1

Inconstructionofbuildings,concreteisplacedinthebeamsandslabina
monolithicpour.Thismeansthattheslabservesasthetopflangeofthebeams.

Ifwearetodesignforpositivemomentanddoublereinforcementlater,we
wouldstumbleatdefiningwhatshouldbethewidthlengthtouse.Toidentify
thewidthlength,wemaybeconsideringtwopossiblecases.CaseA,wehave
rectangularcompressionzone(FigB),andCaseB,theNAshiftsdownthedepth
givingusaTShapedcompressionzone(FigD).Soreally,theproblemcomesin
definingthewidthofthecompressionzone,

Girdersareclassifiedasmainbeams.Soyouhavetheslab,supportedbybeams,
andthenbeamsaresupportedbygirders.Thesupportedloadoftheslabinthis
exampleistransferredtobeaminonedirection(onewayslab,alongtheshortest
route)thentobeams,togirders,andthentocolumns.Thereisalsothethird
typeofbeam,calledtheedgeorspandrelbeam.

Compressivestressesinflangedecreasesasitmovesawayfromthewebdueto
shearlag.

Itisunderstandablesincethewebsectionisstifferthantheflangesection,
thereforethereisstressconcentrationatthejunctionanditreducesasyoumove
farawayfromthatjunctionshearlageffect.

Insteadofconsideringavaryingstressdistributionacrossthefullwidthofthe
flange,theACICode(8.12.2)callsforasmallerwidthwithanassumeduniform
stressdistributionfordesignpurposes.Thegoalistorepresentthesame
compressionforcedevelopedinthefullwidthofthecompressionzoneusing
onlytheeffectivewidth, (effectiveflangewidth)

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The last equation can also be rewritten as:

2

11

Thefirststepactuallygivesyoualreadyanestimateofthevalueoftheeffective
depth,

Notethatthesizeofthebeamstemischosensothat
maximumnegativemoment

0.005 atthepointof

ad
correspondstosteelreinforcementsattheflangeandattheweb,
respectively.
1. Solvefor using

)
2. Computethedesignstrengthdueto (i.e.
3. Calculatetheremainingdesignstrengthneededtoberesistedbytheweb,

, , and areallprovidedatthispoint)
4. Calculate (note:

5. Finally,

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ANS:24kNm

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Case2:a>hf
Asf=1,724.637mm2
Asw=1,640.5mm2

ANS:3,365.136mm2

15

Additionofcompressionreinforcement, reducesthecompressivestressinthe
concretecompressivesection(i.e.
).Ineffect,thedepthofthe
compressivestressblockisreduced(from to )

Thisscenariowouldthenallowmoretensionreinforcementtobeusedwhile
keepingthebeamundertensioncontrolledregion,againduetothereduced
compressivestressinconcrete.

Therefore, increasestheductilityofthebeam.

(Onepracticalimplicationisthatbeamsectioncanbereducedwhilemaintaining
tensioncontrolledlimit)

16

Notehowever,thatcompressionreinforcementdoesnotincreasethestrengthofthe
beamsignificantly.

Iftheleverarmiscomparedfromthepreviousslide,thereisindeedlittledifference
between and

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Thecompressionsteelpreventscreepoftheconcretereducingthedeflection

18

The"compressionzone"failsintensionbeforecompression.Comparethegraph
from
0to

Crosssectionaldimensionsinsomeapplicationsmaybelimitedbyarchitecturaland
functionalrequirements.

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Force equilibrium

0;

0.85

0.85

Strainrelationships
,
,

0.005

Moment equilibrium

20

If3aisfalse:compressivereinforcementisnotworking

If3bisfalse:solve bysubstitutingstrainrelationshipequationtoforceequilibrium
equationfor .Thiswillyieldtoquadraticequation.

If3cisfalse:substitutestrainrelationshipequationtoforceequilibriumequation
for .

21

ANS:270.87kNm

22

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Notethatincreasingthetensileareainspecifyingactualrebarsizeswouldresultto
0.004(seestraindistributiondiagram).Consequently,thedesignstrengthofthe
sectionwouldbereducedduetoreduced.

Thiscanberesolvedbyincreasingthecalculatedcompressionsteelareawiththesame
(ormore)increasedintensileareaused.

28

ANS:As=near1200mm2,As=near400mm2

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