Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
(Harpers)
Cortisol synthesis requires three hydroxylases located in the fasciculata and reticularis zone of the adrenal cortex
that act sequentially on the C17, C 21, and C11 positions.
The first two reactions are rapid (C17 and C21), while C11 is slow
C11 is hydroxylated first, the action by 17-hydroxylase in the mineralocorticoid pathway is impeded so that
corticosterone or aldosterone can be formed (Depending on cell type)
17-hydroxyprogesterone is hydroxylated at C21 to form 11-deoxycortisol
11-deoxycortisol is hydroxylated to C11 to form cortisol (the most potent natural glucocorticoid in humans)
17-Hydroxylase is a smooth endoplasmic reticulum enzyme, and acts upon either progesterone or
pregnenolone
21-Hydroxylase is a SER enzyme, whereas 11-Hydroxylase is a mitochondrial enzyme (Steroidogenesis thus
involves the repeated shuttling of substrates in and out of the mitochondria.)
The enzymes are shown in the rectangular boxes, and the modifications at each step are shaded.
*additional
GENERAL FEATURES OF HORMONE CLASSES
Group 1
Types
Steroids, iodothyronines,
calcitriol, retinoids
Solubility
Lipophilic
Transport Proteins
Yes
Plasma half-life
Long (hours to days)
Receptor
Intracellular
Mediator
Receptor-hormone complex
Group 2
Polypeptides, proteins, glycoproteins,
catecholamines
Hydrophilic
No
Short (minutes)
Plasma membrane
cAMP, cGMP, Calcium, metabolites of
complex phosphoinositols, kinase
cascades