DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my
knowledge and belief, it contain no material previously published or written by another person
which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of my other degree or diploma of
the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgement has
been made in the text.

Signature
Name: Pramod Kumar
Roll No.; - 1309136706

CERTIFICATE
Certified that Pramod kumar has carried out the research work presented in this
seminar report entitled Adaptive Listen for Energy-Efficient S-MAC protocol in Wireless
Sensor Networks for the award of Master of Technology from Uttar Pradesh Technical
University, Lucknow under my supervision. The thesis embodies result of original work and
studies carried out by Student himself and the contents of the thesis do not form the basis for
the award of any other degree to the candidate or to anybody else.

Signature
(Mr. Shashi Kumar R)
Assistant Professor

Signature
(Mrs. Gayatri Sakaya)
Assistant Professor

Department of Electronics and Communication

Department of Electronics and Communication

J.S.S.A.T.E.N.

J.S.S.A.T.E.N.

Date:

ii

ABSTRACT

Wireless sensor network (WSN) technologies are considered one of the curious research
areas in wireless as well as the healthcare application industries for improving the quality of
life. The purpose of this report is to provide a clear picture of current developments and future
direction of research on wearable and implantable body area network systems for continuous
monitoring of patients. This report explains the important role of body sensor networks in
medicine to minimize the need for caregivers and help the chronically ill and elderly people live
an independent life, besides providing people with quality care. The report provides several
examples of state of the art technology together with the design considerations like
unobtrusiveness, scalability, energy efficiency, security and also provides a comprehensive
analysis of the various benefits and drawbacks of these systems. Although offering significant
benefits, the field of wearable and implantable body sensor networks still faces major challenges
and open research problems which are investigated and covered, along with some proposed
solutions. A system to remotely monitor a patients blood pressure (BP) is described. The data
is transferred to a central monitoring station using a wireless sensor network for display and
storage. Crossbow MICAz motes were programmed to serve as the network nodes. One mote
was interfaced to the BP monitor for data acquisition and the others were utilized to route the
BP data to the monitoring station. A user-friendly graphical user interface was designed for
monitoring current and past measurements for all patients being monitored. Test results
indicated high accuracy in BP measurements. Power consumption by the BP monitor interfaced
mote was minimized by forcing it into a low power sleep mode when not in use.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Here, I would like to take the opportunity to express my gratitude towards all the people
who have been involved in successful completion of this project. Without whom this project
would have never reached the epic where it is right now.
With sincere respect, I would like to thank my project advisor and first reader Mrs.
Gayatri Sakaya for his valuable time, efforts, guidance and moral support. His continuous
guidance and support led this project to a successful completion. By providing an opportunity
to work on this report, he helped to gain profound knowledge of wireless transmission
fundamentals and different types of sensors used in WIBSN.
I sincerely thank Mr. Shashi Kumar R for providing me important suggestions to perk
up this report. Her support during the final phase of my project was very influential.
Finally, I would like to thank my peers, my friends and my family for providing me
constant inspiration and support during the different phases of the project.

Pramod Kumar

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TABLE of CONTENTS

CHAPTER No.

TITLE

PAGE No.

DECLARATION

CERTIFICATE

ii

ABSTRACT

iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

iv

LIST OF TABLE

vii

LIST OF FIGURE

viii

DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY

1.1 WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

1.2 MAC PROTOCOLS IN WSN

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 ENERGY EFFICIENT MAC PROTOCOLS

2.2 OPEN ISSUES IN S-MAC PROTOCOL

2.3 SENSOR MEDIUM ACCESS CONTROL PROTOCOL

2.3.1 S-MAC Features

2.3.2 Periodic Listen and Sleep

10

2.3.3 Synchronization

12

2.3.4 Schedule

13

2.3.5 Schedule Selection

13

2.3.6 Schedule Table

14

2.3.7 Updating and Maintaining Schedules

16

2.3.8 Neighbor Discovery

17

2.3.9 Overhearing Avoidance

19

2.3.10 Carrier Sense

20

2.3.11 S-MAC Features Available in NS-2

22

2.3.12 S-MAC Parameters

23
v

PROBLEM I HAVE ENCOUNTERED

28

MY GOALS FOR 2015

28

4.1 WORK FLOW

28
29

REFERENCES

vi

LIST OF TABLE

TABLE No.

NAME OF THE TABLE

PAGE No.

S-MAC SYNC Packet Format

13

S-MAC Schedule Table Format

14

Field Definition of Neighbor List

16

Algorithm for New SYNC Packet

17

Features of S-MAC

23

Parameters in S-MAC

23

vii

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE No.

FIGURE NAME

PAGE No.

Figure 2.1

Periodic Listen and Sleep

10

Figure 2.2

Listen time in S-MAC

11

Figure 2.3

Expiration points in between states

11

Figure 2.4

Schedule Table

15

Figure 2.5

Hierarchy of periods in S-MAC

18

Figure 2.6

C and D overhear transmission between A and B

19

Figure 3.2

Time-slot division

27

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