.{.1.5 Plow
2.4,2 utrtreet of $1ryxsoach $low
Vetrocity
2
4
4
4
7
7
18
14
16
\7
T7
t7
!8
18'
19
2:8
29
vJii
37
1X
Paqe
4L
56
55
6Z
2.4.4
2.4.5
CHAPTER 3
CE.LPTER 4
47
55
60
62
67
77
6Z
82
87
104
114
121
126
L28
130
140
146
Research
CHAPTER 5
No
148
Conclusions
149
Sedi.nents
5.1 Local Scour with Uniform
(Uo,/Uoc)
L49
5.1.1 Effect of velocity
(Yo,/D)
f51
5.1.2 Ef fect of Flovt Depth
5.L.3 Effect of Sediment Size
Sumnary and
5.2
(p/dso)
with Non-Unifonn
Scour
Local
L52
Seilirnents
1q?
Scour
Itr:
Paqe ffo
159
BibJ.iograPhy'
n'PPEIVDIX
AtrPEluEIX
r,17
APPENDTX C
Eedineat franslrort
APPSDIA
185
Ra,te
Deptlr
CPFE}IDIX
trg4'
.APPE!{DIIr 3
Pier
l3pmfDlx
Error AlnalJsls.
n59
Aughxotnt
ractor,
Ko
198
199
e00
Chapter
rl.
lntrodttctrcn
alluvial river beil is subject to continuous change.
Flovring water erodes, transports and deposits sediment j.n
the river, altering its bed elevation and adjusting its
boundaries. Changes in bed elevation may be due to
natural causes or by the activities of man which lead to
changes of the river bed or river geometry, Scour around
bridge piers is just one example of the many different
effects resulting from human interference with the river.
An
I.
General scour:
z-
Localised scour:
3.
The
purposes.
OE IN/ESTIGATION
preferred.
lnvestigatetl the efleste roriE: sedinlent oih the developue.st ef clear wate! gcolrF whertias Chee lttas lnterested {n
the relationstdP beFeen seour depttr iiDd neari vetroclty ia
tbe livc-beC condLt'i.orr. IhdE studly ia malnly csnoerned
wl-t-b the effeqts of sedtfunent srr ttre equillbrimt seout hoxe
ig a. l{v.-e-bed eEntlj,tlO,n. $nphesis; is Blaced on tbe
e-Efe ts of secli.mdnt raize andl cediaent rlpn-urliforrn'lty on'
the^. d.evelopBent of a live-bect scour'
EtEFta
Ch"pter
Literature Suruey
z.L
INTRODUCTION
2.2
pier".
4
o=
where q.
Qsl
9s2
Ys2
asl
(2. 1)
The
(b) Live-bed scour, (gsl, gs2 > 0), also known as local
scour with sediment transport, where there is a
general movement of sediment both upstream and ilownstream of the scour hole. The bed shear stress in
this case !-s larger than the critical shear stress of
the becl.
vtith }ive-bed scour, bed features aPpear on the
approach flow bed. Their formation is dependent on
the shear stress excess (to - to"), flow depth'
Equilibriurn scour depth is
sediment sizes' etc.
amount of sediment
average
reached when the ti:ne
enterinq ttre scour hole is equal to the time-average
amount of sediment leaving the hole (i-e., 9"1 = 9"2).
Another condition can be defined using equation 2.1, i.e.r
the no scour condition (Q= = 0). carstens (1966) suggested
a value for Lhe velocity at which loca1 scour begins.
He defined a sediment number:
u
N' = ,{-I-sa
$rhere
I
d
(2.2\
to about half of the critical velocity for sediment entrainment, local scour wiLl not develop.
2.3
2.3.I
MECEANTSM
OF LOCAT
SCOUR
Introduction
The basic nechanism creating the loca1 scour arounil a bridge
pier has been identified as the systern of vortices which
The strength and size of the
developsaround the pieron
the
vortex syscem depend
'bluffnessr of the pier. The
vortices have been separated into cornponents identified as:
I.
Downflow
Horseshoe Vortex
wake Vortex
4.
shown
Surfoce roller
d-
q\I
in Figure 2'l:
\lD
I
"4
ah
Horseshoe
vortex
Scour hote
Figure
2,1
Direction
--1D
of flow
4
Figune 2.2 (a)
-0.5u2
(2.3)
be:
| =
where
-O.5U2t
(2.4',)
t = time
10
1.
Figare 2.3
2.
I1
u S' R'
Figure 2.4
PLET
no
L2
Direction
of
flow
t'
Figure 2.5
l'
I
I
Deuelopnent
Vo"tes
of the
llorseshoe
13
river bed at the base of the pier, and not by the Particular
gradient of the velocity field representing vorticity " "
There is relatively little change in the clownflow which
dividesnearthebottomofthescourholeinfrontofthe
This, together with
pier. and spirals downstream past it'
thegroundroller,iswhatisobservedastherhorseshoe
vortex t ' .
The dovrnflow in front of the pier is the main cause of
It acts
erosion of Local scour arounit bridlge piers'
sornewhatlikeaverticaljetinerodingthebedmaterial.
Figure 2.6 shows downflovr velocity measurenents by Ettema
(1980) at a 65 rnrn dianeter pier in an aLr flow with approach
velocity L2.2m/s, and a pier Reynold's Number of 5'4 x 10"'
The relationship proposed by Shen et aI (L965) for the
strength of the downflow impinging on a planar be't at the
baseofacytindricalpierisalsoshown.Dataobtainedby
t'telvil1e (l-975) in a water flol'r with approach velocity
(Re = l'27 x I0")
0.25 m/s and a pier diameter = 50'8 rrn
2.6.
are included in Figure
Ettema gave reasons for the discrepancy between measured
values and predicted values (using shen et aI equation) '
thepresenceoftherigidbounitaryorthehorseshoevortex
at the base of the Pier".
Commenting on the clownflow, Ettema (1980) also noted that
"the velocity of the downflow, impinging on ttre base of
the scour hole. increases as the scour hole forms and
deepens.Atacertaindepthofscourtheilownflowattains
a peak strength and thereafter it gradual'Iy decreases as
the scour hole deepens. The ilepth of scour at which the
strenqth of the downflow irnpinging on the base of the
scour reaches a peak value is depenilent on the approach flow
5.69
5.0
1.,0
3.0
')
vro, lufior,,
\Uo
l/.
^ "
uyZ)
'
Uo
2.0
1.0
-1.0
-?.0
1.0
vmqx/Uo
I5
These
1.
2.
3.
4.
16
T-=
-o
130
(2. s)
2.3.4
Wake
Vortices
1'l
system.
2.4
Af
PIERS
2.4.L Introduction
tocal scour around briclge piers is dependent on many parameters, most of which are inter-related.
fhis means that
the influence of one particuJ.ar parameter on the depth of
the scour hole may be eclipsed by that of the others. The
complexity of these interacting paraneters limits the
usefulness of a mathematical analysis of the scouring process
because of the sfunplifying assumptj-ons that lrould be
necessary for a solution.
In order to understand the implications of each of these
palameters, they can be grouped into different categories.
The rel-ationship between the scour depth and the parameters
which influence it can then be summarized as follows:
Scour depth
(time), (flow),
= f[(fluid)'
(pier), (sediment) I
(2.61
2.4.1.I Fluid
In fluid mechanics, a fluid can be defined in terms of its
density, p and kinematic viscosity, v, both of whieh are
18
2.4.I.2
Time
The
19
Blockage
2.4.L.4
Sedirnent
factor (0)
Angle of repose (c)
FalI velocity (w)
Shape
2o
' l--
40
t10
E
Upp,
rr
1=-
=,-o
--,4..'
lrtlnstilon
Regi ne
Junes
o
=l
CL
IE
,/
Rip ies
0.1
Flqt Bed
.l
08
2L
-4'-
Ftgure 2.8 :
RiPPT'es
tigure 2-g :
Dunes
do not form with coarse materlal (when dto > 0'9 - 1.0 ttmt).
Ripples are independent of the depth of flow while dunes
are stronqly dependent on the flow depth. If tr = the
wavelength of a dune and Yo = flow depth, then
A=
21IYo
(2.7 |
3.
22
and
Seporotion
point
new
rippte
Ei,gure 2.10
Eormation of RiPPLes
when
ZJ
''..-
Fi.gure 2. 11
:,.:-'.: r":-,.'
:1.
*:'.'.''
Transition FLat
Bed
Figune 2.12
Antidunes
!1:guYe 2.13
Chutes and
Poo7.s
24
upstreErm, downstrearn
z.
The
25
o
Figure 2,74
SaLtaiion
26
It is important to realise that the rate of sediment transport can be a function of tj-me. In a natural alluvial
stream, the sediment is rarely unifom. When the mixture
of fine and coarse material is subjecteal to a relatively
Iow fJ-ow velocity, the finer material will be transported
downstream qrhi]-e ttte coarse material vrill remain intact.
This phenomenon, if allowed to continue, will eventually
lead to an accumulation of the coarse particles on the surface of the bed. This layer of particles acts as a
protective layer for the material underneath and is referred
to as the "armour layer". Armouring caD be viewed in terms
of the distribution of the turbulent shear stress on the
bed and that of resisting forces to movement. If the
distribution of stresses actlng on a particular area does
not completely overlap the distribution of the critical
resisting stresses of the grains on the surface of the same
area (refer to Figure 2.15), armouring occurs. The
armour layer will also affect the flow because the roughness
of the surface increases.
(?o)mox--J
F
To ,Tc
27
_-___r
Gf,
Figure 2.76 :
flow
Embednent
If
28
2.4.L.5 Flow
yyoSo
(2.8)
or more convenientll,
as
ur- = 6V-E-oo
hrhere
(2.91
u* = shear velocity
specific weight of the fluid
density of the fluid
p9
'o
vrhere
r|
'o
(2. 10 )
-tl
ti
bed
features
29
3.
4.
30
v
.
0.8
1.9
5.35
0.6
1.0
U*/uxc
lJ.
o'n
E
0.7
Yo/D
0.5
|
152.4 mm
dso = o'24 mm
|
l
|
- - 0.2
n.?l
0./.
0.6
Velocity
a
t
076
1.01
1.40
0.8
1.0
(m/sl
More
acrain.
32
\t's
o
E
Yo/D
1.0
Yo= 200 mm
dso
0
D/dq(
4.0
33
2.0
't.3
67
100
1.5 mm
o5
1.0
1.5
2-O
2.5
3'0
uo /uoc
Figure 2. L9
maximurn
Yo/D =
3.0
/,,
25
1.s0
2.50
2.0
+'i
1.5
1.0
0.s
Fr.
2.0
1.5
1.. .3
o
!
o
o
Ye/D =
1.0
o
a
0.5
tbl
Eigur
duo (mml
2, 20
0.25
1.50
2.50
Fr'
EauiLibriun Liz;e-Bed Scour DePth ve?ous
rioude Number bY Jai'n and Fiecher (1.979)
34
a 14,8
long,
500
mm
lrurr
35
deep "feed system'r flume to carry out a series of livebed scour experiments. Sediment t{as introduced at the inlet
of the flume and collected and weighed at the outlet end.
Chee agreed with Jain and Fischer (1979, L980) insofar as
2.0
dsem
1.6
dt".
/D
d""o /
1.2
dso = 0.24 mm
D
Yo
0.4
0.2
0.4
0.6
Meon VelocitY
Figure 2.21
0.8
= 50.8 mm
= 100 mm
1.0
1.2
(m/s)
Jb
From
xt
(dr"/D)
xt
(dse/D )max
uo"
(dse,/D
(d"./D)
nin
(2.L2)
uo"
(2.13)
Chee concluded
37
3B
Equilibrium
E
Scour Depth
o-
oo
L
J
o
(,
Live
- Bed
Cleor Woter
Time
Figure 2.22
as
39
3.0
?.
oz
fr1.
0.
_!
.
?
I x
0.38
0.84
5.35
7.80
l4
010"
1d
'to2
103
104
Time (min.l
Eigune 2.23
absorbedintotheroller(orthehorseshoevortex)onthe
slopeofthescourho].e.Thewidthoftheg'rooveincreases
to about 0.25 tjmes the clianeter of the pier as the scour depth
40
o
g
T'
k;k'
Figure 2.24
Seour Depth
dB
d.
Funation of Entrainment
4T
steeper angle.
2.4.4 Effect of
u"/u*"
='1.
Yo
Figure 2.25
/D
bg Bounasoundas (1973)
42
2.
3.
43
ll
15
19
45
53
^o
75
126
267
631
0.2
ti
/J
'il
0.4 0.6
0.9
ds(Yo) /d'(0.6 m)
Figune 2.26
Basak (L975) showed that for live-bed scour, flow depth has
a similar effect on live-bed scour as on clear vrater scour
(refer to Figure 2.27) - The results of Jain and Fischer
(1979)alsoshovJedthatthelive-beilscou!dePthislower
for lower values of lo/D (refer to Figures 2'20(a) and (b))'
The results of Chee (1982) for live-bed scour also clearly
showed a decrease in scour depth with decreasing values of
lo/D. He superimposed the results of Eancu (1971) ' White
(1975)andChabertandEngeldinger(1956)onhisresults.
comparisons \^tere made with data with similar values of
pier to sediment ratio, o/dS.' The graphs are shown in
D(ml
o
'04
,07 .
.10
,201
.40 0
Oa
El
u*/u*s
-0
>1.0
12
Yo /D
FLou
Yo/E
Yo =100 mm
2.
1.3
't.
1.0
It'
o
o
02
o.t,
0,6
Velocity
Eigune 2.28
08
to
(m./s)
ineluded
la
45
2'l2
.3
o1.
-soa
.0
Chee's
doto
1.
White's
0.
doto
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Vetocity
Figut,e 2. 29
1-0
12
(m/s)
Yo = 100 mm
Chee( 82)
Chotou (56)
Honcu (71 )
0.6
0.8
'1.0
Velocity (m/s)
Eigure 2.30 :
46
Thompson and
exper5ments by using
o
0
o
E
0.s
1.5
Yo/D
Figure 2. 31.
qt
o
!
0.13. Uo(m/s).0.69
oo'
Yo/D
Ftgure 2.32
48
ts
o
o
o
E
Yo =
-0
350 mm
o2
0'/,
0.6
1.0
1.2
Velocity (m./sl
Eigune 2.33 :
Veloeity Shouing
Effect of Sedinent Size by Chabert
Seouy Depth versus
the
and,
Engeldingez' ( iSS6 )
The data of Chabert and Engledinger (1956), however, do show
a srnal1 influence of sedj:nent size on scour depth (refer
to Figure 2.33). More recently, Nicollet and Ramette
(1971) extended the experiments of Chabert and Engeldinger
with respect to the bed sedi:nent and found. that the sediment
49
1.5
?
-
E
o
1.0
IA
50
0.5
200 mm
Yo =
0b
20
12
/.0
duo(mm)
d,o (mm)
Eigure 2. 34
20
E
()
,|
D=6
'0
D=10
cm
ol
Jo
E
l5 cm
tz
10
-c)
o
f,
Eln
oot
10
t-n?ffi
F'Lgure 2.
ciUO
35
= 3.3
mm
10
drn = 0.12
50
Ettema (1980) found for clear water scour that the influence
of sedinent size is signj.ficant if the relative size, D,/drO,
of pier and sediment, i.s less than 20-25, and that for
higher o/dSO, the scour depth is independent of sediment
size. Raudkivi and Etterna (19g3) commented that for small
vaLues of D/dgg, the grain size is large relative to the
size of the entrainment zone (which is f 0.25D) excavated
at the base, in front of the pj.er, by the downflow so that
further erosion is iropeded.
v
o
!t
15.0
50.8
101.6
150.0
2.0
d> OTmm
o
o
lu
100
1000
D/dso
Fi.gure 2.36 :
Eoou? Depth as
51
slope is negligible.
?
the pier diameter- A larqe proportion of the downflow energy is ilissipated in the coarse bed at the
base of the scour hole'
4.
D/dUO
52
n-41[0."
)r
0'4
0.6
Uniform
Sediment
Non-
Uniform
I'rithout
o Nourish-
sediment
dso (mm
1. 93
t-\,
Sedinent Mixture
A
HLEn NOUr
a
n. 94
ment
Sediment
Eigure 2.37
0.8
Velocity (m/s)
ishment
11.
f*To*3.
q?
where
-sg
-..OD
(2.14)
51
,^-l1l
._
RrppLE
FORMING
r - 0.85
o- 1.90
07s
2I.
b
Y 0.50
NoN-RIPPLE
FORMING SEDTMENfS
0.25
12
Figure 2.38
og
Funeti,on of K^ versus s
s
by Ettena '( l gY 6 )
55
Chapter 3
Experimental Apporatus
and
Programme
3.}
INTRODUCTTON
THE APPARATUS
JI
o
o
$
f&
E
(o
o
o
VJ
o
a
o
$)
ts
q)
rR
s
v
+l
B
q)
qt
.t
i:
l{
,L
q)
\t
o
.E
('t
+
U
ctD
t'J
ql
\J
q
o5
tlc
EO
-EF\r
T
GJ
-dz
c'o
-a
oo
PL
-lJ o
.=
gF
<.
*F
Sl
)6
Eigure 3. 2
At the upstream end of the flurne, the water and slurry are
fed into a mixing chamber and enter the flume through a
honeycornb flow straightener (refer to Figure 3.3).
On
entering the mixing chamber via the sand pump, the sand/
$/ater slurty nixes with the water recircul-ated via the main
pumP.
qo
Figure 3,3
I00
dlepth
of
350 mn.
60
BED MATERIA],S
calculated from
*84
a_
*so
,2
1\
6I
(?l
(J
c!
c)
VJ
I
\F
L]
I
E)
qJ
'lJ
E
tt
oc
3)
ED
E'I
o'E
F(l,
o.
o
q
st
(l'
ro
.o
$
t
a)
a
ro
-J
Jaul ,oh
62
y
U-_
f,g
**c = s.7slosu-9."50 + 6
where
Yo =
170
(3.2)
rmn
UNIFORM SEDT}4ENTS
rl
duo
(nn)
u*.
(n,/s)
uoc (n,/s)
L3
L4
c1
c2
F?
0.24
0.6
l-.45
3.2
0- 85
f,.b
8.2
1. 33
1. 18
L.24
1.28
r.23
1. 14
t.L2
0. 013
0. 0l_86
0.028
0.049
0. 071
0. 086
-27
0.34
0.45
0. 73*
0. 39
0.9I
L02
300
330
360
370
340
370
390
for yo =
210
.022
nun
TABLE 3.1
3.4
63
NON-IJNIFORI4 SEDIMENTS
r{I
M2
Ivl3
r'{4
dUO
(mm)
0.6
0.8
0.6
1. 45
I*84
(run)
L.2
2.2
3.3
5.2
2.0
2.8
5.5
4.3
o*"
(n,/s)
0. 0186
0. 021
0.0186
0.028
Uo.
(tn,/s)
0.34
0.37
0.34
0.45
TABLE 3.2
o
.9
64
E'tgure 3.7
?he Cglindrical
Pier
for conparison.
ModeL
65
t- -
FIaq Vtew
FlPvatlsa vls
Ef'gare 6.8 :
M,B,L.
3,.9 t
Ftquta
-
bedl
66
Scole
direction
+
of flow
Mirror
Eigure 3.70
67
3.5
APPROACH FI,OW
flow depth
was
from:
u*
@fl
(3.3)
68
a
E
=10
cl
<tr
o.
]J
;
_9
lr
o.2
0.4
0.6
Vetocity (m/sl
Figune 3.71, :
'59
o
E
s8
x
-5
-to
L
J
o
o,
(D4
68
kldm/s)
Eig,ure 3'.72 :
The
a=
(3.4)
i0
10
I
dso = o'24mm
-o
0-^
vJ
d5o = o'6
g6
'nt
t,
o
o
L
o
o
L
' az.
6t,
o
o
o
o
6t
5z
0.1
(o)
08
Velocity
--t
04
1.2
(b)
(m/sl
0B
12
Vetocity
(m/sl
-o-8
o
o
a
dr
a
a
o
:6
a
o
EL
a
sao
0r/1l
1.6
ru
1.,
ef'alts
'
i,!e
0.4
0.8
Velocity
an V eLoei tg
(m
/s
1.7
l
?l
(\I
aI
rfoce drog
=1.0 mm
l/
t/
t/a
lt
t/./
."
.t'
..'
a'\
i -t -..'
)z,L--"
oo'
02
0.1
\Surfoce drog
0.6
=0.152mm
o8
Velocity (m/s)
Figure 3. 14
72
show
73
t
I
t
t
I
'E
z
L
=
8l
oun",
o
o
L
a
Ftot
Bed
- onnounes
- tmnsition
a - dunes
r - riPPles
A- flot bed,
A
A
.01
1.0
0.5
1.5
74
uo.
u*c{s.zs roy
#.
r}
(3. s)
(es)
Qtot=Qr*e=
The average flow velocity
(3. 6)
uo=#
where both Yo and B are
B = 440 mn).
Ehe
(3.7
mn
or 2IO mm and
nump was
["'l'
t-;l
(3.8)
IJ
(3.e)
-NrQl
anct
q=E
where
Duringoperation,theheadacrossthePumPwasmeasuredusing
awatermanomeeerandtheflowratedeterminedusingthe
appropriate performance culve. The flowrate' Qs through the
sediment PumP lilas assumecl to be constant' This is
reasonable because heailloss changes arising from water level
Q" was determined by
variations were insignificant'
measuring the velocity profiles at five different' stations
across the cross section of the flume' The flowr:te was
determined from
Qs=Ve =
::l^'{l*'}l'
(3.10)
where [vdY
)
$
$
a
A.
A,
E
A
C9
r!
d
o'-
So
oE
(]Pi
o.
tJ')
-d&
+
os
&q
$
t)(!
R
F,S
rq .$
3l--"
o
o
- lljls
poafim
RBSoh^_atr$3
durnd aq1
ol lndut dH @
tr
()+l
$
$sr
qN
$s-
r)
77
o\o
\s7
6
1.1
-o
'd_
o
L
o0.
f
1'0
0.5
Uo
Figure 3.17
from
p.p.c. (m/s)
Mean
Perfonmanee Cutve
3.5
E.XPERIMENTA], PROCEDURE
bed
Before the comnencement of an experiment, ttre sedirnent
on
the
running
was levelled with the aid of a scraper
The flurne was then filled with
instrument carriage raiLs'
78
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The head across the pump was recorded and the flow-
rate
was
determined..
5.
7.
The
8.
II Live-bed Experiments
With live-bed experiments it was not necessary to level the
sediment bed. fhe fl-ume was filled with water and both
pumps vrere st.arteal. Steps I to 5 above were followed.
79
2.O
lll=0.7
Utc
1.5
0.6
o
o
1f
1.0
dso =
o'6 mm
D = 31.75mm
o5
101
100
Time
fiZ
103
(minutesl
When
80
,cdrl'eEEDsnalingi
3.
In
L.
5.
6.
lff,te neag, bed leveJ. a.ud the r0eas rater level crere
frsquntllr ctreslsd {urtn.g the exFeri;qeDt to ens,qlrg
that a gnifo. ts{o f!.ow wa.e neietalneit.
goFe- of-
at the 6nd of
a
a
t|)
a
a
a
a
a
a
.E
.F
a
a
o
a
a
a
-s
&
a
tJ
(a
\J
I
s)
a
o
a
a
a
tsl
9-
a
o
o
o
a
c
'tr
c\
ot
c\l
o
a
a
a
a
o
a
a
a
a
a
o
a
$
F
.E
a
a
a
a
g
a
(J
..
.tEEE
{E
'-..tci6cij Elq*
'rntJ)
a
atlttflil
.t-o^f\-.JUEU
a
R333F,
r.lldao
luruJ
\D
i+
&
a
a
stJ
a
a
a
a
TJ
(l,
c
E=
o
'lJ
Jnoss
q
m
q)
Chopter 4
Results
4.1
and
Discussion
INTR.ODUCTION
4-1.1
B2
83
deeP
rivels
of large
Direction
'+ flow
of
\
q
Fig. 4-1
--
M.B.L.
-o
;l
L-- -- J
flluetvation of Lacal Scour Depth at a
Ginen Instant as the 7un of scout Depth
due to the PLer (En) and Change i'n Bed
Eletsation due to Eed Features (86)
Many researchers.
e.9'
Shen
84
= ,!,
(ds)
(4.1)
i,/D
ds(max)
= (d".,r/o) x
+ 0.5
A d"
(4.21
erhere Ad s = d.stmaxJ
.-d. stmLnj.
and d-s tmax
the maximum in the loca:L scour depth
r----']
versus time record. It corresponds
to the translation of the trough of a
bed feature past the scour hole.
85
dsirnin] = the
minimum
Tochecktheapproximationthattherueanbedlevelisapproxi-
mately at hal-f the height of the bed features' eqn 4'2 can
be apPlied:
ds(max) = d"..,+o'5acls
,\
(-l
- 0'5 x {dst..x) - ds(rnin)/ = du"
(-\
o.s x lE.(max) + ds(mintl = d"t
The calcul.t"a qo.ntity, 0.5 x {itslmax) + d"(.irr1 }/n
(or d.(aver),/D) is plotted as a function of d"rr,/D in Fignrre
4.2. 'lhe graph shows that ds("rr"r)/D is equal to d"rr'lD
within about t 5t, confirraing that the mean bed level is
d5
lmax)
By using
B6
dov'/D
Figure 4.2
The
ds (desigrn)
(davlD)xD+0.5ho
(4. 3)
87
100
80
E
5oo
o
Fi.gwe 4.3
4.L.2
Effect of ePPfgectr-lefogitY
relative scour
depth, duu/D, in a uniform sediment around a cylindrical
pier are-shown for each sedirnent size as a function of the
(tl) '
velocity pararneter U"/Eo" in Figures 4'5 (a) to
the
are
curves
Uo'luoc
Superimposed on the d",,r,/D versus
al1 the
that
Note
fluctuations of the scour depth' A d"'
less
Nurnbers
approach flows were subcritical with the Froude
of the
temPoral" average
88
0.3
o
o
q
n.1
o.
o
(l,
o
o
+J
i'
0.01
!
o
d
10
100
0r0"
?igute 4.4 : Bed Featu?e Steepness ue?eug
0/Qe after Ialin (1972)
gome of the data points in the 1.45 rmr
than unity.
sediment were collected using a larger flow depth (Yo =
340 mn) in oriler to ensure that conctitions rernained subcritlcal (refer to Appendix A for the ctetails of each data
point).
89
CE
EE
ex
:o
ql
>E
qtD
\J\
': 'h
o
T'
ll ltr
g<
o
\s *
$4"
Oq)
5\3
ol
-so
otJ
sr0
(4
li St
${
a$
-t\
)o
!)
g)
Fi
q
.d
\
*.) o
.$
OB
(a$
l)
E:5
SN
l{
tr
a\
.do
.d
:s
VF
B{g
s
aa)
{ss't
'd
N\
{rs
Bq$
)
\
oo
C{F
(urur)sPv
!D
o
ci
o/^Dp
q)
s,
F&
90
ccl
9'gr9'g
s88R
ct
\J
KP88
5 ;@rr,m
C') (?, \t
I
o ar
ll
[n
Fa
\\ah
\t
&.<
tr'.
oa)
o
!
o'
so
l's)
3$
.c\
$o
\)o
oO l.d
s{
f, oc
(o \ oro:
oe
-r F:
XN
.I
.d.+.
,O
+-
'N
QI
'ds
tslg
c.r
q)
.3
*l
+id
N!
TR
F;
SRPO
(u,lllr) tpV
rl
\J
o
N
e/ ^op
9L
oE oo
t\F:t\F{
>E
9oo
eC!-GlC.)
^EE
ro
lr\
q3l
oo
\J \3
;=EE'..
s.<
ro
tr- Je
.oo{<<
\J o.
oQ)
rjt
ba
oL
Y
tl
o
t4 t)
|rl
'ct
ti
1J
)
)
-r/
--T >r>
Rq)
\.'
E$
.R\
$o
s)Q
AS
&.$
s{s
QtJ
$;s
qt
(v, o
E:
J
:sN
-o
.n<H
\
''Fl
rI
1..
N\
.do
'!! $
F qtr
ers
f.i B
(\l
sl
'is '{
+r +t
IJ
N\'
$s
ES
-O
os
-t
o
(Y,
oo
(!e
tutur) sPV
a!
;s
Cll
e/
^Dp
r<
92
E-
N
ao
EE
EE
qr9
(V)
I&
a
eo
N
utl
o
r')O
E
&<
a
+-
's
$
rJ
&.
o(!
o*
-S
6u
xt0
Fa
qt
as's
.c (r,
+Q
$o
:)
o
J
F..:
x+
95
tD$
E;$
sN
'ar \
+.do
.$a
e{
\r
5q)
'd
$$'q
B
N\J
$)s
oi(J
\
oo
-T
(')
oo
c{e
(rJrUrl
tpv
/^oP
s,
93
2.
When
94
95
3.2 nEn sediment, it was not possible to obtain the transition flat bed due to the lirnited flow depth available with
the flume used. Thj.s aspect is discussed later in
this section.
Asthevelocitlrincreasesgastthelive-bedmaximumscour
depth, anti'lunes are forrned. The scour depth decreases
since the rapiC rnovenent of large arnplitude bed forns
has a sirnilar effect to that of dunes' There is little
time availab.le for scouring between successive bed forms
96
and
o.'
DYo
(mm)
o 31.75 't70
o"210
tr 40'00
A /.5.00 170
A"210
1,0
so = 1'45
(mml
mm
1?3t,5
uo/ uoc
4.6
Flgure
"
lor
duo
= 1'45 (F'Z
1)
98
E
CL
)o
L
aC)
cd
Velocity
Figut,e 4, 7
bed.
99
o
x
d
E
d." a
Figure 4.8
(mml
. I'J()
1.
/.0
" (7982)
Chee
100
I
I
Yo
170 mm
uo/ uoc
Ftgure 4.9
Relatite Equilibriun
De?th DePsu" Uo/Uo.
Seout
Jain and Fischer (Lg7g, 80) found that the scour depth
increases in the antidune region (refer to Figures 2'20(a)
and (b) ) , contrary to results by Chee (1982) and the present
101
non - rippiing
sediments
jv
efir
o
u
rippling
sediment
Figuz,e
4-
il ./rlvoc
vo
10
This is
because
102
25
15
(mm)
0.2/., 0.38
0.80. 1.40
= 100 mm
10-'i
Uo
Fisur
4'
1'
/Uoc
:Ztzr'r',i.'rXi'"t 3T'r:1oZZ"i?rl""o
to
Chee (1962)
103
the tota]-
sc:o-irf,
D = 31.75 mm
3{)
= 1'70 rnm
dso= 1'45 mm
Y"
o
x
tr.
E
ll
<t
2.5
0:4
0'6
Flgare
4-72 :
-
10
12
V,
'1'6
dso = 1'5 mm
o
o
YolD =2
1.0
0'4
0.6
08
1.0
1.2
Velocity (m/sl
Figune 4. 1.3
t05
1.
Ripples and
Dunes
Transition Flat
1.
Ripples and
Dunes
106
Time
Figure 4.74
J-07
measured
108
of the dune also changes as it transIates past the scour hole. Consider a 2-dirnensional
dune as it approaches the scour hole as shown in
Figure 4.15. It underg:oes the following changes:
t.
The mid-section
2.
directly upstream of
the scour regrion is dumped Lnto the scour hole
This
and is subsequently eroded from it.
than
that in
rate
faster
at
a
sediment travels
pier,
which is
the dune at either side of the
(away
fron the pier)
transported at the normal
speed. In this way, the mid-section of the
dune becomes elongated.
decreases
).
10.9
(1t
(31
-r-.-\i-\
\..
\- -\-/
{s)
Fisura 4' 1
6'
!r1ffi,I""72,u"Iu1*"or'l"rrYzk"?Z
funo?.lu
r-u
110
some
experi-
r11
2.3
Yo
170 mm
dso =
0'6 mm
D
roo
Dr
50.8mm
uo/ uoc
Fi.gure 4.76
\L2
fiI
(q".
l[l
(31
Ei,suva
-
4.7? :
Pl,an Vieu
of a
sc-2u1-E-ele
r"^1"'i"iZ'-b"it-it
qs a
Dune
(Eloekage Ratio
< 74)
larger
'itater
113
deeper scour.
y^
Direction
+
of ftow
.\-JYO
\J\
-J
-J
tl
L--J
Figure
4. 78
114
The study
L15
In general
1.
2.
3.
(mm)
50
(nun)
133
Yo/D
o/aso
0. 38
156
Cl
se
D
r.28
se/^
--=-/ z. J^
0. 56
r00
133
o.?s
Is6
1.39
0. 60
80
240
0. 33
282
L.02
0. 44
50
240
o.2L
282
0.77
0.33
30
240
0.13
282
0. 58
o.25
TABLE
E
E
n
o
tl
UI
4.I
r16
o""
Yo
(run)
(nn)
45
2L0
vo/D
o/dso
.67
14.
Eo /r.a:
1.57
0.86
r90
45
4.22
14.1
t_.53
nn4
t)
45
L.67
14.1
L.08
0. 59
t.L2
0.51
0. 89
0.49
e
E
N
(r)
ll
bl
45
I. 44
40
45
0.89
14.1
TABLE 4.2
Yo
(mn)
o""
(nn)
o/D
200
45
4.44
100
45
2.22
45
68
q1
o/<lso
-5-
$.11.17
tf '
E
5.6
0.93
o.79
5.6
0.8r
0. 69
5.5
0.71
0.61-
ll
Itl
TABLE 4.3
with
In Figure 4.19, the new experirnental data toqether
= 0'6 t) '
ds(Yo)'/ds(Yo
versus
Ettemars data are plotted as Yo,/D
col-lapse
It is apparent that for D,/drO > 50' the data
dependence
the
that
approxirnately on a single tine sfrowing
relative pier
of scour clepth on Yo/D is independent of the
50' The results
to sediment size wfrln o/a'o is larqer than correlation
g'ood
obtained using low values*of D/d50 show
with the results of Ettema'
scour (Yo/D < 2) are also
Cheers (1982) data for clear water
general Pattern'
plotted in Figure 4'19 and fit into the
of the Clata by Chee is
The relative pier to sediment ratio
and the
larger than 50, the sediment $tas non-rippling
iteep flow was assumed
equilibrium scour depth in relatively
to be 2.3.
lr7
>r
o
N
l<
@$
od
lr,
&"
tt)
s
\l
tl
o
rt)
\J
q
9s
ot
oa
AqI
o=
>j
:<
\l
\t
o
|'r)
o
a
o
(\I
lo
rr)
tl
\,
o
E
o
lrl
c{
o
o
E
c)
\t
O(D
s+at
3d
I .rf
a!
5t)
\\o*
}1s
-t
s9
7
.o
c.
(J
q
o-lt'
)
I
No)
o:
Gt
R.
118
119
ao/uo"
.lJ
16
..{
'}J
a
o
dav
(Yo),/D
vo/D
dso
o/dso
170
5.4
o.24
132.
r.
170
4.3
0.24
167 .
2.00
170
3.8
o.24
187. s
r.91
0. 96
I?O
3.8
0.24
187.5
1.94
0.97
L40
3.1
o.24
187.
1.88
0. 94
L20
2.7
0.24
187.
1. 80
0.9
70
1-6
o.24
187.5
1. 59
0.8
45
r.0
o.24
187.
r.29
0. 65
.Er
41.
d av
-o
TABLE 4.4
aJYj ;=7
99
120
Us / U66
0.9
+z +L
Shen (66)
Ettemo (80)
Chee (82)
v
v
Chiew t84)
L
D
/dro
tr
tr
B
50
tr
tr
S/s
t
amd
'aY
oo-
0.2
04
0'6
08
10
K (Yo/D)
Fi.gure 4. 20
at conditions
effect of flov{ itePth on live-bedl scour complicated
bect
is
flat
betl,reen threshold and transition
experimental data
by the presence of bed features' Sone(1982) for I'9 <
obtained by shen et al (1966) and Chee
The Froude Number
t1 /tJ < 2.! axe pLotted in Figure 4'20'
clata \^tere
rhe
;:' ;i:=. data ransed from 0'37 to 0'81'
present
the
frorn
normalised using measured scour depths
l'g < Vo/voc < 2'L'
study in which 3'8 < Vo'lD < 5'35 and
The
12]
data shovr reasonable agreement with those for thresholil and transition flat bed. In suunary, it appeare that
the enpiricalJ.y deternined relationship for flow depth
effect on clear vrater scour can be applied to Live-bed scour.
These
D/d5o
tr
2'1.9
D/dso!31
D/d5s =Jl'
/d so ='10
uo
Eigune 4. 27
/ uoc
vn-ru^u,".
oI
u/a 50 o/U
53
L22
The ternPorat
L23
'9
. Uo/Uoc( '98
Chee (82)
cleor woter
live-bed I I O
Otr
Uo/Uoc
0.9 .95
2.0 3.C
A o
^
:ttema
/an\
101
Figure 4.22
/dso
tr
Present StudY
5
D
t.5 4.0
to2
L24
aslightreductionofbedlevelinunediatelyupgtreamofthe
the horseshoe vortex
rim of the scour hole which weakened
eguilibriun scour depth'
and resulted in a lower rnaximurn
whether this reduction i's real
llowever there is some
'loubt
(1982) do not suPport it'
and, for examPle, itata by Chee
in this study at high
The limiting values of ilav/D obtained
at UolUo" = t't:
values oe D/dSO for each of the curves
the results'
2.0, 3.0, 3.5 and 4'0 have been used to normalise
conditions are tabulated
These limi-ting values for live-bed
water
dt"'/D t"t
in Table 4.5. The liriting value of (Ettema' :l:::
was
1980)
scour depth i'e' u*/u*c = 0'9 and 0'95
the
and
cases
50 in both
taken as the peak t'"fo! "t o/dSo =
the
slight reduction at higher values was neglected'
4'23'
normalised data are Plotted in Figure
Stto/auo
1.5
L.75
2.O
r.7 0
1.9s
3.0
3.5
4.0
'
2.00
2.00
TABT,E
4.5
so)
L25
'-0
0.4
K
Figure 4.23
0.6
0.8
10
(D/d)
LZO
TheresultsshowthattheinfluenceotD/dsoonthescour
of Uo/uoc'
depth is the sane regardless of the value
low vaLues of
Figure 4.23 allows the value of d"'*r'lO for
(i'e' the effect of sedirnent
D,/dsO to be adiusted as below
.ize-to be removed from the data):
dav./D (D,/d5O)
where
1the
>
= K(D/d) x d^u/D(D/ds'
50)
at a
= relative eguilibrium scour ilepth
and
given varue of D,/iluo ancl uo'luo"'
scour depth
dav,/D(D,/d50 > 50) ] relative equilibrium
at the same Us/U.. ancl D/ctr' > 50
dav,/D (D,/d50)
D'lduo ls
reduction in the scour clepth at low valuesof
caused bY:
1.
:::::"":::'ff .";":::.il:'#
ffi
2.
4.1.6
::":":"1"11""'
some
of its
relative
the relatively large sediment particle sizepier
the
to tbe widtth of the groove in front of
(* o'Zso wide) impedes the erosion process'
SuNnarY
pier in uniform
fhe equilibrium scour itepth of a cylindrical
sedimentsisinfluencedbytheapproachvelocity,flow
rJo/uot' vo'ln- and D'lclt6
dePth and sediment sizes in terms of
K(Yo'lD)
respectively' By using the adjustnent factors
4'2Q and 4'23
and K(D/dSo) obtained frorn Fi'gures
and sediment size
depth
the effects of flow
respectively,
canbeaccountedforbyexperimentallyobtaineddata.
adjusted for flow depth and
The experimental data have been
4'24 showing
grain-size effectsand are pl-otted in Figure
'r'7
Fnt
$'d
st
ovr
s Rs TQ
ss
s, 'j or
O \H
.r.
Qt
v(4
qJT
os
\!o*(
i
o
os
F.
$
lr}
$.
sto
3$
o!
5NN
l!
{r
.. n, o a
oQ ('!
f,{l
-&O'
o x ,P.6
$ q-q til
5 ^$D
.d
+r!
&q)
Ei$
'
FtSP
'd't$
30)
J
c.i -s
oo"
cD+
i s$
so
rr Es
$ 'tr
s\JN
ql Q) l,
&vr$
$
!,
Otr{
(\l
0,2 ^Dp
128
1
,
4.2
LIVE-BED
SCOUR
SEDIII,IE}ITS
that:
1.
2.
1.
2.
I29
130
4.2.I Effect of
APproach
Velocity
1.
The
131
F(p
F\
(o<
EE
EE
crroo
d.
ll {r
ssl
kfiJ
lJ
i?T
&s
oo
<|r$
al
Q{t
E
\$
tooB I
b!r
o
8$
&o
\S 'ir
a$
d
R;s
$+i
o. tJ
ox
(Y'
C'
AN
:"oq
t4
c!
F*
;ls
'$ Fr
F.
'Q0)
'd.ri
x"R
ss
Et(l
$s
a.
$
rJ
q)
qb
-- --
tl
oo
.t
(7,
o
(\
(urur)
spv
o
GT
g/^Dp
sN
v
\)
$)
ll
Sr
132
Eq
Fr3
a<
E EEc.
o@e
*'t\
'ct
S.
il$
sq)
qrJ
tJ
ilull
o 3F
oo
g)
oq)
>
\so
> (+-
\t
Bq
as
$iA
as
(')f
f
S+oo
o (4$
FS
.dg
e)
.d
NS
$+
$:
a :.r
ll
o.t
n$
$b
$
sll
q)
)o
--.rrrtltltl'
o
c7,
ttrt
=Fv
a
N
$
r4
O/ ^DP
tr"
Gr
133
EO
E\
<
.;"s
}|
EE
lt $
s$
s\
\J
F;S
r.f)
orolr)
i?T
ooq)
+-
>-"J8
l)
oq)
b's
\+J
5q-
\o
os
&o
t)
a{'.rIJ
.s3
$$
tr"$
s)x
AS
^vsq-
oo
\-- 6r,l
os,
f EF
,o
q)
'ts "s
BS
F{ \J
$q
-o
+
Bll
$s,
(,
ooo
|r)
(\l-
(lr|trlIS PV
o/^DP
r!
134
E!0
$<
l$
,t
A\D
s13
s:
ooO
.rq
o
O(D
5*i
\15
a
Sca
so
&q
0) '$
as
d
++s
a, l)
aP
;Sql
(roo
o(J
J vjs)
\ EF
o ss
='$f'
q)
'Q
'!5 rt
s\
s*
-o
fo
FI tJ
$h
5.
s
ll
$$,
\J
N
cfo
* (rrFpv
oa
-e/
r.o
nop
q)
:b)
tr{
135
when
136
1.5
dso = 0'8 mm
Yo = 170 mm
)E
1.0
og
uo/uoc
1.32
= 31.75 mm
= 2'8
1.10
1oo51ot510'510t510'
Time (min.)
Fi.gure 4.26 : Relatioe Seour Depth tseraus Iine
1.
mode.
137
Flou
Direetion
F Low
Di.v'ec
tian
Plate
4l
.7(b) :
Sid,e
Same Dune
r38
The
3.
4.
\
Direction
+
of flow
time = t
:-
Eigure 4.27
time=t+ At
Partibles in a
Non-Uniform
Sedi.ment
Initially,
139
o.2
\.
\
\
.\.
\.
\
oo
\.
a\
0.
o\
t
\..
'
)'-t'\t
.
0
-0.3
t t?^t' a
a'.o\:{t.
'tl.?-ra-6
0's
t0
PID
Fi.gut:e
140
d.rr,/D
Influence of D/d
It is clear from Figures 4.25(b) to (d) that the relative
size of pier to sediment has an important bearing on the
equitibrium scour depth of non-uniform sediments. The
relative equilibrium scour depth witlr the same sediment is
larger for larger pier diameter than for srnaller pier
This trend is consistent
diameter at the same velocity.
in all three non-uniform sediments used in this study where
og t 2.8. rn uniforn sedirnents, the adjustrnent factor'
x7o/al is based on the dro size of the particJ-e size distribution of a given sediment. Ilowever, the dUO size is
inappropriate in non-uniforrn sedinents because the larger
particles in the sediment have a lower D/d ratio and will
affect the scour depth. For example, a non-unj.forrn
141
o
A
A
a
I
0q
(mm)
2.8
1.3
5.5
31.75
45.00
tr
23
Uo/ Uop
Eigune 4, 29
Depth
1.
base
L42
143
PLATE
4.2(a)
FLoa direetion
PLATE 4.
2 (b )
HoLe
t44
2.8
og
D (mn)
drO (nun)
31. 75
o/dgo
I0.
(D,/d)
45
31.75
45
??
7.3
I5
4.3
6.2
3
6
5,5
4.3
3r.75
45
4
7.9
1,1. 3
0.73
L.23
0.81
0.65
0-74
L. 32
0.47
0.97
0. 59
aav/D
1.20
1.
l_0
I.20
Adjusted
du,lD
1.58
1. 63
2.06
2.03
1. 59
L.62
TABLE 4.6
below which
becomes
too large to
be
145
Direction
.-of flow
?igune 4.30
downflow. This is in contrast to uniform sediment or nonuniform sediments in lower velocity excess where the
particles r"rere closely packed together reducing their
exposure to the downflow. It is, however, observed in
other experiments ' e.g. in the og = 4.3 sediment (D = 3I.75
O/dgO = 3I.75/7.3 = 4.3), that larger partj.cles clicl stay
in tbe scour hole by virtue of their size relative to the
groove excavatedatthe base of the scour hole, as discussed
earlier.
run
When
146
nun
uoluo.
4.31
4.54
3L.75
4.49
4.7 4
d^'/D
p/dso
I.
2.00
1. 09
1.87
56
56
40
40
0.95
0.9s
1.99
L.97
(run)
(D/d)
Aal justeal
a^/D
+3
94
L.94
2.00
TABLE 4.7
Research
1.
L47
3.
tr-lre
Chapter 5
Summary and Conclusions
There are nany design formulae, mostly derived from experimental data, available for estimation of local scour depth
around briclge piers.
Many of the earlier formulae fail to
differentiate between cLear water and live-bed scour. Until
very recently, ernphasis was given to clear water scour
because it was thought that maxirnurn scour depths always
(5'1)
149
5.1
x D + 0.5 *
ho
(s. 2)
resPectivelY.
(Uo,/Uoc)
linearly untiL it
reaches a local rnaximum at the crltical velocity of the bed
sediment. As the approach velocity exceeds the critical
velocity of the bed sediment, the eguilibriun scour ilepth
decreases due to the supply of sedj-ment to the scour hole
from upstream and because there is insufficient time for the
renoval of the material dumped into the scour hole by the
passageofadune before the arrival of the next dune. This
trend continues until the live-bed minimum scour depth is
reached at about the velocity vhich produces the steePest
dunes. rhereafter, the equilibriun scour ,ilepth increases
again because the steepness of the bed features decreases
and more time is available for the scour nechanism to remove
sediment from the scour hole betr.teen the passage of succesgive
dunes. The equilibriurn scour depth reaches a second peak
around the range of velocities which produces the transition
flat bed at which tj:ne the steepness of the bed features is
rf the approach velocity j.s increased further'
negligible.
the eguilibrium scour depth decreases due to the formation of
antidunes. In an antidune bed. there is 1ittle time
available for scouring between successive bed forms arriving
at the scour hole and the sediment transPort rate is generally
very high. Generally. variations in the scoux depth with
increasing fl-ow velocities are reLated to the volume of
sediment transported and available to be clumped into the
scour hole and the ti:ne available for scouring between
successive bed features arriving at the scour hole.
l_51
(yo/D)
where
$o/Dl
K(Yo/D)
darr'/D
(s.3)
depth (normalised by
particular
at
a
D)
Uo/Uoc and a
relatively low Yo,/D such that flow
depth effects are present
eguilibrium scour depth (normaliseil by
D) at the same Uo,/Uo" but a relatively
high Yo/D such that flow depth effects
ate absent, dav./D can be estimated
frorn Figure 4.24
flow depth ad.justrnent factor obtained
from Figure 4.19
dur/D
(Yo./D)
The
L52
downflow
momentum
5. 1.
(D,/d50
dav,/D (D,/ds0
where
dav,/D (D,/d50)
d../D
(D,/d)
K (P,zd)
d^u/D
(s.4)
153
5.2
154
The
fff
is reduced.
5.3
A DESIGN GUIDE
t.
,F
lor,, parameters:
Bed
3.
rnaterial parameters:
Mean sedi:nent
ancl
size (dr.)
pier
shaPe
If,D
DESIGN DATA
shaoe
Calculate ao/!o.
Estimate d"o/D from
Figure 4.24
Calculate
o/dSO
Ko
",
[{+ , o.*).".
Fi.gure 5. 1
{.[3J
i 0-06]
{^t=J
ho
ELou Chatt
l-51
where
tr58
.[+] r
o-o'e
-[B] t
o-o.
o'r5
'da.,
Tr
i
]
]
I
bandwidthsl
ntblioSrapW
(1962) Discussions on "Scour at Bridge
Crossings" by Laursen E.M., Trans. A.S.C.E. VoL. I27, Pt, I,
AHMAD MUSHTAQ
pp 198-206
ALLEN
BAGNoLD
R.A. (1966)
dAn Approach
to the
Sedirnent Transport
pp 473-504
BAGNoLD R.A. (1980) "An Empirical Correlation of 3ed Load
Transport Rates in Flume and Natural Rivers" Proc. Royal
Society of London, A 372 pp 453-473
BAKER C.J. (1980) "Theoretical Approach to Prediction of
tocal scour Around Bridge Piers" Journal of Flydraulic Research
18, No. I 9p 1-12
BAKER c.J. (1981) "New Desiqn Equations for Scour Around
Bridge Piers" JHD, Proc. A.S.C.E., Vol. 107, IIy4, pp 507-511
BAKER C.,1. (1983) Closure to 'rNew Design Eouations for
Scour Around Bridge Piers" JHD' Proc. A.S-C.8., VoI. I09'
llo. 5, pp 767
genel
BASAK v. (19?5) "Scour at square Piers" Devlet su isteri
muilulugu. Report No. 583' Ankara
BAUEII, w.J. (1962) Discussions on "Scour at Bridge Crossings"
byLaursenE.M.Trans.A.s.C.E.,Vol'L27,PE'I'pp186-188
1s9
160
Discussions on "Scour
Around Briilge Piers at High Flow Velocities" by Jain S.C.
and Fischer 8.E., JHD, Proc. A.S.C.E.r vol. LO?, l{17,
pp 9s8-960
BLENCII f. (1975) Discussions on rFactors Determining Bed
Forms of Alluvial Streams" by Vanoni V.A., JIID, Proc. A.S.C.E.
vol, 101. HY4, pp 4L2-4L4
BONASOUNDAS r'1. (1973) "Non-Stationary Ilydromorphological
Phenomena anil Moilelling of Scour Processes"' Proc. l6th
Congress I.A.Il.R. ' Sao Pau1o, Brazil, Vol. 2, Pp 9-16
nscour at Bridge
BRADLEY J.N. (1962) Discussions on
Crossings" by Laursen E.l"t.' frans. A.S.C.E- Vol- L27, Pt l,
pp
J.81-183
BREUSERS
Colorado, op 275-282
BREUSERS
161
CHIN
Auckland
CEITALE
pp 191-195
Tech, ReP.
BYD 04-6402
Sweden
IN JA}!AICA.'
I{allingford,
(19?5)
Station'
Research
Hydraulic
Report No. 690
Oxfordshire, Enqland
EINSTEfN }t.A. and BARBARoSSA N.L. (]-952) "River Channel
Roughness", Proc. A.S,C.E., Vo1. 77' Sept., No- 78
EIIGELUITD !'. and FREDSOE J. (1982a) "Sediment Rigples and
Dunes" Annual Rev. Fluid Mechanics vo1. 14' pp 13-37
ENGELUND !'. and FREDSOE J- (1982b) "Advance in Eydroscience"
Edited by Chow V.T.' Vol. 13, pp 187-2L5
ETTEMA R. (1976) "Influence of Material Gradation on Local
Scour", ME Thesis, Auckland University, Auckland, Regort
'ITHE DESIGN OF BRIDGE PIERS I'OR STEEP STREAMS
No.124
IOZ
FENTON
163
JOGLAKAR
pp 147-168
KNORoz
on
Deformatj-onsofChannelBeds!'ormedbyMateriafsNon_Uniform
in Size", Proc. 14th Congress, I'A'E'R', Paris' Vol' 3'
pp 35-42
r'The Infl-uence of side-I'Iall Priction
KRANENBuRG c. (19s3)
on Shear-Stress Driven Entrainment Experiments'', Journal
of Hyd.raulic R.esearch 21, No. 2, pp 99-LI7
!.'t. (1970) Discussion on "Local Scour around
Bridge Piers" by Shen 8.W., Schneider V.R. and Karaki s',
J.It.D. , A.s.c.E. , voI. 96, l1!7 ' pp 1537-1538
LAU Y.L. (1982) "Suspended Sedirnent Effect on Flow
Resistance', J[IE, Proc.A.S.C.E., VoI. 109, No. 5, pP 757-763
KRISIINA!4URIHY
LAURSEN
Load
pp 323-330
164
I4AZA AI,VEREZ
Segundo Congr.
MAZA ALVEREZ
pp 93-106
165
Press
RAUDKTVT A.J. and ETTEI{A R- (l_977a) ,,Effects of Sediment
Gradation on Clear Water Scour and luleasurement of Scour Depth"
Proc. 17th Congress I.A.H.R. Baden-Bad.en, VoI. 4, pg 52l-527
pp 338-351
166
"SEDIMENTATTON ENGINEERING"
Y. and
1975
H.W.,
OGAWA
KARAKI
pp 1919-1940
Colorado
L67
SIMONS
D.B. and
Roughness
Part 1, pp
284-323
!'lorrt
Papers 422-J
Sand
pp 363-327
the
168
eal.ifo:nia
RIIITE W,R. (19i7'5) !'geout Arouncl Btidlge Fters in Eteep.
sui.eans" Proc. 16tb c-oDgres6 r.'A.g.R,,, $ao Fa:uLof ltol. 2,
PP ?79-284
nTrd,faln P.E. alld. SllltP .P.8. (I9?I) rlnl&iatloo of Bipples
on Flat ediinent Dedsu IIIND F,roc. A.S-C.E. Voi.. 9?r g!tr4.,
pp 5:05-5Zz
wrr,r,xs ,t.s., COL@IAN l$"L, and EIJ.TS w.]4. tL972) lDaboratgrl|
Atuciy of lraBsporlt of, Fi.ne Sandr il.lD Pboe,. A^-S.C.E. votr. 9'g
gg3, pp 489-501
l{oNG W.E. (J.9,8,2) n'scour at Eridge iAbutraentsrt !48 lheeigr
aucliiand u.n-5,vereity, Aiickla'lrd, ReBorL No' 275
YALIN It.S. (1963) ilAn Extrression for Bed-Load TianEportatl-oni
ilm Proc. A.g.C,B. vol. 89, 8Y11, pp 221-250
YAI;fN !.1,s. (19?Zl "ltechanic of, sedjiqeot TliansEort"
Per'ganro$ Pre.s6
Apptndix A
Experimental Data for
Uniform Sediments
159
170
l{t{t{
ooo
OP.9.
!Ht{
ooo
+JrJrJ
(l)llJC)
EEE
('16tO
.rl
FiOr!OlOOr|
t\t(9lf-m|'|<!(n
.9.F
tlttlrt
ootno l,|,)(,lul(0utul
ttt!!!!ttlt
oco@o10r6\01
r{ r-{ r.l Fl Fl d
F{
ria
aoo
f-oO
dora)
gs,
ol/lul
+J]J.u
aatr
rDoo
oodl
{roo
HHIT
o
ll
d)rd
fl
p{
dEc)
t*nisgfr
$*nasB$nsss
-u.?.:.H<<.E
E
"U.f.H.H'<<.<.E.E
+rx'&EEEggEg
*,sBsEEH
(daadcc c(!
rEooo qtrcrg.!+rrJ
d<
6\9\000ro
1......
orF\9N6@
id
.h
.-{
l|"{
ll
;1
-E
(nE
nH
lr[iltl
ll
ot)()
|')0*O
4J>{5p
r\l\o6t\o
(nrnrnF)
Fl
rl<!OONgqr
\0rnOF\O,CO01
Fi-{NFlFlFlFl
9FlFl\OlnF)
F-r'{@oOd
t......
FtNF{GI(rIN
t',|17)('l0Nm666
n rn t,\ F* O\ ort (n
Fl .-{ .-{ r-{ .-l Fl r-{
OCF{F{l.rl
r\@OrFlFl
@(\rnOt@<l'F{
@rolnrl{N
o(\<trrf)m|.)
Nl-.F{Or$(r,}
@rnlng$tn
......1
Orlr{d)m(Y)
| .....1
'{ Fl i'l 6l C-,1
t\
s.l
<lgrrnf-r
Flrl(\\O\O$fF{(nUl<f<<!rg
coooooo
0000000
I
o
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++++
-{fiu.)rOF-Fl<trl\@rg
<tnmFla'.O\NOOm
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J++
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d'I
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gH m+-tr)F ooarcn:
E;l
,E
\o
E
- dSE
EE^
iJ gdeSgSBBBd 16B$EFIBB
m = K to
=ooqomfF
.F.
tr
tn
F{ o o q
tr
tr
o
u u
>" c" D" b-'
d'6o;6o
..1
.., oo
.., oo
oo
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trt
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183
Ig!8,
* All values of average velocities and shear velocities
are measured in n,/s.
(ii) a ** the local scour depth (maxinum and average) are
recorded as dirnensi.onless values, i.e. normalised
with the diameter of the pier.
b ** A ds values are measured in nul.
***The results obtained using 70 mm pier were less
(iii)
than that obtained using a srnaller pier (D < 45 mn)
This aspect
because of the low aspect ratio.
is discussed in Section 4.1.3.
(iv) + During the experiments with non-uniform seiliraents,
it was observed that antidunes were not formed
for flovrs where the Eroude Number exceeds unity.
It appears that the non-uniformity of the
sediment has an influence on the formation of antidunes. The same phenornenon \.tas observed by white
(1975) when carrying out live-bed scour exPeriments
at high flow (rr = 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2) with nonuniform sedirnent (dgo = 3.4 nun, dso = 0'8 nm).
The observed "bed features vtere not pronounced during
the experiments" indicating the formation of
transition flat bed rather than antidunes for Fr
> 1.
A few experiments were carried out at sub-critical
flow (Fr < t) uslng the on = 2.8, dt' = 0'8 mrn
sediment at the same Uo/Uoa as the experiments
at supercritical flow (Fr > 1) - The bed features
in both cases vtere transition flat bed' The
values of dr.r,/D, as sbown be1ow, show no difference
from that obtained in supercritical flow (cf'
Fig. 4.25(b))- This indicates that the equilibriun scour ilepth is onJ.y related to the apProach
velocity and bed form and not to the flow
(i)
regime '
D (run)
(nm)
3L.7 5
31. 75
290
300
3r.75
310
uo (m,/s) uoluo. Fr
L.47
3.69
0. 87
1,17
2.92
0.68
1.60
3.90
0.92
duu/D
1.70
1.45
r.79
Apptndix
SEDTMENT TRANSPORT RATE
(l<g)
ruvn
an I \
t'tot
where
Qq,
n
*s
Qtot
a
'w
c"
crQ= n
c*Q}'
(c.2)
186
Mixing
Chomber
F'i.gure
The
1.
made:
&,/s
assumed
intake.
J.
of sediment concentration, C,
is assurned to be equal to the sediment concentration
in the sediment f.ine, C. (refer to Figure C.2),
when the valve is oPened: Cl + c2 + Cs
Qs=01+Q2
The measured value
when
4.
A11
samPling method.
L87
Oz
to
mixlng
etromber
Qr ,Cr
os,",gs
Fi nt'r'e'c'
2'
fr'"X:A1:"'":"nli"TrKr,,u],'wffi^:*:r
aoae:etttnatibn e.nil Pls.a Rabe ta
the
S.eil:i,ment tr''tne
The,
:[he
'<t"aba
188
Wittis et ot.
172
(
oo
a,
6 o
)--o
o
p;
rO 5r
a
,r*
-o
\o
t rto
lI
ara
o
^o
r OA
.o
o
L
AA
ra
tt
I
.A
E.o
o
l'
(J
co
E
(l,
.00 1
r rl
A
a
o
v
.0 001
0-1
Flow rote
dso
(mml
(mm)
0.2t,
0.60
1.45
1.45
3.20
170
170
170
210
210
Yo
0'2
(m3ls-m
0'3
Irc
;
.cl
'1rt
ti^
cn
510
o
L
co
U
co
(J
Yo = 170 mm
dso=0'6 mm
*c t0-
0g
.
.
a
.E
p
ao
0.1
Ftow Rote
Figure C-4 :
1.2
2.0
5.5
02
(m3/s-m)
190
Se.rjree L1
0.24 tm
d-^
3U =
Y" =
o_.
Y
x70 mr'
1.33
RUrl
No..
Ax-0:2
Ar-03
AI-04
6"
Stot
(rsfs)
1fr/e-u)
0.973
0.i65
0.500
0.75,1
etr-05 0.625
al-06 1.2,3
EI-01 0.526
B[-03 0,582:
p1-04 s.729
E1-05 A,7X2
EL:07 O.841
Bt-08 I.079
Bt-og 1,291
8..,1-10 I.520
et-01 0.436
c1-02 0.5{7
c1-03 0 "
cil-04 A"842
et-05 I.019
QI-0fi 0.153
55191
0,08,5
Q;12,9
0, 106
'0r ?,0,9'
;0. 089
:o. qgg
0"r.24
o" 131
0..143
o.183
O.22:0
0.276
0,.074
0.09'3
0.Ir.a,
0. [43
0.173
,o. r'9j6
(t
c
by nt.
0.0250
0.0024
0.00?a
0, 00{3
0.0c63
0.000,9
0.0014
0.0066
q.0211
0,0190
0.0AIi[
0.019167
0.2070
0.0011
0.0050
0.0La1
0.
olsx
4.027x
0. 0497
IT Serlee D2
dgO = 0.6 lur
Y, = 170m
o= I'1.8
Y
A9-01 0.479
tu2-6,Q 6.117
A2-ro4 0.5.7'9r
42-05 0.585
aa-08 0.?53
A2-'08 0. 83'q
A2-10 0.e63
a2-i1 1t01S
A2-tr2 1.100
A2-I3 L.190'
D2-01 0.'556
cZ-gl 0.a155
c2-02 0.530
c2-03 0.581
C2=04 o.660
cz-os 0-?59
c2-o5 0,890
e*-gil tr.000
0.081
0.
Q9:3.
o.098
0i 09.9
,0.128
0 .141
0.00.05
0.0067
0.001?8
0. 00i67
0. 0237
0,0416
164
o.0522
o.1g?
0,09,61
0.,
0. r?3
0.05?o
0. aaz
0.
4.477
0.0.00.8
0.1r2
0. o9p,
0.099
0.1_11
a.!29,
0, r51
0.170
08E:9
0.0172
0.0073'
0.00?4
0.,0J.87
0.04,83
0.o674
0.0796,
l9r.
0.207
0.095
o. 1038
0.186
0.0867
D2-05
1- 096,
1.2.55
D?-0i
L.293
o"ua
0. 579
0.0:9g
c2-08
D2-01
D2-,O2
D2!04
D2:06
Dz-O8
D'2-0'9
D2-10
E2-L3
D2-14
ItI Seties L^
5
ds,o
Yt
6-t
=
=
=
1.220
0.558
1.080
0,770
1.015
0.855
0.660
0.780
o. tg4
0- 213
0.131
0. 173
0. 147
0.1tr2
0.133
0.0131
0.16:58
0.10t?3
0.,165r2
0.,0.082.
0.,:0.421
0.0902
0.0542
0.0220
0.0358
(d)
1..45 mm.
170 inm
L.24
Rurr No.
A3'-01
A3'O!
a3-03
a3-O4
A3-05r
u"
Qt"t,
(n/'s)
(ln/E-rn)
0.67
0.1!4
L.27'
0.73
0.9
t. t8
A3-07
1.038
1.128
c3-02
0.648
.8,3-06
c3-0r
c3-0'3
e3-,0.tt
c3-05
u3-06
e3o0r7
c3-08
0.216
0.124
0-1s8
0.201
0.176
c
(8 by wb.)
0. 0250
0.157'9
0.0331
0,,0341
0.1100
0.0564
0.L9.2
o.089,0
o.110
0. 01s3
0.7L6
o.tr22
o.0215
0.81
0.92
0. 138
1.11
t79
0. 0259
Q,.0296
0. 0805
1. X7
L.2s
0.18e
0. r99
0.213
0.1334
0.1265
o.2467
1.054
a.22r
0. I1tr7
L.272
1.416
o.267
0,.1798
,0,.880
o,.
0.
0:.209
1.05
0,156
0.
83-01
ts3-0?
B3-O3
B3-o4
1- 137
o.622
0.782
9:95
0. t:jg,
0.1tr31
o.297
0.131
0.2488
o,0126
0..164
0 - 003.4
t8s
0,0168
0"
0446
L92
E3-d5
B3-O5
B3:_07
C3=0r9
c3-10
C5-:tr1
e3d?
8rie$
1.4Xt9
1. ?0
r- 085
L, i006
1.064
r.155
L.279
0.29a
0.25?
0.228
0.11!84
o.3915
0.1745.
A;223
0.
2,43
6.269
0.115a
0.r05OE
0.1.0,08
0.0920
0.u88
tr4
a4-0[
.ait-0u
4a_0t
1.r25
r0.9,4
Ba-03
0.958
1.045
0.206
o.?36
wt.)
0. 00tr
0.0,049
0.01tr5
0.0368
0.0060
0.197
a-2,4I
0. 0014
s.419
o.'235
Br{_05
o.230
B4-0,5
1..28it
4.?,69
1.215
e'
(E bV
0.96'0
o. ?23
1. L2
1. 09?
84_0?
"g
0.18,4
e,4-06
tg4_,bE
v-o
o.877
o. q8
1.24
1.06
84-,0.1
ago
Qt"t
,(n7s-IQ)
Arr-04
A4-05
Seri.es
uo
(rols)
0,?r5
0.0032
0.00i39
0.0108
0r3t
0-
0.043t
0. 0152
Mn
= 0.5 rfio
= 170 .i@
= 2-0
8u$ No.
Ito
{n/s)
!{4tr-91
QFrt
(u7e-p)
,c
(t by rtrt.)
0.583
L.27'6
0.,,0,94
M['t-02
,0
DrAl-03
o.672
a.,2L7
!4Al=04
O.8,22
0.L40
0,0076
0.0098
!{&l-0:5
MAl-06
lr,A.1-07
[TAI.LO
lral-t1
!!E'[-04
0.975
1.. roe
0.,451
0.984
o.852
1.3,33
i!tE1-'05
0.98
0,79
$[c1-01
MCI-02
1..28i!
uiFr-02
${c,1-03
0.560
0.8tr0
0.u4
0.16:6
0'r
-
0iL9
092s
0.04sr8
0.19
0,0c32
0,.0,71
0..,167
0.00'0:2
0-r45
a,.w7
0.x68
0-13d
0.2f,8
0.0r95
0,..tr38
0,0:550
0,0316.6
0l. o8E0
0.0.3r5L
o.0136
0.l:.,015
0,,001.6
0.0075
193
!{C1-{l''4
Hel-05
uel-o6
ltc1-08
MCh-09
0.0298
0.0104
1.094
0.6x8
0.186
0.115
0.i542
0.i000t3
0ir070r2
0- 666
0.,113
0.0091
f .i020
.,09e
0.,173
VJ g-eriea ttt
dso
-o
tg
11?
= 0.6 ru
= 170 lru'e
= 5.5
Ruq rilo.
Itd
Qt",tt
G4/,8tr
ft#s-n)'
D|A3-O2
'4.:r9
tr.,4q
0,1-3.4
1,L43-OS
:0.615
!!a3-04
u83=0e
!{83-03
l{83-04
o.238
0.
trll
0! 51
i0,.IO4
tr.25
0, 213
A.12
a.L22
c
($ by i{u.l
0. S3:4.9
o-2]JL4
0,0190
0r0047
0.0177
O' 8'0
,0.136
0. L3.tr2
o.9245
uF3-07 I.0a
!,!ts3g08- 1'41
us3-o9' !"l5,{
0.150
0.173
0.0:21?
0.0,487
0. 2.40
a,26.2
Pgg!,-,05
[,F3=06
0, g8
I{83-10, 1.72
0.297,,
0.tgAo
9..25201
0r tlilS7
Apptndix D
LOCAL SCOUR AT ELONGATED PIERS
9or giers similar in shape to piers "K" and "L" with side
angle > 2Oo, tteill (l-973) suggested values of scour depths
for desj.gn as tabulated in Table D.1.
Values quoted by Nei11 (1973) imply that the scour ilepth
associated with pier "K" should be I.33 tines as largre as
the scour depth associated with a circular 5rier with the
same width normal to the approach flow, while the scour
depth associated with gier "L" should be 0.67 tiqes as
sarne
circular pierL94
r.95
Sugges:ted
.al
P,ie,r ShaF,
in
P:ier Shape
Fltnr
iR ProiFi'le
+@.
.+
sco..u:r
for
Yo<50
ds=1'5D
Tabne'
Loildhc fib,r
'lpcal
d" =ll.QrP,
E:erfureils, ,cEf;f,ie.d
196
P.un No.
II.., (n/s)
\r
.67
K2
r1
0. 81
lrZ
r2
u.a/
0. 81
Teble D.2
d/D
0.67
NornaLiseC
2.03
2.06
L.29
d"',r/D
d;6_TdfuIE;I
1. 20
1. 20
1. 33
0.75
0.79
1.25
0.7
ELongated Piers
EFFECT OF FOOTINGS
L97
in
elre
foo,t,iug)..
'iFlr;e
EablF Dr3r
d-1
llo (n/sl
0.67
0.1
't,
Witb rootn.ng
mitho;rrt Pootl-.ng
r.67
r. t0
1.69
1.71
It
!+
in a
Equiltbtiun
teble D.3 : .Ea*matiaed.
gipe1;1a7 Br,tdge ei"let'Ui,tk G-ineul.A* _
'
Bt't'dge lao'ttxg lIuiee t'he Dianetet of *he
Scout Dep,th
I
I
r
I
Fi.,e*
foo,Lir{g.
Append*, E
llqs
tro-J34
Ireagtb-T{,fldEh Raeto
Recteng"lll.aF
$strl-.cir,eular
Elliptioal
.2rL
I.entisu:letr
4"
t .00
0.90
0.80
3:1
0,.75,
2tL
<.
0.o
rlrl
0.70
Abu*$eutF!
v.ertiaal
1.00
wa1l
$li,ng oaLl-
0..90
,sp.iLl tlirou$l
0.80
9*rape
usd oxlf
le8
Apptndix
l/b
=16
3
2
1d
15
30
Angte of
/.5
60
Attock - A lDegrees)
75
199
90
Apptndix G
of scatter tso be expected in the scour depth
predictions was estimated by analysing the exPerimental
data in terns of departure from the estimated mean vafue,
dur/D, given by the solid line in Fignrre 4.24. rt was
found that 90t of the data points lie within the constant
Although visual inspection of
bandwiclth dav,/D t 0.f5.
Figure 4.24 shows that the spread of data points varies
with uo,/uoc the quantity of data available does not
warrant a more refined analysis.
The range
(D,/d) .
200