Thermochemistry - A branch of thermodynamics which focuses on the study of heat

given off or absorbed in a chemical reaction.

Temperature - An intensive property of matter; a quantitative measurement of the
degree to which an object is either "hot" or "cold".
3 scales for measuring temperature
Fahrenheit
32F is the normal freezing point temperature of water; 212F is the normal boiling
point temperature of water.
Celsius (centigrade)
0C is the normal freezing point temperature of water; 100C is the normal boiling
point temperature of water.
Kelvin
0 K is the temperature at which the volume and pressure of an ideal gas extrapolate
to zero.
Conversion Factors for Temperature
Heat (q) - A form of energy associated with the random motion of the elementary
particles in matter.
Heat capacity - The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of a defined
amount of a pure substance by one degree.
Specific heat - The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of
a substance by 1C (or 1 K)
SI unit for specific heat is joules per gram-1 Kelvin-1 (J/g-K)
Calorie - The specific heat of water = 4.184 J/g-K
Molar heat capacity - The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one
mole of a substance by 1C (or 1 K)
SI unit for molar heat capacity is joules per mole-1 Kelvin-1 (J/mol-K)
Btu (British thermal unit) - The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1
lb water by 1F.
* The specific heat of water (4.184 J/g-K) is very large relative to other substances.
The oceans (which cover over 70% of the earth) act as a giant "heat sink,"
moderating drastic changes in temperature. Our body temperatures are also
controlled by water and its high specific heat. Perspiration is a form of evaporative
cooling which keeps our body temperatures from getting too high.*
Sensible heat - Heat that can be detected by a change in the temperature of a
system.
Latent heat - Heat that cannot be detected because there is no change in
temperature of the system.

2 forms of latent heat:

Heat of fusion - The heat that must be absorbed to melt a mole of a solid.
Heat of vaporization - The heat that must be absorbed to
boil a mole of a liquid.
The human eye is an organ which reacts to light for several purposes. As a
conscious sense organ, the mammalian
eye allows vision. Rod and cone cells in the retina allow conscious light
perception and vision including color differentiation and the perception of
depth. The human eye can distinguish about 10 million colors.

A camera is a device that records images that can be stored directly,

transmitted to another location, or both. These images may be
still photographsor moving images such as videos or movies. The
term camera comes from the word camera obscura (Latin for "dark chamber"),
an early mechanism for projecting images. The modern camera evolved from
the camera obscura.

A magnifying glass (called a hand lens in laboratory contexts) is a convex

lens that is used to produce a magnified image of an object. The lens is usually
mounted in a frame with a handle.

A microscope is an instrument used to see objects that are too small for
the naked eye. The science of investigating small objects using such an
instrument is called microscopy. Microscopic means invisible to the eye
unless aided by a microscope.

A telescope is an instrument that aids in the observation of remote objects by collecting electromagnetic
radiation (such as visible light). The first known practical telescopes were invented in the Netherlands at
the beginning of the 17th century, using glass lenses. They found use in terrestrial applications and
astronomy.

 Thermochemistry - branch of
thermodynamics which focuses on
the study of heat given off or
absorbed in a chemical reaction.
Temperature - An intensive property
of matter; a quantitative
measurement of the degree to which
an object is either "hot" or "cold".
Sensible heat - Heat that can be detected by a change in the temperature of
a system.
Latent heat - Heat that cannot be detected because there is no change in
temperature of the system.
Heat of fusion - The heat that must be absorbed to melt a mole of a solid.
Heat of vaporization - The heat that must be absorbed to boil a mole of a
liquid.
Fahrenheit one of the 3 scales to measures temperature
Freezing point: 32F ; Boiling point: 212F
Celsius (centigrade) one of the 3 scales to measures temperature
F.P.: 0C; B.P.: 100C
Kelvin oneof the 3 scales to measures temperature
0 K is the temperature at which the volume and pressure of an ideal gas
extrapolate to zero.
Heat (q) - A form of energy associated with the random motion of the
elementary particles in matter.
Specific heat - The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one
gram of a substance by 1C (or 1 K)
Heat capacity - The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of a
defined amount of a pure substance by one degree.
Molar heat capacity - The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of
one mole of a substance by 1C (or 1 K)

 Calorie - The specific heat of water = 4.184 J/g-K

British thermal unit (BTU) - The amount of heat needed to raise the
temperature of 1 lb water by 1F.