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Identify, define
What to do:
Identify/ define
Describe
Compare / contrast
Explain
Account for
Assess
1.
2.
3.
4.
Evaluate
1.
2.
3.
4.
Analyse
1.
2.
3.
4.
Justify
EXAMPLES:
Identify three elements that exist as molecules.
Oxygen O2, hydrogen H2, nitrogen N2
Define the term empirical formula
The empirical formula of a compound is the formula that shows the simplest whole
number ratio in which the atoms are present in the compound.
Describe two modern-day situations where chemical reactivity is an important factor
in deciding which metal to use.
Chemical reactivity is a measure of how readily the metal combines with other
elements or compounds in contact with it.
(define)
Copper is unreactive and resistant to corrosion so it is used extensively in the
plumbing industry instead of cheaper iron which corrodes easily
Titanium is expensive but is unreactive so it is used for body implants over the
cheaper stainless steel which is susceptible to corrosion.
(describe)
Explain why there are more metals available for people to use today than there were
200 years ago. Illustrate with specific examples.
The availability of metals is determined by the reactivity of the metal. (define)
Unreactive metals eg gold are found uncombined, more reactive metals eg iron are
found combined but do not require a lot of energy to extract them. Very reactive
metals eg Aluminium require a lot of energy to extract them from their ores.
(describe)
Gold was one of the first to be available as it did not require energy to extract it.
Early methods could only supply small amounts of energy and so could only extract
metals like iron. The process of electrolysis needed to be developed to extract more
reactive metals like aluminium. As technology advanced more methods of extraction
have been developed and so more metals have become available.
(cause and effect)
Evaluate the contributions of Dobereiner and Newlands in developing the periodic
table.
The periodic table arranges the elements in order of atomic number in such a way that
trends are observed across periods and down groups.
(define)
Dobereiner saw that elements with very similar properties could be grouped in threes.
He called these triads.
(describe)
This drew attention to the fact that elements could be grouped in families. (explain)
Newlands developed the Law of Octaves. He observed that after every eighth
element the similarity in properties of the elements repeated.
(describe)
This gave rise to the concept of periodicity of the elements.
(explain)
Both these ideas have been valuable as they have been used to lay the foundations for
the development of the periodic table. The contributions of Dobereiner and Newlands
have been built upon by others to develop the periodic table we have today. (judge)