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[11.3]
Refer to the circuit depicted in Figure 11.1. Find the average
Problem 11.1
power absorbed by each element.
10 cos(2t + 30) V
1H
0.25 F
Figure 11.1
10 cos(2 t + 30)
10 30 ,
= 2
1H
jL = j2
1
0.25 F
= -j2
jC
I
I1
I2
10
30 V
j2
j2
j2 || (2 j2) =
( j2)(2 j2)
= 2 + j2
2
10 30
= 1.58111.565
4 + 2 + j2
j2
I 1 = I = j I = 1.581101.565
2
2 j2
I2 =
I = 2.236 56.565
2
I=
1
(10 30)(1.581 - 11.565)
2
S = 7.90518.43 = 7.5 + j2.5
S = V I* =
P=
1 2
1
I R = (1.581) 2 (4) = 5 W
2
2
S=
P=
2
1
1
I 1 R = (1.581) 2 (2) = 2.5 W
2
2
1
1
2
I 1 Z c = (1.581) 2 (- j2) = - j2.5
2
2
The average power absorbed by the capacitor = 0 W
S=
The load for the following circuit is given by the 5 ohm resistor and the
Problem 11.2
0.02297 Henry inductor. In addition, vin(t) = 200 sin(377t) volts. Determine the average power
delivered to the load.
5
+
200/ 2
vin(t)
j8.660
0.02297 H
Using the frequency domain circuit on the right, we can solve for I.
-141.4 + (5 + j8.660)I = 0. Which leads to,
I = 141.4/(1060o) = 14.14-60o amps. But power delivered to the load is equal to,
2
Problem 11.3
Given the circuit in Figure 11.1 and v( t ) = 200 sin (t ) volts, calculate the
10
j5
RL
v(t)
jX
Figure 11.1
This is a straightforward classical maximum power transfer problem. If you remember that for
maximum power transfer, ZL = Zs* or the value of the load is equal to the complex conjugate of
the source impedance.
RL + jX = 10 j5 Thus the load resistor must be 10 and the reactance must
be capacitive and equal to [1/(5
)] F.
What if you do not remember the maximum power transfer theorem? Well, you can usually work
it out just by looking at what you have. It seems reasonable to cancel whatever source reactance
there is. Then if the source resistance is either zero or infinity, there is no power transfer. The
only thing that makes sense is that the load resistance must equal the source resistance.
Problem 11.4
power transfer.
[11.15]
40
60
0 V
j10
80
40
5
0 A
j20
ZL
Figure 11.1
We find Z Th at terminals a-b as shown in the figure below.
40
40
80
j10
Zth
j20
(80)(-j10)
80 j10
Z Th = 21.23 + j10.154
Calculate the RMS value of the signal shown in Figure 11.1. The curve can
Problem 11.5
be represented by the function VP sin(t ) + VP .
2 VP
Figure 11.1
Since the value of the voltage, v(t), can be expressed as Vp[sin(t) + 1], we can ignore the value
of Vp in our calculations. The true value of the rms voltage will be what we obtain times Vp.
Also, since the value of the rms voltage is independent of , we will let T = 1, which means
that = 2.
2
T
T
Vrms
1 T
2
2
2
= v( t ) dt = [sin(2t ) + 1] dt = [sin (2t ) + 2 sin( 2t ) + 1]dt
2
0
0
0
T
Vp
1
1 cos(4t )
1
1
t sin( 4t )
dt + 0 + dt =
+ t 0 = + 1 = 1.5
=
0
0
2
8 0
2
2
1
Vrms =
1.5 = 1.2247Vp
Calculate the RMS value of the signal shown in Figure 11.1. The curve can
Problem 11.6
be represented by the function VP sin(t ), (please note, this is often referred to as the full wave,
rectified sine wave).
VP
Figure 11.1
We can use the same approach that we used in problem 11.5. In this case, stays the same but
now T = 0.5 sec.
0.5
2
0.5 1 cos( 4t )
Vrms
1 0. 5 2
t sin( 4t )
sin (2t ) dt = 2
dt = 2
=
2
0
0.5 0
2
8 0
Vp
2
0.5
= 2
+ 0 = 0.5 or Vrms = 0.707Vp which is to be expected since
2
the rms value is taken by squaring the value of a signal. Squaring either wave produces the same
result.
Problem 11.7
VP
Figure 11.1
Again, the same approach is used.
0.5
2
1
Vrms
1 0. 5 2
= 0.5 1 cos(4t ) dt = t sin(4t )
sin
(
2
t
)
dt
0
dt
=
+
0.5 0
2
2
8 0
Vp2 1 0
= (0.5)/2 0 = 0.25
Problem 11.8
[11.21]
thus, Vrms =
0.25 Vp = 0.5Vp
v(t)
10
5
10
Figure 11.1
5 0< t < 2
v( t ) =
10 2 < t < 4
T = 4,
Vrms
4
1 2 2
1
5 dt + 2 (10) 2 dt = [50 + 200 ] = 62.5
0
4
4
= 7.906 V
2
Vrms
=
Problem 11.9
(a)
(b)
(c)
I
Vin
Figure 11.1
(a)
(b)
(c)
[11.29]
A relay coil is connected to a 210-V, 50-Hz supply. If it has a
Problem 11.10
resistance of 30 and an inductance of 0.5 H, calculate the apparent power and the power factor.
0.5 H
jL = j (2 )(50)(0.5) = j157.08
Z = R + jX L = 30 + j157.08
V
(210) 2
S= * =
30 j157.08
Z
(210) 2
Apparent power = S =
= 275.6 VA
160
157.08
= cos(79.19)
pf = cos = cos tan -1
36
pf = 0.1876 (lagging)
COMPLEX POWER
[11.35]
Determine the complex power for the following cases:
Problem 11.11
(a)
P = 269 W , Q = 150 VAR (capacitive)
(b)
Q = 2000 VAR , pf = 0.9 (leading)
(c)
S = 600 VA , Q = 450 VAR (inductive)
(d)
(a)
S = P jQ = 269 j150 VA
(b)
pf = cos = 0.9
= 25.84
Q = S sin
S =
Q
2000
=
= 4588.31
sin sin( 25.84)
P = S cos = 4129.48
S = 4129 j2000 VA
(c)
Q 450
=
= 0.75
S 600
pf = 0.6614
Q = S sin
sin =
= 48.59 ,
S = 396.9 + j450 VA
(d)
S=
(220) 2
= 1210
40
P = S cos
cos =
= 34.26
P 1000
=
= 0.8264
S 1210
Q = S sin = 681.25
S = 1000 + j681.2 VA
CONSERVATION OF AC POWER
[11.43]
Problem 11.12
Figure 11.1.
500
0.2
0 V rms
j3
Io
20 Io
j1 k
4 k
10 k
Figure 11.1
Ix j3 k
4 k
8 mA
j1 k
10 k
Io =
0.2
= 0.4 mA
500
20 I o = 8 mA
Ix =
4
16
(8 mA) =
mA
4 + 10 + j j3
7 j
P = Ix
R=
P = 51.2 mW
(16 10 -3 ) 2
(10 10 3 )
50
A small industry operates from 220 volts supplied by a utility. The small
Problem 11.13
industry represents a load to the utility that represents 22,000 watts and a power factor of 0.8.
Develop an equivalent circuit for the load. Determine the value of a capacitor to correct the
circuit to unity power factor.
For the network in Figure 11.1, determine the value of C that corrects the
Problem 11.14
power factor to 0.8, 0.85, 0.9, 0.95, 1.0.
j5
Figure 11.1
V2 R
P
= 2
=
pf = power/VA =
S V | Z|
1/ 5
or X =
pf 2 =
X2 =
where X =
1
1
+ 2
2
X
5
1
C
1
5
C
5
1 5C
1 / 25
1
1
1
1
1 1
2 1
2 +
=
2 =
2
1
1
25 25pf
25 pf
X
X
+
2
25
X
25
If we let a = X, then a =
1
1
pf 2
5
1
1
pf 2
and
5
= a
1 5C
pf
0.707
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
1.0
5
6.667
8.068
10.324
15.212
0
132.65 F
201.7 F
273.6 F
356.1 F
530.5 F
Referring to the results of Problem 11.14, what can you say about the relative
Problem 11.15
costs of power factor correction?
To correct to 0.8 pf requires a 132.65 F capacitor. (Clearly one would purchase the closest value
commercially available for the desired use. Taking into account energy requirements, this might
be a 150 F capacitor.)
To correct to 0.85 requires only a 200 F capacitor. However, to go to 0.95 requires almost two
of these. This would mean that the cost of correcting to 0.95 is twice as much as correcting to
0.85. To go to unity costs even more. It would require 4 times the number of capacitors to
correct to unity as to correct to 0.8. Fortunately, utilities gain little from corrections from 0.85 to
unity, which can save a lot since these compensating capacitors are very expensive.
[11.53]
Problem 11.16
120 V
60 Hz
Z = 10 + j12
Figure 11.1
(a)
(b)
(c)
(a)
12
= 50.19
10
pf = cos = 0.6402
tan =
(b)
(c)
V
(120) 2
S=
=
= 295.12 + j354.09
2 Z * (2)(10 j12)
The average power absorbed = P = Re(S) = 295.1 W
For unity power factor, 1 = 0 , which implies that the reactive power due to the
capacitor is Q c = 354.09
Qc =
But
C=
V2
1
= C V 2
2 Xc 2
2 Qc
(2)(354.09)
= 130.4 F
2 =
(2 )(60)(120) 2
V
APPLICATIONS
[11.63]
The kilowatt-hour-meter of a home is read once a month. For a
Problem 11.17
particular month, the previous and present readings are as follows:
Previous reading:
3246 kWh
Present reading:
4017 kWh
Calculate the electricity bill for that month based on the following residential rate schedule:
Base monthly charge: $12.00
First 100 kWh per month at 16 cents/kWh
Next 200 kWh per month at 10 cents/kWh
Over 300 kWh per month at 6 cents/kWh
kWh consumed = 4017 3246 = 771 kWh
The electricity bill is calculated as follows :
(a)
Base charge
(b)
First 100 kWh at $0.16 per kWh
(c)
Next 200 kWh at $0.10 per kWh
(d)
The remaining energy (771 300) = 471 kWh
at $0.06 per kWh
= $12
= $16
= $20
= $28.26.
$76.26