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JF 504 CAD CAM

1.0

INTRODUCTION

CAD / CAM (computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing) is a term that refers to
computer systems that are used to both design and manufacture products. While CAD is the
use of computer technology for the process of design and design-documentation, CAD / CAM
systems are used both for designing a product and for controlling manufacturing processes.
The geometries in the CAD drawing are used by the CAM portion of the program to control a
machine that creates the exact shape that was drawn. CAD / CAM software is most often used
for product development, machine-tooling and manufacturing.
Since the introduction of Autodesk AutoCAD software in 1982, Autodesk has been a
leader in the development of CAD design software. The Autodesk Developer Network (ADN)
offers a variety of CAM tools that work with AutoCAD and Autodesk Inventor software. With
over 1,000 Partners for AutoCAD alone, ADN offers a full range of manufacturing partnered
products. The CAM Industry is an important part of the manufacturing market, and Autodesk has
partnered with the leading players to provide customers access to the tools they need. AutoCAD
is fully interoperable with manufacturing products such as: EdgeCAM or InventorCAM,
GibbsCAM and MasterCAM.
Autodesk Inventor software is a useful tool to help with your CAD / CAM projects. It
provides a comprehensive set of 3D modeling and mechanical design tools for producing,
validating, and documenting complete digital prototypes. The Inventor model is a 3D digital
prototype that helps you visualize, simulate, and analyze how a design will work under realworld conditions before a product or part is ever built - helping manufacturers get to market
faster with fewer physical prototypes and more innovative products.
A milling machine is a machine tool used to machine solid materials. Milling machines
are often classed in two basic forms, horizontal and vertical, which refers to the orientation of
the main spindle. Both types range in size from small, bench-mounted devices to room-sized
machines. Unlike a drill press, which holds the workpiece stationary while cutting as the drill

JF 504 CAD CAM


moves axially to penetrate the material, milling machines also move the workpiece radially
against the rotating milling cutter, which cuts on its sides as well as its tip.Workpiece and cutter
movement are precisely controlled to less than 0.001 in (0.025 mm), usually by means of
precision ground slides and leadscrews or analogous technology. Milling machines may be
manually operated, mechanically automated, or digitally automated via computer numerical
control.
Milling is a machining operation in which a workpiece is given the desired shape by the
action of a rotating cutter, while the workpiece performs linear movements. In its simplest form
the milling cutter is a circular disc whose rim is provided with specially shaped teeth (cutting
edges). The cutters are of many different kinds and shapes. The work is fed against the teeth of
the cutter, while the feed motion is longitudinal, transverse or vertical, depending on the type of
milling machine and the nature of the work. Milling machines are of the horizontal or vertical
type.
Milling machines can perform a vast number of operations, from simple (e.g., slot and
keyway cutting, planing, drilling) to complex (e.g., contouring, diesinking). Cutting fluid is often
pumped to the cutting site to cool and lubricate the cut and to wash away the resulting swarf.
Today many CNC milling machines are computer controlled vertical mills, and have the
ability to move the spindle vertically along the Z axis. In CNC milling and turning, end to end
component design is automated using CAD/CAM programs. The program is put into the lathe or
milling machine and the machine is then ready for production. Some machined components will
generally require a number of different tooling applications such as drilling, reaming and tapping
etc, and most modern machines will combine tools within a single cell. This cell will move or
rotate to apply the required tooling application, and this will also be controlled by the CNC
system. With todays modern and complex machines, the machined part or workpiece can be
moved from machine to machine automatically with the use of computer controlled robots, or
human intervention, but in either case the steps needed to produce any part is highly automated
and the finished part will closely match the CAD design.
CNC machines were first built in the 1940s and were programmed by using paper tape
with holes punched into it at specific points. These early systems were soon overtaken with the
augmentation of analogue and digital computers.

JF 504 CAD CAM

Picture 1: CNC Milling Machines


A CNC Mill works much the way a regular mill does. A solid block of material is secured
to a table. The mill then cuts away undesired material until only the object remains.
The difference between a regular mill and a CNC mill is that a computer controls each
and every motion of the mill. Code can either be written or programmed from a CAD file, and
this code controls the X,Y, and Z components of the mill. Additionally, the code can command
the mill to switch between different milling bits, drill holes, etc. All the human has to do is bolt the
block of material to the table, load the code onto the mill, and watch.
Different mills work different ways. Some mills have the drill bit move over the stationary
block of material. Other mills feature a stationary drill bit, with the table securing the block
moving in the X,Y, and sometimes Z planes. Finally, most mills have 3 axes (X, Y, Z), but some
more expensive mills now feature 5 axes (X, Y, Z, pan, and tilt).
Computer Numerical Control (CNC) Milling is the most common form of CNC. CNC mills
can perform the functions of drilling and often turning. CNC Mills are classified according to the
number of axes that they possess. Axes are labeled as X and Y for horizontal movement, and Z
for vertical movement, as shown in this view of a manual mill table. A standard manual light-duty
mill (such as a Bridgeport) is typically assumed to have four axes:
1. Table X
2. Table Y.
3. Table Z
4. Milling Head Z
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The number of axes of a milling machine is a common subject of casual "shop talk" and
is often interpreted in varying ways. We present here what we have seen typically presented by
manufacturers. A five-axis CNC milling machine has an extra axis in the form of a horizontal
pivot for the milling head, as shown below. This allows extra flexibility for machining with the end
mill at an angle with respect to the table. A six-axis CNC milling machine would have another
horizontal pivot for the milling head, this time perpendicular to the fifth axis. .

Picture 2: CNC Milling Machines Process

CNC milling machines are traditionally programmed using a set of commands known
as G-codes. G-codes represent specific CNC functions in alphanumeric format.
Table 1 : Preparatory commands (G-code)

JF 504 CAD CAM


G00
G01
G02
G03
G04
G05
G33
G40
G41
G42
G43
G44
G70
G71
G90
G91
G92

Point-to-point positioning
Linear interpolation
Clockwise circular interpolation
Counter-clockwise circular interpolation
Dwell
Hold
Thread cutting, constant lead
Cancel tool nose radius compensation
Tool nose radius compensation - left
Tool nose radius compensation - right
Cutter length compensation
Cancel cutter length compensation
Dimensions in inches
Metric dimensions
Absolute dimensions
Incremental dimensions
Datum offset
Table 2 : Miscellaneous commands (M-code)

M00
M01
M02
M03
M04
M05
M06
M07
M08
M09
M10
M11
M13
M14
M30

1.1

Program stop
Optional stop
End of program
Spindle start clockwise
Spindle start counter-clockwise
Spindle stop
Tool change
Mist coolant on
Flood coolant on
Coolant off
Clamp
Unclamp
Spindle clockwise, coolant on
Spindle counter-clockwise, coolant on
End of tape, rewind

Types of Milling Machines


Milling machines are among the most versatile and useful machine tools due to their
capabilities to perform a variety of operations. They can be broadly classified into the
following types:

Column and knee type of milling machines


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Bed type
Rotary table
Tracer controlled
Computer Numerical Control(CNC) Machines
Table 3 : Types of Milling Machines
Types

Column and knee type of milling machines

Evidence

Used for general purpose milling operations, column


and knee type milling machines are the most common
milling machines. The spindle to which the milling cutter
is may be horizontal (slab milling) or vertical (face and
end milling).

Bed type

In bed type machines, the work table is mounted directly


on the bed, which replaces the knee, and can move only
longitudinally. These machines have high stiffness and
are used for high production work.

Rotary table

Rotary table machines are similar to vertical milling


machines and are equipped with one or more heads to

Computer Numerical Control(CNC)


Machines

do face milling operations.

Various milling machine components are being replaced


rapidly with computer numerical control(CNC) machines.
These machine tools are versatile and are capable of
milling, drilling, boring and tapping with repetitive
accuracy.

2.0

TOOLS / MATERIALS
2.1

Edgecam Software

Edgecam is an industry leading solution for all your production machining needs.
Applications include prismatic and 3D milling, complex multi-axis turning, mill/turn, rotary
and multi-plane milling and family of parts machining. Innovative solutions for a more

JF 504 CAD CAM


productive and profitable machine shop are supplied. These include excellent toolpath
simulation, a unique wizard approach to post processing, a comprehensive tooling
database, intuitive and flexible machine tool communications and a web-enabled job
management system.
Edgecam is designed to cope with programming the simplest to the most
complex components and offers full support for the latest CAD, machine tool and tooling
technology.

Picture 3: Edgecam Production Milling


2.1.1

Production Milling

Edgecamprovides the production machine shop with a wide range of flexible milling
cycles. Machining efficiency is maximized on simple and complex prismatic parts as well
as those incorporating sculptured surface geometry. With Edgecam you get prismatic
machining combined with powerful 3D solid and surface machining strategies, all in one
complete solution.
2.1.2 4- and 5-Axis Simultaneous Machining
Edgecam 4 and 5-Axis milling products are designed to meet the production machining
requirements of industries such as aerospace, automotive, medical and oil & gas. 4- and
5-Axis simultaneous machining offers key advantages over conventional indexed 3-Axis
machining :

Reduced cycle time by machining complex components using a single setup.


In addition to time savings improved accuracy can also be achieved as the

potential for positioning errors between setups is eliminated.


Improved surface finish and extended tool life by tilting the tool to maintain
the optimum tool to part contact point at all times.
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Improved access to undercuts and deep pockets through tilting the tool or
component allows shorter series tooling to be employed, further improving
the surface finish and eliminating the need for secondary setups.

The ability to machine complex parts from solid that would previously have to be
cast. This approach is highly beneficial for prototypes and small volume runs and is
particular applicable with the latest Mill/Turn machines.
Edgecam provides the production machine shop with a wide range of flexible
milling Operations and Cycles. Milling Operations allow the user to quickly produce a
basic toolpath via a simple text and picture driven dialog box. An intuitive interface
guides the user through a series of machining decisions. Ideal for irregular or novice
programmers.
Underpinning Edgecams Operations is a full and comprehensive suite of Milling
Cycles. Each cycle offers the very best that technology can offer thus allowing the
modern day machinist to achieve total toolpath control.
Edgecams advanced roughing cycle for the machining of both 2D and 3D
component parts can be applied to the complete model, providing consistent
performance on all types of model. Laced, concentric and spiral machining strategies
can be implemented as well as bottom to top intermediate slicing between Z-levels.
This intelligent cycle automatically applies the most efficient approach move for each
region of the model and creates trochoidal moves to avoid full width cuts. The ability to
define 3D stock reduces machining time by eliminating air cutting.
Edgecams roughing cycle also incorporates rest roughing, where stock is
automatically defined by the preceding roughing cycle, so the smaller tool only creates a
toolpath in the areas that the larger tool could not access.
Within the inclusion of Prismatic and High Speed cornering controls,
EdgeCAM offers the user total control over their NC output allowing consistent and
accurate programming.
2.1.3

Definition Of CAD-CAM

Computer Aided Design - CAD

JF 504 CAD CAM


CAD is technology concerned with using computer systems to assist in the creation,
modification, analysis, and optimization of a design. Any computer program that
embodies computer graphics and an application program facilitating engineering
functions in design process can be classified as CAD software.
The most basic role of CAD is to define the geometry of design a mechanical part, a
product assembly, an architectural structure, an electronic circuit, a building layout, etc.
The greatest benefits of CAD systems are that they can save considerable time and
reduce errors caused by otherwise having to redefine the geometry of the design from
scratch every time it is needed.
Computer Aided Manufacturing - CAM
CAM technology involves computer systems that plan, manage, and control the
manufacturing operations through computer interface with the plants production
resources. One of the most important areas of CAM is numerical control (NC). This is
the technique of using programmed instructions to control a machine tool, which cuts,
mills, grinds, punches or turns raw stock into a finished part. Another significant CAM
function is in the programming of robots. Process planning is also a target of computer
automation.
Computer Numerical Control - CNC
CNC is one in which the functions and motions of a machine tool are controlled by
means of a prepared program containing coded alphanumeric data. CNC can control the
motions of the workpiece or tool, the input parameters such as feed, depth of cut, speed,
and the functions such as turning spindle on/off, turning coolant on/off.
2.2

CAD/CAM And The New Environment

JF 504 CAD CAM

3.0

STEPS OF WORK

3.1

Design Mode

1. Please refer accordingly the specification from drawings

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2. Please click the displays icon for line dialog and choose polyline type to start your
drawing

3. Please key in the coordinates X50Y50, X-50Y50, X-50Y-50, X50Y-50 and X50Y50
into the provided design box

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4. Please click the radius arc type from the line dialog icon

5. Please key in the coordinates X30Y30, X-30Y30, X-30Y-30 and X30Y-30 to create a
center of hole

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6. Please re-click the icon of arc radius and set a size of holes radius

7. Pick the arc icon and set up the radius of arc @ fillet.

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8. Please click the isometric view icon and also click the stock icon

9. Please ensure your screen was displayed the isometric view after you set up the
stock
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10. Please click the machinning sequence icon at the right top side and set up a
sequence name and machine tools

11. Please ensure your file name was displayed at instruction area

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12. Please click the face mill icon and follow the next command was appeared at
bottom command box

13. Please highlight all the area you requre to do the face mill

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14. Set up the face mill tools

15. Please click the simulate machining icon to view the movement of milling process

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16. Your screen was displayed the product after milling

17. Please click the roughing operation icon and set up the center of hole for drilling
process (roughing)

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18. Please choose the drill bit for your drilling process

19.Please click the simulated machining icon

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20. Your screen was displayed the product after drilling process

21. Please re-click the roughing operation icon and setup the center holes for drilling
process (finishing).

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22. Screen was displayed the product after drilling process (finishing)

23. Please click profiling operation icon and follow the command given at bottom side

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24. Please highlight all the fillet line

25. Please ensure the arrow in clockwise direction

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26. Please highlight the surrounding line of product (model)

27. Please choose the suitable tools for profiling operation

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28. Please follow accordingly the instruction and click the simulate machining icon

29. Screen was displayed the product after cut off the fillet

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30. Please click the generate code icon

31. Key in the CNC name and Job name

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32. Key in the program ID number and click OK

33. G CODE data was appeared on screen

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34. End of G CODE data was appeared

4.0

CONCLUSION

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Alternative to older mainframe- and workstation based systems. Faster and more
complex software could be run on Unix.Standardization of software.CAD voice control
(CVC).Hologram Technology in CAD-CAM.
Traditionally,

CAM

has

been

considered

as

a numerical

control (NC)

programming tool, wherein two-dimensional (2-D) or three-dimensional (3-D) models of


components generated in CAD software are used to generate G-code to drive computer
numerically controlled (CNC) machine tools. Simple designs such as bolt circles or basic
contours do not necessitate importing a CAD file.
PC as input for CNC machine very dominant role in the performance of CNC
machines. CNC machines are used to do things work with a high level of difficulty
required PC with high performance.
Although the last seven years nothing revolutionary happened in the CAD
tools,the softwares vendors support that in the short run many things will change the
way of the mechanical design. The CAD in the future will be more easy to use and learn,
and geared to enhanceconcept design and construction planning, will be functional and
powerful enough to satisfy the needs of engineering design and integration of all
disciplines, and corporate functions, sectors and levels. It will be more than 2D drawings
and more than 3D models, it has to handle Object and Symbolic Data with same ease. It
will be a 4D (3D +time) modelling tool for better planning and scheduling. It will allow
designers to exploit the best advantages of each CAD Technology 2D -> 3D -> 4D,to
progressively refine the design until fully satisfying the customers' needs. It will be
efficient to store, locate, visualize, and re-use data for integration of proven designs, and
standard parts and equipment. It will enhance simultaneous(collaborative and
concurrent) and distributed engineering eliminating all barriers that constrain
communications. It will share one "data factory" that creates dataneeded by all
disciplines.

5.0

REFERENCES

Buku :
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7.2 John Stark, What Every Engineer Should Know About Practical CAD/CAM Applications,
Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 1986.

Media elektronik:
http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/small/Co-Di/Computer-Aided-Design-CAD-and-ComputerAided-Manufacturing-CAM.html

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