2ELT

DAE Technology
46
DAE Technology
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DAE Technology
DAE Technology
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DAE Technology
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DAE Technology
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DAE Technology
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MATHS-213 Applied Mathematics-II

Total Contact Hrs:
Theory:
Practical:
T
3
P
0
C
3
96 Hrs.
0
Aims & Objectives:

After completing the course the students will be able to:
Solve the problems of calculus and analytical Geometry.
Course Contents:
1.
FUNCTIONS & LIMITS.

1.1
Constants and variables
1.2
Functions & their types
1.3
The concept of limit
1.4
Limit of a function
1.5
Fundamental theorems on limit
1.6
Some important limits
1.7
Continuous function
1.8
Problems
2.
DIFFERENTIATION.
23 Hours
2.1
Derivative of a function.
2.2
Geometrical interpretation of differentiation.
2.3
Differentiation by first principle.
2.4
Rules for differentiation.
2.5
Differentiation of algebraic functions.
2.6
Differentiation of trigonometric and inverse trigonometric functions.
2.7
Differentiation of logarithmic and exponential functions.
2.8
Problems.
3.
HIGHER DERIVATIVES AND APPLICTION OF DIFFERENTIAL

CALCULUS.
3.1
Second derivative of a function.
3.2
3rd derivative of a function.
3.3
Increasing and decreasing function.
3.4
Maximum and minimum values.
3.5
Criteria for maximum and minimum values.
3.6
Methods of finding maxima and minima.
3.7
Problems.
4.
INTEGRATION.
8 Hours
9 Hours
10 Hours
53
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
Basic concepts of integration.

Fundamental formulae & important rules.
Integration by substitution.
Integration by trigonometric substitution.
Integration by parts.
Definite integrals and its applications.
5.
INTEGRATION BY USING PARTIAL FRACTIONS.

5.1
Introduction to partial fractions.
5.2
Linear distinct factors case-I
5.3
Linear repeated factors case-II
5.4
Quadratic distinct factors case-III
5.5
Quadratic repeated factors case-IV
5.6
Integration of rational fractions.
5.7
Problems.
6.
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS.
6.1
Introduction
6.2
Differential equation of order-1
6.3
Differential equation of order-2
6.4
Solution of 1st and 2nd order differential equations
6.5
Problems
7.
FUNDAMENTALS OF PLANE ANALYTIC GEOMETRY AND STRAIGHT

LINE. 10 Hours
7.1
Rectangular coordinate system.
7.2
Distance formula.
7.3
Ratio formula.
7.4
Slope of a line.
7.5
Slope formula and angle formula.
7.6
Parallel and perpendicular lines.
7.7
Equation of lines parallel to X-axis and Y-axis.
7.8
Important forms of equation of the straight line.
7.9
Intersection of two lines.
7.10 Distance between a line and a point.
8.
CONIC SECTIONS.
8.1
Circle
8.2
Standard equation of a circle
8.3
General equation of a circle
8.4
Radius and coordinates of centre
8.5
Parabola
8.6
Standard equation of parabola
8.7
Four forms of standard equation
8.8
General equation of parabola
8.9
Ellipse
8.10 Standard equation and related definitions
54
15 Hours
6 Hours
9 Hours
8.11
8.12
8.13
9.
Hyperbola
Standard equation and related definitions
Problems.
STATISTICS.
9.1
Concept of mean, media and mode
9.2
Standard deviation
9.3
Laws of probability
9.4
Problems.
55
6 Hours
Ch-213
APPLIED CHEMISTRY.
Total Contact Hours

Theory
64 Hours
Practical
96 Hours
T
2
P
3
C
3
AIMS After studying this course a student will be able to:

1.
Understand significance and role of chemistry in the development of modern
technology.
2.
Become acquainted with the basic principles of chemistry as applied in the study of
relevant technology.
3.
Know scientific methods for production, properties and use of materials of industrial
& technological significance.
4.
Gain skill for the efficient conduct of practical in a chemistry lab.
1.
INTRODUCTION.
1.1
Scope and significance of the subject.
1.2
Orientation with reference to this technology.
1.3
Terms used & units of measurements in the study of chemistry.
4 Hours
2.
FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY.

2.1
Symbols, Valency, Radicals, formulas.
2.2
Chemical Reactions & their types.
2.3
Balancing of equations by ionic method.
4 Hours
3.
ATOMIC STRUCTURE.
3.1
Sub-atomic particles.
3.2
Architecture of atoms of elements, Atomic No. and Atomic weight.
3.3
Periodic classification of elements, periodic law.
4 Hours
4.
CHEMICAL BOND.
4.1
Nature of Chemical Bond.
4.2
Electrovalent bond with examples.
4.3
Covalent Bond (Polar and Non-polar) sigma & Pi Bonds. with examples.
4.4
Co-ordinate Bond with examples.
4 Hours
5.
GASES AND LIQUIDS.

4 Hours
5.1
The liquid and gaseous state.
5.2
The Liquids and their general properties (Density, viscosity, surface tension capillary
action etc).
5.3
Gases and their general properties.
5.4
Gas laws (Boyle's law, Charle's law & Graham's law of diffusion).
5.5
Problems involving gas laws.
6.
WATER.
6.1
Chemical nature and properties.
6.2
Impurities.
4 Hours
56
6.3
6.4
6.5
Hardness of water (types, causes & removal)

Scales of measuring hardness (Degrees Clark, French, PPM, Mg-per liter).
Boiler feed water, scales and treatment.
7.
ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS.

7.1
Definitions with examples.
7.2
Properties, their strength, Basicity & Acidity.
7.3
Salts and their classification with examples.
7.4
pH-value and scale.
4 Hours
8.
OXIDATION & REDUCTION.

8.1
The process, definition & scope with examples.
8.2
Oxidizing and Reducing agents.
8.3
Oxides and their classification.
4 Hours
9.
NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY.
9.1
Introduction.
9.2
Radioactivity (alpha, beta & gamma rays).
9.3
Half life process.
9.4
Nuclear reaction & transformation of elements.
9.5
Isotopes and their uses.
4 Hours
10.
ALLOYS.
10.1 Introduction with need.
10.2 Preparation and properties.
10.3 Some important alloys and their composition.
10.4 Uses.
4 Hours
11.
FUELS.
11.1 Introduction with their significance.
11.2 Solid fuels.
11.3 Liquid Fuels.
11.4 Gaseous Fuels.
4 Hours
12.
CORROSION.
12.1 Introduction, causes and types.
12.2 Rusting of iron.
12.3 Corrosion control.
4 Hours
13.
METALLURGY.
13.1 General processes/operation of metallurgy.
13.2 Chemistry of Iron, copper and Aluminum with their Ores.
13.3 Ores, extraction and metallurgy of iron.
13.4 Cast iron, Wrought iron and steel.
4 Hours
57
14.
THERMO-CHEMISTRY.
14.1 Introduction with its significance in modern technology.
14.2 Thermo-chemical units and reactions.
14.3 Heat of reaction and heat of combustion.
14.4 Hess's Law.
14.5 The process of combustion.
14.6 Calorific value.
14.7 Numerical problems pertaining to combustion.
4 Hours
15.
LUBRICANTS.
15.1 Introduction.
15.2 Classification.
15.3 Properties of lubricants.
15.4 Selection of lubricants.
4 Hours
16.
POLLUTION.
16.1 The problem and its dangers
16.2 Causes of pollution.
16.3 Air pollution and its control.
4 Hours
BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1.
2.
3.
4.
Text Book of Intermediate Chemistry (I&II)

Ilmi Applied science by Sh. Ata Mohammad.
Applied chemistry for engineers by Eric S. Gyngell.
Engineering Chemistry by M.A. Usmani.
58
Ch-213
APPLIED CHEMISTRY.
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
1.
UNDERSTAND THE SCOPE, SIGNIFICANCE AND ROLE OF THE SUBJECT.

1.1
Define chemistry and its terms.
1.2
Define the units of measurements in the study of chemistry.
1.3
Explain the importance of chemistry in various fields of specialization.
1.4
Explain the role of chemistry in the concerned technology.
2.
UNDERSTAND LANGUAGE OF CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL REACTIONS.

2.1
Define symbol, valency, radical, formula with examples of each.
2.2
Write chemical formula of common compounds.
2.3
Define chemical reaction and equation.
2.4
Describe types of chemical reactions with examples.
2.5
Explain the ionic method of balancing the equation.
3.
UNDERSTAND THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS.

3.1
Define atom.
3.2
Describe the fundamental sub atomic particles
3.3
Distinguish between atomic no. and mass no; and between isotopes and isobars.
3.4
Explain the arrangements of electrons in different shells and sub energy levels.
3.5
Explain the grouping and placing of elements in the periodic table.
3.6
State the periodic law of elements.
4.
UNDERSTAND THE NATURE OF CHEMICAL BONDS.

4.1
Define chemical bond.
4.2
Describe the nature of chemical bond.
4.3
Differentiate between electrovalent and covalent bonding.
4.4
Explain the formation of polar and non polar sigma and pi-bond with examples.
4.5
Describe the nature of coordinate bond with examples.
5.
GASES AND LIQUIDS.

5.1
Understand the gaseous and liquid states of matter.
5.1.1 Describe the liquid and gaseous states of matter.
5.1.2 Describe the general properties of liquid.
5.1.3 Describe the general properties of gases.
5.2
Understand gas equation.
5.2.1 State Boyle's law, Charle's law, Graham's law of diffusion, Dalton's law of
partial pressure.
5.2.2 State the mathematical form of these laws.
5.2.3 Derive gas equation.
5.2.4 Solve problems using gas law and gas equation.
6.
UNDERSTAND THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF WATER.

6.1
Describe the chemical nature of water with its formula.
6.2
Describe the general impurities present in water.
59
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
Explain the causes and methods to remove hardness of water.

Express hardness in different units like mg/liter. p.p.m, degrees Clark and degrees French.
Describe the formation and nature of scales in boiler feed water.

Explain the method for the treatment of scales.
Explain the sewage treatment and desalination of sea water.
7.
UNDERSTAND THE NATURE OF ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS.

7.1
Define acids, bases and salts with examples.
7.2
Describe general properties of acids and bases.
7.3
Differentiate between acidity and basicity and use the related terms.
7.4
Define salts, give their classification with examples.
7.5
Explain p-H value of solution and pH scale.
8.
UNDERSTAND THE PROCESS OF OXIDATION AND REDUCTION.

8.1
Define oxidation.
8.2
Explain the oxidation process with examples.
8.3
Define reduction.
8.4
Explain reduction process with examples.
8.5
Define oxidizing and reducing agents with examples.
8.6
Define oxides.
8.7
Classify the oxides with examples.
9.
UNDERSTAND THE FUNDAMENTALS OF NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY.

9.1
Define nuclear chemistry and radio activity.
9.2
Differentiate between Alpha , Beta and Gamma particles.
9.3
Explain half life process.
9.4
Explain nuclear reactions resulting in transformation of elements with examples.
9.5
State the uses of isotopes.
10.
UNDERSTAND THE NATURE OF ALLOYS USED IN THE RELEVANT

TECHNOLOGY.
10.1 Define alloy.
10.2 Describe different methods for the preparation of alloys.
10.3 State important properties of alloys.
10.4 Explain composition, properties and uses of different alloys.
11.
UNDERSTAND THE NATURE AND USES OF SOLID, LIQUID AND GASEOUS

FUELS.
11.1 Define fuel and give their significance in technological advancements.
11.2 Distinguish among solid, liquid and gaseous fuels.
11.3 Explain calorific value.
11.4 Describe coal with its utilization.
11.5 Describe petroleum and its utilization.
11.6 Describe various gaseous fuels.
11.7 Enlist nuclear and special fuels.
12.
UNDERSTAND THE PROCESS OF CORROSION.

60
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
Define corrosion.
Describe different types of corrosion.
State the causes of corrosion.
Explain the process of rusting of iron.
Describe methods to prevent/control corrosion.
13.
UNDERSTAND THE PROCESS INVOLVED IN THE EXTRACTION OF METALS

LIKE IRON, COPPER AND ALUMINUM.
13.1 Define metallurgy
13.2 Explain concentration, roasting, calcination and reduction.
13.3 Describe physical & chemical properties of iron, copper and aluminum.
13.4 Enlist relevant ores of iron, copper and aluminium with their formulae.
13.5 Explain the method of extraction and metallurgy in a blast furnace of relevant ores of iron.
13.4 Outline important properties of cast iron, wrought iron and steel.
14.
UNDERSTAND THERMO CHEMISTRY.

14.1 Define Thermo chemistry and state Thermo chemical units.
14.2 Explain heat of formation, combustion and neutralization.
14.3 Explain Hess's law.
14.4 Explain the process of combustion.
14.5 Solve numerical problems relating to quantities of air & other gases in combustion.
15.
UNDERSTAND THE CHEMISTRY OF LUBRICANTS.

15.1 Define a lubricant
15.2 Explain the uses of lubricants.
15.3 Describe classification of lubricants with examples.
15.3 State the properties of oils, greases and solid lubricants.
15.4 Explain the method of selecting lubricant for particular purpose/job.
16.
UNDERSTAND THE NATURE OF POLLUTION.

16.1 Define pollution (air, water, soil).
16.2 State the causes of environmental pollution.
16.3 Enlist air pollutant gases.
16.4 Explain the methods used to control air pollution.
61
Ch-213
APPLIED CHEMISTRY
LIST OF PRACTICALS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
To introduce the common apparatus, glassware and chemical reagents used in the chemistry
lab.
To purify a chemical substance by crystallization.
To separate a mixture of sand and salt.
To find the melting point of substance.
To find the pH of a solution with pH paper.
To separate a mixture of inks by chromatography.
To determine the co-efficient of viscosity of benzene with the help of Ostwald vasomotor.
To find the surface tension of a liquid with a stalagmometer.
To perform electrolysis of water to produce Hydrogen and Oxygen.
To determine the chemical equivalent of copper by electrolysis of Cu SO.
To get introduction with the scheme of analysis of salts for basic radicals.
To analyse 1st group radicals (Ag+ - Pb++ - Hg+).
To make practice for detection 1st group radicals.
To get introduction with the scheme of II group radicals.
To detect and confirm II-A radicals (hg++, Pb++++, Cu+, Cd++, Bi+++).
To detect and confirm II-B radicals Sn+++, Sb+++, As+++).
To get introduction with the scheme of III group radicals (Fe+++ - Al+++, Cr+++)
To detect and confirm Fe+++, Al+++ and Cr+++.
To get introduction with he scheme of IV group radicals.
To detect and confirm An++ and Mn++ radicals of IV group.
To detect and conform Co++ and Ni++ radicals of IV group.
To get introduction with the Acid Radical Scheme.
To detect dilute acid group.
To detect and confirm CO"3 and HCO'3 radicals.
To get introduction with the methods/apparatus of conducting volumetric estimations.
To prepare standard solution of a substance.
To find the strength of a given alkali solution.
To estimate HCO'3 contents in water.
To find out the %age composition of a mixture solution of KNO3 and KOH volumetrically.
To find the amount of chloride ions (Cl') in water volumetrically.
62
Mgm-211
BUSINESS COMMUNICATION
T
1
P
0
C
1
Total contact hours

Theory 32 Hrs.
Prerequisites: The students shall already be familiar with the language concerned.
AIMS The course has been designed to enable the students to.
1.
Develop communication skills.
2.
Understand basic principles of good and effective business writing in commercial and
industrial fields.
3.
Develop knowledge and skill to write technical report with confidence and accuracy.
COURSE CONTENTS
1.
COMMUNICATION PROCESS.
1.1
Purposes of communication
1.2
Communication process
1.3
Distortions in communication
1.4
Consolidation of communiqu
1.5
Communication flow
1.6
Communication for self development
6 Hours
2.
ORAL COMMUNICATION SKILLS.

2.1
Significance of speaking.
2.2
Verbal and non-verbal messages.
2.3
Strategic steps of speaking.
2.4
Characteristics of effective oral messages.
2.5
Communication Trafficking.
2.6
Oral presentation.
6 Hours
3.
QUESTIONING SKILLS.
3.1
Nature of question.
3.2
Types of questions.
3.3
Characteristics of a good question.
3.4
Questioning strategy
3 Hours
4.
LISTENING SKILLS.
4.1
Principles of active listening.
4.2
Skills of active listening.
4.3
Barriers to listening.
4.4
Reasons of poor listening.
4.5
Giving Feedback.
5 Hours
63
5.
INTERVIEWING SKILLS.
5.1
Significance of interviews.
5.2
Characteristics of interviews.
5.3
Activities in an interviewing situation
5.4
Types of interviews.
5.5
Interviewing strategy.
3 Hours
6.
REPORT WRITING.
6.1
Goals of report writing
6.2
Report format.
6.3
Types of reports.
6.4
Report writing strategy.
3 Hours
7.
READING COMPREHENSION.
7.1
Reading problems.
7.2
Four Reading skills.
2 Hours
8.
GROUP COMMUNICATION.
8.1
Purposes of conducting meetings.
8.2
Planning a meeting.
8.3
Types of meetings.
8.4
Selection f a group for meeting.
8.5
Group leadership skills.
8.6
Running a successful meeting.
8.7
Active participation techniques.
4 Hours
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1.
Sh. Ata-ur-Rehman Effective Business Communication & Report Writing.
2.
Ulman J.N. Could JR. Technical Reporting.
64
Mgm-211
BUSINESS COMMUNICATION.
1.
UNDERSTAND THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS.

1.1
State the benefits of two way communication.
1.2
Describe a model of communication process.
1.3
Explain the major communication methods used in organization.
1.4
Identify the barriers to communication and methods of overcoming these barriers.
1.5
Identify misconceptions about communication.
2.
UNDERSTAND THE PROCESS OF ORAL.

2.1
Identify speaking situations with other peoples.
2.2
Identify the strategy steps of speaking.
2.3
Identify the characteristics of effective speaking.
2.4
State the principles of one-way communication.
2.5
State the principles of two-way communication.
2.6
Identify the elements of oral presentation skills.
2.7
Determine the impact of non-verbal communication on oral communication.
3.
DETERMINE THE USES OF QUESTIONING SKILLS TO GATHER AND

CLARIFY INFORMATION IN THE ORAL COMMUNICATION PROCESS.
3.1
Identify different types of questions.
3.2
Determine the purpose of each type of question and its application.
3.3
Identify the hazards to be avoided when asking questions.
3.4
Demonstrate questioning skills.
4.
DEMONSTRATE THE USE OF ACTIVE LISTENING SKILL IN THE ORAL

COMMUNICATION PROCESS.
4.1
State the principles of active listening.
4.2
Identify skills of active listening.
4.3
Identify barriers to active listening.
4.4
State the benefits of active listening.
4.5
Demonstrate listening skills.
4.6
Explain the importance of giving and receiving feed back.
5.
DETERMINE THE APPROPRIATE INTERVIEW TYPE FOR THE SPECIFIC

WORK-RELATED SITUATION AND CONDUCT A WORK-RELATED
INTERVIEW.
5.1
State the significance of interviews.
5.2
State the characteristics of interviews.
5.3
Explain the activities in an interviewing situation.
5.4
Describe the types of interviews.
5.5
Explain the interviewing strategy.
5.6
Prepare instrument for a structured interview.
65
6.
PREPARE A REPORT OUT-LINE, BASED ON SUBJECT MATTER AND

AUDIENCE.
6.1
Identify the different types of reports.
6.2
Determine when to use an informal or formal report presentation.
6.3
Identify the stages of planning a report.
6.4
Identify the parts of a report and choose the parts appropriate for each type of report.
6.5
Draft a report outline.
7.
DEMONSTRATE READING COMPREHENSION.

7.1
Identify major reading problems.
7.2
Identify basic reading skills.
7.3
State methods of previewing written material.
7.4
Identify methods of concentration when reading.
7.5
Demonstrate reading comprehension.
8.
UNDERSTAND THE PRINCIPLES OF GROUP COMMUNICATIONS.

8.1
State the purpose and characteristics of major types of meeting.
8.2
Explain responsibilities of a meeting/committee.
8.3
Identify problems likely to be faced at meeting and means to overcome these
problems.
8.4
Distinguish between content and process at meetings.
8.5
Explain the key characteristics of a good group facilitator.
66
Mgm 221
BUSINESS MANAGEMENT AND INDUSTRIAL ECONOMICS
Total Contact Hours

Theory
Practical
32
0
T
1
P
0
C
1
AIMS The students will be able to develop management skills, get acquainted the learner with the
principles of management and economic relations and develop commercial/economic
approach to solve the problems in the industrial set-up.
COURSE CONTENTS
1.
ECONOMICS
1.1
Definition: Adam Smith, Alfred Marshall, Prof. Robins.
1.2
Nature and scope
1.3
Importance for technicians.
2.
BASIC CONCEPTS OF ECONOMICS

2.1
Utility
2.2
Income
2.3
Wealth
2.4
Saving
2.5
Investment
2.6
Value.
3.
DEMAND AND SUPPLY.

3.1
Definition of demand.
3.2
Law of demand.
3.3
Definition of supply.
3.4
Law of supply.
2 Hours
4.
FACTORS OF PRODUCTION.
4.1
Land
4.2
Labour
4.3
Capital
4.4
Organization.
2 Hours
5.
BUSINESS ORGANIZATION.
5.1
Sole proprietorship.
5.2
Partnership
5.3
Joint stock company.
3 Hours
67
2 Hours
1 Hour
6.
ENTERPRENEURIAL SKILLS
4 Hours
6.1
Preparing, planning, establishing, managing, operating and evaluating relevant
resources in small business.
6.2
Business opportunities, goal setting.
6.3
Organizing, evaluating and analyzing opportunity and risk tasks.
7.
SCALE OF PRODUCTION.
7.1
Meaning and its determination.
7.2
Large scale production.
7.3
Small scale production.
2 Hours
8.
ECONOMIC SYSTEM
8.1
Free economic system.
8.2
Centrally planned economy.
8.3
Mixed economic system.
3 Hours
9.
MONEY.
9.1
Barter system and its inconveniences.
9.2
Definition of money and its functions.
1 Hour
10.
BANK.
10.1 Definition
10.2 Functions of a commercial bank.
10.3 Central bank and its functions.
1 Hour
11.
CHEQUE
11.1 Definition
11.2 Characteristics and kinds of cheque.
11.3 Dishonour of cheque.
1 Hour
12.
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
12.1 IMF
12.2 IDBP
12.3 PIDC
2 Hours
13.
TRADE UNION
13.1 Introduction and brief history.
13.2 Objectives, merits and demerits.
13.3 Problems of industrial labour.
2 Hours
14.
INTERNATIONAL TRADE.
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Advantages and disadvantages.
2 Hours
68
15.
MANAGEMENT
15.1 Meaning
15.2 Functions
1 Hour
16.
ADVERTISEMENT
16.1 The concept, benefits and draw-backs.
16.2 Principal media used in business world.
17.
ECONOMY OF PAKISTAN
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Economic problems and remedies.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1.
Nisar-ud-Din, Business Organization, Aziz Publisher, Lahore
2.
M. Saeed Nasir,Introduction to Business, Ilmi Kitab Khana, Lahore.
3.
S.M. Akhtar, An Introduction to Modern Economics, United Limited, Lahore.
69
2 Hours
1 Hour
Mgm-221
BUSINESS MANAGEMENT AND INDUSTRIAL ECONOMICS.
1.
UNDERSTAND THE IMPORTANCE OF ECONOMICS.

1.1
State definition of economics given by Adam Smith, Alfred Marshall and Professor
Robins.
1.2
Explain nature and scope of economics.
1.3
Describe importance of study of economics for technicians.
2.
UNDERSTAND BASIC TERMS USED IN ECONOMICS.

2.1
Define basic terms, utility, income, wealth, saving, investment and value.
2.2
Explain the basic terms with examples
3.
UNDERSTAND LAW OF DEMAND AND LAW OF SUPPLY.

3.1
Define Demand.
3.2
Explain law of demand with the help of schedule and diagram.
3.3
State assumptions and limitation of law of demand.
3.4
Define Supply.
3.5
Explain law of Supply with the help of schedule and diagram.
3.6
State assumptions and limitation of law of supply.
4.
UNDERSTAND THE FACTORS OF PRODUCTION

4.1
Define the four factors of production.
4.2
Explain labour and its features.
4.3
Describe capital and its peculiarities.
5.
UNDERSTAND FORMS OF BUSINESS ORGANIZATION.

5.1
Describe sole proprietorship, its merits and demerits.
5.2
Explain partnership, its advantages and disadvantages.
5.3
Describe joint stock company, its merits and demerits.
5.4
Distinguish public limited company and private limited company.
6.
UNDERSTAND ENTERPRENEURIAL SKILLS

6.1
Explain preparing, planning, establishing and managing small business set up
6.2
Explain evaluating all relevant resources
6.3
Describe organizing analyzing and innovation of risk of task
7.
UNDERSTAND SCALE OF PRODUCTION.

7.1
Explain scale of production and its determination.
7.2
Describe large scale production and it merits.
7.3
Explain small scale of production and its advantages and disadvantages.
70
8.
UNDERSTAND DIFFERENT ECONOMIC SYSTEMS.

8.1
Describe free economic system and its characteristics.
8.2
Explain centrally planned economic system, its merits and demerits.
8.3
State mixed economic system and its features.
9.
UNDERSTAND WHAT IS MONEY

9.1
Define money
9.2
Explain barter system and its inconveniences.
9.3
Explain functions of money.
10.
UNDERSTAND BANK AND ITS FUNCTIONS.

10.1 Define bank.
10.2 Describe commercial bank and its functions.
10.3 State central bank and its functions.
11.
UNDERSTAND CHEQUE AND DISHONOR OF CHEQUE.

11.1 Define cheque.
11.2 Enlist the characteristics of cheque.
11.3 Identify the kinds of cheque.
11.4 Describe the causes of dishonor of a cheque.
12.
UNDERSTAND FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS.

12.1 Explain IMF and its objectives.
12.2 Explain organisational set up and objectives of IDBP.
12.3 Explain organisational set up and objectives of PIDC.
13.
UNDERSTAND TRADE UNION, ITS BACKGROUND AND FUNCTIONS.

13.1 Describe brief history of trade union.
13.2 State functions of trade union.
13.3 Explain objectives, merits and demerits of trade unions.
13.4 Enlist problems of industrial labour.
14.
UNDERSTAND INTERNATIONAL TRADE.

14.1 Explain international trade.
14.2 Enlist its merits and demerits.
15.
UNDERSTAND MANAGEMENT
15.1 Explain meaning of management.
15.2 Describe functions of management.
15.3 Identify the problems of business management.
16.
UNDERSTAND ADVERTISEMENT.
16.1 Explain the concept of advertisement.
16.2 Enlist benefits and drawbacks of advertisement.
16.3 Describe principal media of advertisement used in business world.
17.
UNDERSTAND THE ECONOMIC PROBLEMS OF PAKISTAN.

71
17.1
17.2
17.3
Describe economy of Pakistan.

Explain economic problems of Pakistan
Explain remedial measures for economic problems of Pakistan.
measure.
72
El.T 214:
ELECTRONIC DEVICES & CIRCUITS

T
3
P
3
C
4
Total contact hours:

Theory:
96 Hours
Practical:
96 Hours
Pre-requisite: Electrical Essentials and Networks (El.T. 114)
AIM. Apply the principles of operation and function of various electronic components and devices
to practical circuits.
SPECIFIC:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Identify various electronics components/devices used in the field of electronics.

Explain the principle of operation of various type of electronic components/devices.
Identify the function of each electronic components/devices.
Identify the pin configurations of various electronics components/devices.
Identify specification of electronic components/devices.
Identify the use of electronic components.
COURSE CONTENTS.
1.
DIODES AND APPLICATIONS.

1.1
Biasing the PN junction.
1.1.1 Depletion region, Junction barrier potential
1.1.2 Forward and reverse bias.
1.2
Rectifier Diode.
1.2.1 Half wave and full wave (Bridge) rectifier.
1.2.2 Ripple factor, surge current.
1.2.3 Rectifier filter: L, PI and T filters.
1.3
Diode Multiplier.
1.3.1 Voltage multiplier circuits (Doubler, Tripler, Quadrupler)
1.4
Diode Data Sheet
1.5
Common faults in rectifier.
1.6
Diode as a switch.
2.
BIPOLAR JUNCTION AND FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTORS.

2.1
Transistor types and BJT construction
2.2
Basic Transistor operation, Forward, Reverse Bias. Transistor current.
2.3
Transistor Parameters and Ratings
2.4
Transistor as a voltage amplifier.
2.5
Transistor amplifier configuration, comparison and uses.
2.6
Transistor, modes of operation.
2.7
Transistor as a switch.
2.8
Transistor and IC packages and terminal Identification.

73
(9 Hours)
(27 Hours)
i)
2.9
2.10
General purpose transistors (TO-18, TO-39, TO-46, TO-52, TO-72, TO-92,

TO-23 AB)
ii)
Power Transistor (TO-3, TO-218, TO-220, TO-225)
iii)
RF Transistor.
BJT Biasing Techniques:
3.9.1 The DC operating point.
3.9.2 The fixed base bias.
3.9.3 The emitter bias.
3.9.4 Voltage divider bias.
3.9.5 The collector bias.
Field Effect Transistor and its Biasing:
3.10.1 Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET).
3.10.2 JFET Characteristics and parameter.
3.10.3 JFET Biasing.
3.10.4 Metal oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET) types.
3.10.5 MOSFET Biasing.
3.
SPECIAL DIODES.
3.1
Zener Diodes.
3.1.1 Zener Diode as voltage Regulator, percentage of regulation.
3.1.2 Zanier limiting.
3.2
Varactor Diodes.
3.2.1 Varactor in Tuning Circuits.
3.3
Optical Diodes
3.3.1 Light Emitting Diode(LED)
3.3.2 Liquid crystal Diode(LCD)
3.3.3 Photo diode.
3.4
Other Diodes.
3.4.1 Schottky diode, construction, characteristics, uses
3.4.2 Tunnel Diode, Negative resistance region.
3.4.3 Tunnel Diode Oscillator.
3.4.4 PIN Diode.
3.4.5 Step Recovery Diode.
3.4.6 LASER Diode
3.4.7 IMPATT Diode.
3.4.8 Gunn Diode.
(12 Hours)
4.
THYRISTOR, SPECIAL DIODES & TRANSISTORS.

4.1
The shockley diode.
4.2
Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR)
4.3
SCR Applications.
4.4
Silicon Controlled Switch (SCS)
4.5
Diac and Triac
4.6
Unijunction Transistor (UJT)
4.7
Photo diode & Photo transistor
4.8
Light Activated SCR (LASCR)
4.9
Opto-coupler.
(10 Hours)
74
5.
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS.
5.1
Introduction to ICs
5.2
Integrated transistors and diodes.
5.3
Integrated resistors and capacitors.
6.
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER.
6.1
Introduction to operational Amplifier.
6.2
The differential Amplifier.
6.3
OP-AMP Data Sheet Parameters.
6.4
OP-AMP with negative Feedback.
6.5
Inverting and non-inverting amplifiers.
6.6
Voltage follower.
6.7
Summing and difference amplifiers.
6.8
Introduction to 741 OP AMP.
7.
LOGIC GATES.
(20 Hours)
7.1
Types of logic gates
7.2
Supply Voltage, input and output voltage,input and output currents, fan-in and fanout Propagation Delay Time and Power Dissipation.
7.3
Standard TTL gates
7.3.1 TTL NAND gate.
7.3.2 Open Collector TTL
7.3.3 Totem pole TTL
7.4
Other TTL types.
7.4.1 High Speed and Low Power.
7.4.2 Schottky TTL
7.4.3 Emitter coupled logic (ECL)
7.5
MOS and CMOS Gates
7.5.1 P-MOS and N-MOS logic gates.
7.5.2 CMOS logic gates.
7.5.3 Integrated Injection Logic(IIL)
7.6
Comparison of major Logic Families.
7.7
Interfacing logic families
7.7.1 TTL driving 5V C MOS
7.7.2 TTL driving 15 V C MOS
7.7.3 C MOS driving TTL
75
(4 Hours)
(12 Hours)
El.T. 214:
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES.
1.
SEMICONDUCTOR DIODES.
1.1
Understand principles, characteristics and application of various types of
semiconductor diodes.
1.1.2 Explain semiconductor doping
1.1.3 List donor and acceptor materials for silicon & germanium
1.1.4 Define majority carries and minority charge carriers.
1.1.5 Explain the effect of temperature & light on the resistance of
(a) intrinsic semiconductor and
(b) Extrinsic semiconductor
1.2
PN Junction Theory:
2.2.1 Draw a PN Junction
2.2.2 Define the terms depletion layer capacitance & diffusion capacitance.
2.2.3 Sketch the voltage-current characteristics curve for a PN junction.
2.2.4 Describe RF, RR and Is from the diode characteristics curve.
2.2.5 List the typical values of barrier potentials for silicon and germanium diode.
1. 3
Understand PN Diode Applications
1.3.1 List the uses of PN diode.
1.3.2 Explain half and full wave rectifier using circuit diagram.
1.3.3 Define Ripple factor, surge current.
1.3.4 Explain function of rectifier (L, PI, T) filters
1.3.5 Explain its uses as voltage multiplier (doubler).
1.3.6 Explain the working of a voltage doubler circuit.
1.3.7 List the applications of voltage multiplier circuit.
1.3.8 Explain the operation of a diode as a switch.
2.
BIPOLAR JUNCTION AND FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTORS (BJTs & FETs).

2.1
Understand bipolar junction and field effect transistors, its biasing and basic BJT
circuits.
2.1.1 Draw and label physical structure and symbols for NPN and PNP transistors.
2.1.2 Show the four operation mode of BJT and application of each mode (cut
off active, active and inverse).
2.1.3 Compute the values of IE, and Beta (dc) for given value of IB and IC.
2.1.4 Explain the working of basic BJT voltage amplifier w.r.t. bias of junctions,
flow of charge carriers and transistor currents.
2.1.5 Define cut off and breakdown voltages of transistor.
2.1.6 List four maximum ratings specified by manufacturers parameters of
transistors.
2.1.7 Drive the expression for IC versus IB for CE. configuration in the active
region
2.1.8 Sketch the input and output static characteristics curves for common base
(CB) amplifier.
2.1.9 Repeat 3.1.8 for CE amplifier.
2.1.10 Repeat 3.1.8 for CC amplifier.
76
2.1.11
2.1.12
2.1.14
2.1.15
2.1.16
List the types of transistor structures.

Draw and label the structure of epitaxial transistor.
Enlist the advantages of I.C. over conventional circuit
List the three broad categories of BJTs with package types used for each
Identify the high frequency limitations of BJT.
2.2
Understand BJT Biasing Techniques

2.2.1 Explain the purpose of dc bias in a transistor circuit.
2.2.2 Show how bias effects the operation of BJT.
2.2.3 Draw and label load line on the characteristic curves for CE configuration
using empirical formulas for h parameter.
2.2.4 Locate the Q-point for linear operation of the amplifier.
2.2.5 List the causes of Q-point thermal instability.
2.3
Understand Basic BJT Circuits

3.3.1 Compute Ai., Ri, Av, Ro and Ap for CE, CB and CC configurations sing
empirical formula for h parameter..
3.3.2 Compare the three BJT configurations.
3.3.3 Draw a Darlington pair (emitter follower) circuit.
3.3.4 Explain the working of darlington pair.
3.3.5 List the applications of darlington pair .
2.4
Understand FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTORS

2.4.1 Explain the principle of the n-channel JFET using illustrations.
2.4.2 Sketch the construction of n-channel JFET & its symbol.
2.4.3 Sketch & label a family of drain characteristics of a n-channel JFET.
2.4.4 Define the terms I Dss and Vp.
2.4.5 Explain the effect of change in VGS the JFET characteristics.
2.4.6 Expalin above from 3.4.1 thu. 3.4.3 for p-channel JFET.
2.4.7 Define the major data-sheet parameter of a JFET.
2.4.8 Explain the principle of n-channel enhancement MOSFET.
2.4.9 Sketch & label the family of drain characteristics of n-channel enhancement
MOSFET
2.4.10 Repeat 3.4.9 for n-channel depletion-enhancement MOSFET.
2.4.11 Sketch symbols for p & n-channel JFET, n-channel enhancement MOSFET,
p- and n- channel depletion- enhancement MOSFET.
2.4.12 List three advantages of n-channel over p-channel MOSFET.
2.4.13 Sketch the cross- section of V-MOSFET.
2.4.14 Explain the working of V-MOSFET.
2.4.15 Compare the V-MOSFET with other FETs.
2.4.16 List the applications of MOSFET.
2.4.17 Sketch the cross section of complementary MOSFET (CMOS).
2.4.18 List the applications of CMOS.
2.5
Understand FET Biasing

2.5.1 Explain to FET biasing.
77
2.5.2
2.5.3
2.5.4
2.5.5
2.5.6
2.6
3.
Draw DC load line and locate bias point on the family of drain characteristic
curves of JFET.
Draw a self-bias arrangement p-channel & n-channel JFET.
Set the Q-point for a self-biased JFET.
Explain the Q-point stability of a JFET.
Show zero bias of D-MOSFET.
Understand Basic FET Circuits

2.6.1 List the three of configuration of FET amplifier.
2.6.2 Sketch & label the circuit for CS-JFET amplifier.
2.6.3 Write down expressions for Av and Zi and Zo for CS,CD,CG,JFET amplifier
2.6.4 Draw MOSFET amplifier configuration .
2.6.5 Define (i) transconductance, gm (ii) drain resistance, rd and (iii)
amplification factor of an FET.
SPECIAL DIODES.
3.1
Understand the characteristics and applications of diode used for a special purposes
Zener Diode.
3.1.1 Explain the construction of Zener and draw its symbol
3.1.2 Draw the V-I characteristic of a Zener diode.
3.1.3 Identify the characteristic features of Zener diode.
3.1.4 Explain the working of Zener diode as voltage regulator.
3.1.5 Define the terms line regulation, and load regulation for Zener diode.
3.1.6 Compare formulae to find the range of series resistor (Rs) and load resistor
(RL) for a Zener regulator for given variations in line voltage and current.
3.1.7
List the applications of Zener diode.
3.2
Understand the characteristics of Varactor diode.

3.2.1 Identify the key parameters of varactor diode.
3.2.2 Enlist the applications of varactor diode.
3.2.3 Draw the circuit of electronic tuner of a receiver using varactor diode.
3.3
Understand the characteristics of Optical Diodes (LED, LCD and Photodiode)

3.3.1 Define the term optical devices.
3.3.2 List the name of opto electronic devices.
3.3.3 Explain the electroluminescence process in LED.
3.3.4 List the materials with colour of emission used for LED
3.3.5 Explain the effect of bias on the operation of normal and colour emissive
LED.
3.3.6 List the applications of LEDs.
3.3.7 Describe the term Liquid crystal.
3.3.8 Explain the working principle of both types of LCD.
3.3.9 Compare LCD with LED.
3.3.10 List the applications of LCDs.
3.3.11 Explain the operation of a photo diode.
78
3.3.12 List the materials used for photodiode with their colour sensitivity and
characteristics
3.3.13 List the applications of photodiodes.
3.3.14 Draw a circuit of photoelectric relay using a photodiode.
3.4
4.
Understand special diodes (Schottky, tunnel, PIN, LASER, IMPATT, Gunn)

3.4.1 List main type of special diodes.
3.4.2 Explain the basic internal structure and working of a schottky diode.
3.4.3 List the main application areas of schottky diode
3.4.4 Explain the principle of tunnel diode using energy level diagram.
3.4.5 List the names of material used for making tunnel diode.
3.4.6 Sketch the construction along with symbol for a tunnel diode.
3.4.7 Compare the V-I characteristics of a tunnel diode with that of an ordinary
diode.
3.4.8 List the applications of tunnel diode.
3.4.9 Sketch the basic parallel tunnel diode amplifier.
3.4.10 Sketch the tunnel diode oscillator circuit.
3.4.11 Explain briefly the working of circuit in 4.1.9 & 4.1.10
3.4.12 Sketch & label the three regions of a PIN diode structure
3.4.13 Explain the effect of bias on the resistance of PIN diode
3.4.14 List the names of the materials used for making PIN diode
3.4.15 Enlist the applications of PIN diode .
3.4.16 Define Explain the term LASER.
3.4.17 Sketch the structure of double heterojunction semiconductor laser diode.
3.4.18 List the names of the materials with field of application for laser diode.
3.4.19 List the application of lasers.
3.4.20 Describe the working of laser diode and photo diode pick up system of
compact disk (CD) players
3.4.21 Explain Gunn effect in bulk semiconductors.
3.4.22 List the names of material exhibiting Gunn effect.
3.4.23 Sketch a Gunn diode construction.
3.4.24 List the application of Gunn diode.
3.4.25 Give the name for acronym IMPATT.
3.4.26 Explain briefly the principle of IMPATT diode.
3.4.27 Sketch the structure of IMPATT diode.
3.4.28 Explain the two behavioral effect of IMPATT diode to produce 180 phase
difference between the RF applied voltage and resulting current pulse.
3.4.29 List the merits and demerits of IMPATT diode.
3.4.30 Enlist applications of IMPATT diode.
THYRISTORS & SPECIAL DEVICES.

4.1
Understand thyristors UJT with their applications.
4.1.1 Explain the term thyristor
4.1.2 Name the important thyristor family devices
4.1.3 Sketch the construction of shockley diode
79
4.1.4
4.1.5
4.1.6
4.1.7
4.1.8
4.1.9
4.1.10
4.1.11
4.1.12
4.1.13
4.1.14
4.1.15
4.1.16
4.1.17
4.1.18
Draw and label the forward v-i characteristics for a shockley diode
List the methods to turn off and turn on shockley diode
Explain the working of a shockley diode relaxation oscillator.
Compare an SCR with a shockley diode.
Draw and label the schematic symbol for an SCR
Explain the turn-on process of SCR using transistor equivalent circuit.
Sketch and label the V-I characteristics for an SCR.
Interpret the SCR data sheet parameters.
Explain the phase-control of an SCR .
Draw basic circuits for SCR used in the areas of
a)
power control
b)
switching and
c)
protection
Explain briefly the circuits drawn under 5.1.13.
Compare a Diac with a shockley diode in terms of
a)
basic structure
b)
symbol
c)
operation
Compare a triac with an SCR in terms of
a)
basic structure
b)
symbol operation
Sketch and label the transistor equivalent circuit for a triac
Explain the phase-shift control of triac with a diac as a switching device as
used in light for UJT.
4.2
Understand Unijunction Transistor characteristics.

4.2.1 Sketch the structure of a unijunction transistor (UJT).
4.2.2 Sketch the equivalent circuit and symbol for UJT.
4.2.3 Explain the working of UJT circuit of 5.2.2.
4.2.4 Draw the V-I characteristic curve for UJT.
4.2.5 Draw a circuit for UJT relaxation oscillator.
4.2.6 List the three factors controlling the period of oscillation freqquency of a
relaxation oscillator
4.2.7 Sketch a UJT time delay circuit.
4.3
Understand properties of Photo-sensitive BJT&LASCR.

4.3.1 compare a photo-transistor with a conventional BJT.
4.3.2 List the factors controlling collector current of a photo transistor.
4.3.3 Draw the circuit for forward and reverse acting light operated relay using a
phototransistor.
4.3.4 Sketch the circuit of a photo darlington pair
4.3.5 List the requirements to turn-on and turn-off of light activated SCR
(LASCR).
4.3.6 List the types of input devices normally used in a opt coupler
4.3.7 List five types of output devices used in opto-coupler.
4.3.8 List the applications of opto-coupler.
80
5.
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS (ICs).

5.1
To understand and apply ICs & integrated components
5.1.1 Define integrated circuits.
5.1.2 Compare IC with discrete circuit.
5.1.3 Sketch the cross-section of an IC transistor.
5.1.4 List three types of IC diode.
5.1.5 Identify how the storage time is eliminated in a metal semiconductor diode.
5.1.6 List six important characteristics of integrated components.
5.1.7 List the pin configurations and package types of ICs
5.1.8 List the pin configurations and packages types of ICs
5.1.9 Interpret linear IC data sheet parameters.
5.1.10 Interpret digital IC data sheets parameters.
6.
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER (LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUIT).

6.1
Understand the working and applications of operational amplifier.
6.1.1 List of available Opamp IC
6.1.2 Draw the block diagram and symbol for an operational amplifier (OP AMP).
6.1.3 Identify the function of each block of an OP AMP.
6.1.4 List ten important OP AMP parameters.
6.1.5 Define the terms (a) bias current (b) offset voltage for an OP AMP.
6.1.6 Explain the method of bias current compensation for an OP AMP.
6.1.7 Draw inverting and non-inverting amplifier using op amp.
6.1.8 Explain the inverting and non-inverting amplifier.
6.1.9 Identify the virtual ground point of an OP AMP for calculating gain.
6.1.10 Derive expression for voltage gain of both types of amplifiers discussed
under 7.1.7.
6.1.11 Sketch a voltage follower circuit using an OP AMP.
6.1.12 Explain the working of an OP AMP comparator.
6.1.13 List the applications of OP AMP (741 OP AMP).
7.
LOGIC GATE CIRCUITS.

7.1
Understand logic gate circuits.
7.1.1 Define a logic gate.
7.1.2 List the types of logic gates with their symbols.
7.1.3 Define positive & negative logic.
7.1.4 Explain the working of diode OR and AND gates and draw their truth
tables.
7.1.5 Enlist the merits and demerits of diode logic.
7.1.6 Write Boolean expressions for OR and gates.
7.1.7 Draw the circuits of NOT gate or inverter using
a)
BJT
b)
FET.
7.1.8 Explain the operation of NOT gate.
7.2
Understand comparison of Logic Gates Performance.

7.2.1 List the factors to assess the performance of logic gates.
7.2.2 Define the following terms
81
7.2.3
a)
power dissipation
b)
voltage levels
c)
propagation delay time
d)
speed-power product
e)
noise margin.
Compare HTL gate with RTL and DTL gates.
7.3
Understand characteristics of Transistor Transistor Logic (TTL)

7.3.1 Define the term TTL.
7.3.2 List the performance characteristics of TTL.
7.3.3 Draw a basic TTL NAND gate circuit.
7.3.4 Explain the operation of the above circuit.
7.3.5 List the two major types of output circuits for TTL Gates.
7.3.6 Draw a TTL NAND gate with open collector output.
7.3.7 Draw a TTL AND gate with totem pole output.
7.3.8 List the advantages of totem pole output circuit.
7.3.9 Explain the data sheet parameters for TTL.
7.3.10 List five series of TTL circuits.
7.3.11 Compare the circuit for low power TTL NAND gate with that of standard
TTL .
7.3.12 List the key feature of advanced schottky TTL gates.
7.3.13 Define the term emitter-coupled logic (ECL).
7.3.14 Draw a circuit for ECL OR/NOR gate.
7.3.15 List the merits & demerits of ECL as compared to TTL.
7.3.16 Enlist the main feature of integrated injection logic (IIL).
7.3.17 Draw the circuit of IIL NAND and NOR gates.
7.4
Understand characteristics of MOS and CMOS logic gates.

7.4.1 Draw the circuit for n-channel and p-channel MOS, NAND and NOR gates
circuit.
7.4.2 Explain the working of N-MOS NAND gate.
7.4.3 Sketch the circuit of a CMOS inverter.
7.4.4 Discuss the operation of a CMOS inverter.
7.4.5 Draw the circuit of a CMOS NAND gate.
7.4.6 Explain the operation of CMOS gate and draw its truth table.
7.4.7 Draw the circuit of a CMOS NOR-gate.
7.4.8 Define the term HCMOS.
7.4.9 Compare the CMOS and TTL characteristics.
7.5.10 List the precaution in handling CMOS devices.
7.4.11 Compare the major logic families.
7.4.12 List the applications of the following technologies ICs:
a)
TTL,
b)
ECL,
c)
IIL,
d)
MOS.
7.4.13 Define the terms SSI, MSI, LSI, VLSI and VVLSI.
82
7.5
Understand methods of interfacing various logic families.

7.5.1 List the factors to be considered in interfacing logic families.
7.5.2 Draw the circuit for the TTL driving 5-V CMOS and 15- V CMOS gates.
7.5.3 Identify the need of the pull-up resistor in interfacing TTL and CMOS.
7.5.4 Discuss the worst case parameters for CMOS-to-TTL
interfacing.
TEXT /REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Floyd "Electronic Fundamentals"
2. Floyd "Digital Fundamentals"
3. J.D. Grainfield "Practical Digital Design"
83
El.T. 214:
Total Contact Hours:

Practical: 96 Hours.
LIST OF PRACTICAL
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
Identify the various diodes, transistors & IC package, number system and terminals.
Draw the forward & reverse characteristics of a P.N. junction diode.
Assemble a full wave diode rectifier circuit with a PI filter & calculate the ripple factor of
output wave.
Familiarize with a voltage quadrupler circuit.
Demonstrate diode as a switch with LED as a load.
Troubleshoot a faulty diode rectifier circuit.
Use a Zanier diode as voltage regulator with diode rectifier.
Demonstrate the performance of power supply using IC regulator.
Use varactor diode in a resonant circuit.
Assemble a tunnel diode oscillator .
Plot the input & output characteristics of a transistor in common base configuration.
Plot the input & output characteristics of a transistor in common emitter configuration.
Plot the input and output characteristics of transistor in common collector configuration.
Plot the transfer characteristics curve of transistor in CE configuration.
Consult data sheet for a transistor to study its parameters and ratings.
Assemble a transistor voltage amplifier and find its voltage gain.
Demonstrate the characteristics of CB, CE & CC amplifier using curve tracer.
Plot the characteristics curves for a common source FET amplifier.
Demonstrate MOSFET as a switch and study the performance .
Plot the characteristics curves for SCR & UJT.
Assemble a light dimmer using a Diac & Triac.
Demonstrate the working of an opto-coupler using Photo diode & LED.
Demonstrate the working of Opto-coupler using Phototransistor & LED
Demonstrate the working of Opto-coupler using LASCR & LED
Consult data sheet for opamps.
Demonstrate the working of an operational amplifier.
Use of op-Amp as an inverting & non-inverting amplifier and a voltage follower.
Draw the frequency response of an opamp.
Demonstrate the use of digital logic probe & logic pulser.
Troubleshoot on Opamp comparator
Consult data sheets of TTL & CMOS logic ICs
84
El.T. 233
MEASURING INSTRUMENT
T
2
TOTAL CONTACT HOURS:

Theory:
64 Hours
Practical: 96 Hours
Prerequisite:
Electrical
Mathematics (Math 133)
AIMS 1.
2.
Essentials
&
Networks
(El.T.
P
3
C
3
114)
and
To understand the working principle, types, and construction of

different analog and digital instruments and their accessories.
To Manipulate skills of proper selection, use, handling,
maintaining and repairing of various electrical and electronic
instruments.
COURSE CONTENTS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Identify the different electrical meters.

Identify the various electronic instruments.
Describe the functions of each measuring instrument.
Use the most proper measuring instrument for a given job.
Perform measurements using test instruments.
Observe proper safety and care in using measuring instruments.
Calibrate measuring instruments.
Mend/ repair defective measuring instruments.
1.
MEASUREMENTS AND ERRORS.

1.1 Precision of measurements.
1.2 Types of errors.
1.3 Accuracy rating of instruments.
1.4 Application of the concepts .
2.
INDICATING INSTRUMENTS.
4 Hours
2.1 Introduction to meters.
2.2 D`Ansonval Meter movements
2.3 Ammeters, millimeters, micrometer and shunts.
2.4 Shunt calculations.
2.5 Voltmeter, multiplier and sensitivity.
2.6 Basic Ohmmeter (Conversion of ammeter into ohmmeter)
2.7 Ac meters (rectifier, moving iron-vane, electrodynamometer,
thermocouple and clamp-on type)
3.
VOLT-OHM MILLIAMMETER (VOM).

3.1 Basic requirements.
85
2 Hours
4 Hours
3.2
3.3
3.4
Ranges and Subfunctions.

Basic types of Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter.
Application.
4.
TRANSISTOR VOLTMETER.
4.1 Advantages.
4.2 Basic TVM, FET, MOSFET Test Methods.
4.3 Tunnel Diode Test.
4.4 PIN diode test configuration.
4.5 Varactor diode test configuration.
4.6 Gunn diodes Test Methods.
4.7 Thyristors Test Methods.
4.8 Curve tracer.
4.9 Application.
5.
BRIDGES AND BRIDGE-TYPE EQUIPMENT.

5.1 Introduction.
5.2 Whetstone bridge and Grounded whetstone bridge.
5.3 AC bridges (magnitude and phase balancing).
5.4 Maxwell bridge.
5.5 Hay Wien bridge
5.6 Scheming and Wien bridges.
5.7 Universal bridge.
5.8 Q-meter and LC meter.
6.
SIGNAL GENERATORS.
08 Hours
6.1 Review of oscillator circuit operation.
6.2 AF generator.
6.3 RF generator.
6.4 AM generator.
6.5 FM generator.
6.6 Frequency synthesized signal generator.
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.10
7.
Sweep/Marker generator.
Square and Pulse generator.
Function generator.
TV pattern generator.
OSCILLOSCOPES.
06 Hours
7.1 Theory and operation.
7.2 Single/dual trace ( general purposes).
7.3 Triggered Sweep.
7.4 Storage.
7.5 Sampling
86
06 Hours
06 Hours
7.6
7.7
7.8
Vector scope
Curve tracer
Recorders
87
8.
DIGITAL INSTRUMENTS.
8.1 Review of signal conversion (ADC and DAC)
8.2 Digital Voltmeter
8.3 Digital Multimeter
8.4 Frequency Counter
8.5 Digital LCR meter.
8.6 Digital I.C. tester.
02 Hours
9.
ANALYZERS.
9.1 Wave Analyzer
9.2 Distortion Analyzer
9.3 Logic Analyzer
9.4 Signature Analyzer
9.5 Application
04 Hours
10. MISCELLANEOUS TEST INSTRUMENTS.

Hours
10.1 Wattmeter, power, dynamometer type
10.2 Energy meter, induction type
10.3 Watt meter, RF
10.4 V U meter
10.5 Sound level meter
10.6 Field strength meter
10.7 Digital Volt-meter
10.8 Digital Multi-meter
10.9 Pulse counter
10.10 Frequency counter
10
DIGITAL LCR METER.

10.11 Single tracer
10.12 X - Y recorder
10.13 Digital IC Tester
10.14 Q-meter
10.15 Applications
11.
12.
PROBES AND TRANSDUCERS.

11.1 High Voltage probes
11.2 Oscilloscope probes
11.3 Logic probes
11.4 Logic pulser
11.5 Logic clip
11.6 Application
CALIBRATION OF INSTRUMENTS
12.1 Standards of Calibration.
12.2 Techniques of Calibration.
88
04 Hours
04 Hours
12.3 Report of Calibration.

13. DEFECTS IN INSTRUMENTS.
Hours
13.1 Common defects in Analog meter
13.2 Methods of repair of analog meter.
13.3 Common faults in curves tracer and their remedy
13.4 Major defects in A.C. bridges
13.5 Common faults in Oscilloscopes
13.6 Common faults in Signal generators
13.7 Common faults in Signal analyzer
13.8 Common faults in Digital Instruments.
04
TEXT & REFERENCE BOOKS.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Cycle N. Herrick Instruments & Measurement for Electronics.

Bernard Grob & Milton Kiver, Application of Electronics
Link G.D. Electronic Test Instruments,
Hand book of meters - Theory and applications.
Handbook of Oscilloscope - Theory and applications.
Cooper William Electronic Instruments Techniques
Malvino, Electronic Instrumentation Fundamentals
Higgins O Patrik J, Basic instrumentation - Industrial Measurements.
Jones & Chin, Electronics Instruments & Measurements
R.B. Gillies, Instrumentation & Measurements for Electronics Technicians
89
El.T. 233
MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
1.
UNDERSTAND PURPOSE AND TERMINOLOGY OF MEASUREMENT.

1.1 Define the terms: Instrument, Accuracy, Precision, Sensitivity,
Resolution and Error.
1.2 Differentiate accuracy from precision.
1.3 List four sources of errors in instruments.
1.4 Describe the three general classes of errors in measurements.
2.
TO UNDERSTAND THE CONSTRUCTION , WORKING AND USES OF

DC AND AC METERS.
2.1 List the types of indicating instruments.
2.2 Draw and label the constructional elements of different types
(types of magneti\s and suspensions) of permanent magnet
moving coil (PMMC) mechanism.
2.3 Explain the working of PMMC (DArsonval ) movement.
2.4 Identify the function of swamping resistor.
2.5 List the merits and demerits of PMMC mechanism.
2.6 Identify the constructional features and importance of zerocentered galvanometer
movement.
2.7 Identify the function of
PMMC galvanometer as dc microammeter.
2.8 Explain the function of shunt resistor to extend the range of
micro-ammeter to
milli-ammeter and ammeter.
2.9 Derive the formula to find the value of shunt resistor, Rs=
Rm.Im / ( I- Im).
2.10 Compute the value of shunt resistance for a desired extension in
range.
2.11 Draw the circuit of a multi-range ammeter using universal or
Ayrton shunt.
2.12 List three precautions to be observed in using a DC ammeter.
2.13 Identify the function of multiplier resistor.
2.14 Derive the formula to find the value of multiplier resistance, Rm
= (V- Im Rm)/ Im.
2.15 Compute the value of multiplier resistor for a desired f.s.d. of DC
volts using above formula.
2.16 Draw a circuit arrangement of a multi-range voltmeter
using multiplier resistors.
2.17 Explain the sensitivity and load effect of a voltmeter.
2.18 List the uses of Dc voltmeter.
2.19 List the method of measuring a resistance.
2.20 Explain the voltmeter-ammeter method of measuring resistance.
90
2.21
2.22
2.23
2.24
AC meter.
2.25
2.26
2.27
2.28
2.29
movement.
2.30
Draw the circuit of a basic Ohmmeter.

Explain the working of a basic Ohmmeter.
List the classes of AC meters(bench type and panel type).
Name the type of instrument mechanism used for each class of
Draw the schematic diagram a rectifier type AC meter.
Explain the working of rectifier type AC meter.
Describe the working principle of a clamp-on AC meter.
Explain the working principal of moving iron-vane mechanism.
Draw the schematic diagram of an electrodynamometer
Compare the rectifier, moving iron-vane and

electrodynamometer type AC meter.
2.31 Draw the schematic diagram of a basic thermocouple instrument.
2.32 Explain the working of thermocouple instrument.
2.33 List the uses of above four type of AC meters.
3.
UNDERSTAND THE IMPORTANCE, TYPES AND CONSTRUCTION

OF VOLT-OHM-MILLIAMMETER.
3.1 Identify the importance of volt-ohm milliammeter (Multimeter)
3.2 Draw and label the block diagram showing three functions
of multimeter (VOM).
3.3 List the types of volt-ohm-milliammeter
4.
UNDERSTAND THE TYPES, CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING OF
TVM,
UNDERSTAND THE WORKING OF ELECTRONIC VOM.
4.1 Draw the schematic diagram of basic FET input TVM.
4.2 Explain the working of FET input TVM.
4.3 Draw the schematic diagram of FET bridge TVM.
4.4 Explain the working of FET bridge TVM.
4.5 List the applications of TVM.
4.6 List important considerations in choosing a voltmeter.
4.7 List the major elements of an electronic VOM bt using block
diagram.
5.
UNDERSTAND THE CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING OF BRIDGE

-TYPE TEST INSTRUMENTS.
DC Bridges
5.1 Draw the circuit diagram of Wheatstone bridge.
5.2 Explain the working of Wheatstone bridge.
5.3 List the applications of Wheatstone bridge
AC Bridges
5.4 List the electrical quantities measured by an AC bridge.
5.5 Draw the schematic diagram of Maxwell bridge .
5.6 Describe the procedure of balancing Maxwell bridge
91
5.7 Derive the balance equation of Maxwell bridge to find the

unknown inductance.
5.8 Draw the schematic diagram of Scherrng bridge.
5.9 Write the balance equation for Scherring bridge to find Cx, p.f, D
and Q of series RC circuit.
5.10 Draw the schematic diagram of Wien bridge.
5.11 Describe the procedure of balancing Wien bridge to find the
value of unknown frequency of a signal.
5.12 List the application of Wien bridge.
Q & LC meters and Universal Bridge
5.13 Draw the schematic diagram of basic Q-meter.
5.14 Explain the working of Q-meter.
5.15 Draw a block diagram of LC meter.
5.16 Identify the function of each block of LC meter.
6.
SIGNAL GENERATORS.
6.1 Understand the basics and need of a signal generators.
6.1.1 Describe the need and the basic requirements of a signal
generator.
6.1.2 List the major types of signal generators used for
electronics testing and troubleshooting.
6.1.3 List the desired characteristics common to all the signal
generators.
6.2 Understand the construction and working of AF generator.
6.2.1 Identify the similarities and differences between an audio
oscillator and audio generator.
6.2.2 List the applications of AF generator
6.3 Understand the construction and working of AM & FM
generators.
6.3.1 Draw the basic circuit of a shop type RF generator.
6.3.2 Explain the working of the RF generator.
6.3.3 List the applications of RF generator.
6.3.4 Draw the schematic diagram of a dip meter.
6.3.5 Describe the working of a dip meter circuit.
6.3.6 List the applications of dip meter.
6.4 Understand the construction and working of sweep,
marker and pulse generators.
6.4.1 Draw the block diagram of an AM generator.
6.4.2 Identify the function of each block of an AM generator.
6.4.3 List the applications of AM generator.
6.4.4 Draw the block diagram of FM generator.
6.4.5 Describe the function of each block of FM generator.
6.4.6 List the applications of FM generator.
6.4.7 List the two methods of frequency syntheses.
92
6.4.8 Draw the block diagram of phase locked loop (PLL) or

indirect method of frequency synthesis.
6.4.9 Identify the function of each block of PLL
frequency
synthesizer.
6.4.10
Draw the block diagram of the frequency divider
type of signal generator.
6.4.11
Describe the function of each block of frequency
divider type signal generator.
6.5 Understand the construction of TV pattern and special
effects generators.
6.5.1 Draw the block diagram of sweep generator.
6.5.2 Describe the function of each block of sweep generator.
6.5.3 List the types of voltage sweep generations.
6.5.4 Enlist the applications of sweep generator.
6.5.5 Draw the block diagram of marker generator.
6.5.6 Describe the function of each
block of the marker
generator.
6.5.7 List the two basic methods for injection of marker signal
into sweep generator.
6.5.8 Enlist the applications of marker generator.
6.5.9 List the methods of square wave generation.
6.5.10
Draw the block diagram of a square wave generator.
6.5.11
Explain the function of each block of the square
wave generator.
6.5.12
Draw the block diagram of pulse generator using
square wave generator and monostable multivibrator.
6.5.13
Explain the working of a pulse generator.
6.5.14
List the applications of square wave and pulse
generator.
6.5.15
Draw the schematic diagram of an OP-AMP Function
generator.
6.5.16
Explain the working of the Function generator.
6.5.17
Draw the functional diagram of
IC
function
generator.
6.5.18
Identify the function of each block of IC function
generator.
6.6 TV Pattern and Special Effect Generators
6.6.1 Explain the need of TV pattern generator.
6.6.2 Describe the working of TV pattern generator using a block
diagram.
6.6.3 Enlist special effect generator.
6.6.4 State uses of special effect generator.
7.
OSCILLOSCOPE (CRO).
7.1 Understand the working principle, types and applications
of oscilloscope and recorders.
93
7.1.1 List the four fundamental parameters that may be

represented by an oscilloscope.
7.1.2 Sketch a cathode ray tube (CRT) and label the most
important parts.
7.1.3 Describe the function of each part of a CRT.
7.1.4 Sketch the control circuit of a CRT.
7.1.5 Explain the purpose of each control of CRT.
7.2 General Purpose Oscilloscope
7.2.1 Draw the block diagram of general purpose oscilloscope.
7.2.2 Explain the function of each block of the oscilloscope.
7.2.3 Draw the block diagram of
vertical section of an
oscilloscope.
7.2.4 Explain the function of each block of vertical section of
CRO.
7.2.5 Describe the purpose of delay line in the vertical section of
a CRO.
7.2.6 Draw the block diagram of the horizontal section of a CRO.
7.2.7 Explain the function of each block of horizontal section of a
CRO.
7.2.8 Define
the
terms:
fluorescence,
phosphorescence,
persistence, luminance, graticules and deflection sensitivity.
7.2.9 Identify the function of
a sweep generator in an
oscilloscope.
7.2.10 List the types of sweep generator used in oscilloscopes.
7.2.11
Identify the differentiator circuit following a clipper in
the sync section of a CRO.
7.2.12
Identify the action of Schmitt trigger circuit in a
triggered oscilloscope.
7.2.13 List the application for which triggered sweep is superior to
a recurrent type of sweep.
7.3 Dual Trace Oscilloscope
7.3.1 Describe the importance of dual trace oscilloscope.
7.3.2 Differentiate a dual beam CRO from a dual trace CRO.
7.3.3 Coversion single trace into a dual trace display.
7.3.4 Explain the working of electronic switch circuit for a dual
trace display.
7.3.5 List the controls and connectors of a shop oscilloscope.
7.3.6 Describe the function of each control and connector of a
shop CRO.
7.3.7 List the applications of CRO.
7.4 Storage Oscilloscope
7.4.1 Identify the purpose of storage oscilloscope.
7.4.2 List the types of storage CRT.
7.4.3 Draw and label the simplified diagram of a storage CRO.
7.4.4 Explain he function of each part of a storage CRO.
94
7.4.5 Identify the function of writing and flood guns in a storage

oscilloscope.
7.4.6 Describe the method of erasing a target of a storage
oscilloscope.
7.4.7 Describe the function of controls and connectors of a
storage oscilloscope
7.4.8 Enlist the advantages of storage oscilloscope.
7.5 Sampling Oscilloscope
7.5.1 Identify the importance of sampling oscilloscope.
7.5.2 Sketch and label the block diagram of a random sampling
oscilloscope.
7.5.3 Describe the function of each block of the above diagram.
7.6 Vectorscope
7.6.1 Identify the function of vectorscope to check a colour TV
receivers response.
7.6.2 Describe the use of the conventional oscilloscope as a
vectorscope.
7.7 Curve Tracer
7.7.1 Identify the function of a modern curve tracer.
7.7.2 Draw the block diagram of a transistor curve tracer.
7.8 Recorders
7.8.1 List the two basic types of recorders used as electronic test
equipment.
7.8.2 Draw the block diagram of a basic strip or roll chart
recorder system.
7.8.3 Describe the working of strip chart recorder.
7.8.4 Draw the block diagram of a basic X-Y recorder or plotter
system.
7.8.5 Describe the function of each block of x-y recorder.
8.
DIGITAL INSTRUMENTS.
8.1 Understand the operation and applications of digital
meters.
8.1.1 List the major types of digital test instruments.
8.1.2 Enlist the types of digital voltmeter (DVM).
8.1.3 Illustrate the voltage-to-time conversion principle of ramptype DVM.
8.1.4 Draw the block diagram of ramp-type DVM.
8.1.4 Identify the function of each block of the ramp-type DVM.
8.1.5 Draw the block diagram of staircase ramp type DVM.
8.1.6 Identify the function of its each block.
8.1.7 Draw the block diagram of dual-slope type DVM.
8.1.8 Explain the function of its each block.
8.1.9 Compare the above three types of DVMs.
8.1.10
Draw the block diagram of dual-slope type digital
multimeter.
95
8.2
8.1.11
Identify the function of its each block.
8.1.12
Draw the block diagram of digital LCR meter.
8.1.13
Identify the function of its each block.
8.1.14
Identify the function of each control of DVM and
digital multimeter
Understand the working and uses of electronic counters.
8.2.1 Define the term Electronic Counter
8.2.2 Draw the block diagram of basic counter.
8.2.3 Identify the blocks of basic counter involved in frequency
measurement operation.
8.2.4 Draw the basic counter block diagram
for
period
measurement operation.
8.2.5 Explain the working of basic counter for frequency and
period measurements.
8.2.6 Identify the function of panel controls and indicators of
electronic counter.
9.
WAVE AND LOGIC ANALYZERS.

9.1 Understand the function of wave and distortion analyzers.
9.1.1 Draw the block diagram of wave analyzer.
9.1.2 Explain the function of each block of wave analyzer.
9.1.3 Identify the function of the controls and indicators of the
analyzer.
9.1.4 List the applications of wave analyzer.
9.1.5 Draw the block diagram of distortion analyzer.
9.1.6 Explain the operation of each block of distortion analyzer.
9.1.7 Identify the function of the controls & indicators of the
analyzer.
9.1.8 List the applications of distortion analyzer.
9.2 Understand the working of logic and signature analyzers.
9.2.1 Draw the block diagram of logic analyzer
9.2.2 Explain the operation of each block of logic analyzer.
analyzer.
9.2.4 List the application of logic analyzer
9.2.5 Draw the block diagram of signature analyzer.
9.2.6 Explain the function of each block of signature analyzer.
analyzer.
9.2.8 List the application of signature analyzer
96
10.
MISCELLANEOUS INSTRUMENTS.
10.1 Understand electrical power & energy meters.

10.1.1
Draw the schematic diagram of electrodynamometer
type watt meter.
10.1.2
Explain the working of the watt meter.
10.1.3
Draw the circuit diagram of induction type energy
meter.
10.1.4
Explain the working of energy meter.
10.2 Understand the working of RF power meter.
10.2.1
Draw the diagram of RF watt meter
10.2.2
Explain the operation of RF watt meter
10.2.3
List the uses of RF watt meter
10.3 Understand the function of level and field strength
meters.
10.3.1
Draw the block diagram of VU meter.
10.3.2
Explain the operation of each block of VU Meter.
10.3.3
List the applications of VU Meter.
10.3.4
Draw the block diagram of sound level meter
10.3.5
Explain the operation of each block of sound level
meter
10.3.6
Explain the application of sound level meter
10.3.7
Draw the block diagram of field strength meter.
10.3.8
Explain the operation of each block of field strength
meter.
10.3.9
List the applications of field strength meter.
10.4 Understand the working of signal tracer / injector.
10.4.1
Draw the block diagram of signal tracer.
10.4.2
Explain the operation of each block of signal tracer.
10.4.3
List the uses of signal tracer.
10.5 Understand the function of digital IC tester.
10.5.1
Draw the block diagram of digital IC tester.
10.5.2
Explain the operation of each block of digital
tester.
10.5.3
Explain the application of digital IC tester.
11.
PROBES AND TRANSDUCER.

11.1 Understand the working of meter and scope probes.
11.1.1
List the major types of meter and scope probes.
11.1.2
Draw the circuit diagram of low capacitance probe.
11.1.3
Explain the function of low capacitance probe.
97
IC
11.1.4
Draw the circuit diagram of high voltage probe
(resistance & capacitance types).
11.1.5
Explain the working of high voltage probe.
11.1.6
Draw the circuit diagram of RF probe .
11.1.7
Explain the function of RF probe.
11.1.8
Draw the block diagram of a basic logic probe. .
11.1.9
Explain the working of basic logic probe.
11.1.10
Draw the block diagram of a simple logic pulser.
11.1.11
Explain the working of logic pulser.
11.1.12
List the applications of logic probe and pulser.
11.1.13
Explain the working of logic clip.
11.2 Understand the function of three types of traducers.
11.2.1
List the three types of transducers.
98
El.T:233
MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
LIST OF PRACTICAL:
1.
96 Hours.
Study of various types of permanent magnet moving coil meter

(Galvanometer, Ammeter, Voltmeter).
2.
Study the construction of permanent magnet moving coil meter.
3.
Conversion of micrometer to milliammeter and ammeter using shunts.
4.
Conversion of ammeter into voltmeter using multiplier resistance.
5.
Conversion of ammeter into ohmmeter.
6.
Study and use of transistor voltmeter.
7.
Study and use of transistor tester for the testing for different
semiconductor devices.
8.
Study of whetstone bridge and its use to measure unknown resistor.
9.
Study of universal bridge and its use to measure unknown inductances

and capacitances.
10.
Use digital LCR meter to measure the unknown values of L, C and R.
11.
Study of oscilloscope controls and connectors..
12.
Use of oscilloscope in measuring voltage, frequency, phase shift
13.
Study of different stages of CRO and their identification. Study and use
of storage and sampling oscilloscopes.
14.
Use of A.F. generator and measurement of its output wave with CRO.
15.
Study and use of A.F. generator.
16.
Study and use of TV pattern generator.
17.
Use wattmeter to measure single phase a-c power.
18.
Measure the energy consumed by a load.
19.
Use of frequency counter to measure unknown frequency.
20.
Use of sound level meter and VU meter.
21.
Use of Q meter to measure Q factor of a circuit
22.
Use of X-Y recorder.
23.
Use of clamp-on meter to measure AC current.
24.
Measure high tension voltage of a CRT using high voltage probe.

99
25.
Test logic signals using logic probe/logic clip and logic pulser.
26.
Study the working of digital circuits using a logic analyzer.
27.
Demonstrate voltmeter test and calibration:
28.
i)
against a standard voltmeter.
ii)
using the balance method.
Demonstrate the analog ammeter calibration by:

i)
29.
30.
using precision resistance & precision voltmeter.
Check an AF generator for:

i)
frequency stability.
ii)
output uniformity
iii)
attenuator action
iv)
output hum
v)
output distortion
vi)
load sensitivity
Check oscilloscope for voltage calibration with:

i)
external DC and AC
ii)
internal AC
iii)
internal square wave
31.
Locate & rectify common faults in meter (available)
32.
Locate & troubleshoot common faults in bridges and analyzers.
100
El.T. 243
PULSE & DIGITAL CIRCUITS

T
2
P
3
C
3
Total contact hours.

Theory:
64 Hours
Practical:
96 Hours
Pre-requisite:
Electrical Essentials and Networks (El.T. 114).
AIMS After studying the subject the student will be able to understand the wave generation, wave
shaping and digital circuit.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
1.
Identify various types of wave shaping circuit.

Explain the principle of sine wave oscillator.
Explain the working of multivibrators.
Explain the working of ramp and pulse generators.
Identify the function of delay lines.
Differentiate the various types of logic gates.
Categories the combinational logic circuits.
Identify the principle of comparator circuit.
Identify the function of chopper circuit.
Explain the operation of memories.
Identify the function of sampling and D/A and A/D conversion.
Identify the principle of sequential logic circuit.
LINEAR WAVE SHAPING.

(06 Hours)
1.1
Introduction to wave shaping.
1.2
Linear wave shaping.
1.3
Response of high pass RC circuit for step input.
1.4
Effect of time constant on RC circuit response.
1.5
High pass RC circuit as a differentiator.
1.6
Response of low pass RC circuit for step input.
1.7
Low Pass RC circuit as an integrator.
1.8
Response of differentiator & integrator for square wave input.
1.9
Applications of differentiator and Integrator.
1.10 High Pass and Low Pass RL circuits.
1.11 Effect of time constant on RL circuit response.
1.12 RL circuit as differentiator and as integrator.
1.13 Comparison of RC and RL circuits.
1.14 RL peaking coil.
1.15 Response of RLC for square wave input.
1.16 Undamped RLC circuit as Ringing circuit.
1.17 OP-AMP differentiator and integrator.
1.18 Comparison of RC circuits with OP-AMP circuits.
101
2.
3.
4.
5.
NON-LINEAR WAVE SHAPING.

(06 Hours)
2.1
Clipping.
2.1.1 Biased Diode clipper circuits.
2.1.2 Transistor clipper circuit.
2.1.3 Emitter coupled clipper.
2.1.4. Slicer circuit.
2.1.5 OP-AMP clipper circuits.
2.2
Clamper
2.2.1 Positive and negative clamping.
2.2.2 Diode clamper.
2.2.3 Transistor clamper.
2.2.4 Voltage multiplier.
2.2.5 Synchronous clamping circuit.
2.2.6 Synchronous clamping circuit.
MONOSTABLE AND STABLE MULTIVIBRATOR.
(06 Hours)
3.1
Monostable Multivibrator.
3.1.1 Introduction
3.1.2 Emitter coupled monostable multivibrator
3.1.3 OP-AMP monostable multivibrator.
3.1.4 IC monostable multivibrator.
3.1.5 Applications of monostable multivibrator.
3.2
Stable Multivibrator.
3.2.1 Emitter coupled stable multivibrator.
3.2.2 Generation of square, rectangular, sawtooth and pulse by using stable
multivibrator.
3.2.3 Synchronization of the stable MV
3.2.4 Control of period and frequency of stable MV
3.2.5 Effect of amplitude of sync pulse on period and frequency of stable MV
3.2.6 Applications of stable MV.
3.2.7 The 555 IC timer.
3.2.8 Use of 555 timer as a monostable MV.
3.2.9 Use of 555 timer as an stable MV.
BISTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR (FLIP-FLOP).
(08 Hours)
4.1
Emitter coupled bistable MV.
4.2
Bistable triggering.
4.3
Types of Flip Flop (FF), Latch and clocked FF.
4.4.
RS, RST, T, D flip flop.
4.5
Clocked RS flip flop.
4.6
JK Flip Flop.
4.7
Master -slave FF.
4.8
Applications of Flip Flop.
4.8.1 Data storage.
4.8.2 Transfer of data.
4.8.3 Frequency division.
4.8.4 Counters.
SHIFT REGISTERS AND COUNTERS. (06 Hours)
102
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10
Introduction and types.

Bi-directional shift register.
Synchronous and synchronous shift register.
Binary counter.
Decade counter.
Ring counter.
Up / Down counter.
IC counter.
BCD to decimal conversion.
Digital Frequency counter.
6.
OSCILLATORS.
6.1
Conditions for an amplifier to work as an oscillator.
6.2
Requisites of an oscillator.
6.3
Classification of oscillator circuits.
6.4
RC phase shift and Wien bridge oscillator circuits.
6.5
Condition of sustained oscillation.
6.6
Voltage controlled oscillator using 555 timer
6.7
Pulse tone oscillator using 555 timer.
6.8
Voltage controlled oscillator using 555 timer.
6.9
Reasons of instability in oscillator circuit.
6.10 Remedies of instability in oscillator.
6.11 Applications of oscillator.
7.
RAMP, PULSE AND FUNCTION GENERATORS.

7.1
RC ramp generator.
7.2
Constant current ramp generator.
7.3
UJT relaxation oscillator.
7.4
Bootstrap ramp generator.
7.5
Miller integrator ramp generator.
7.6
Pulse generator circuit.
7.7.
OP-AMP Function generator.
7.8
IC Function generator.
(06 Hours)
8.
DELAY LINES.
8.1
Introduction
8.2
Types of delay lines.
8.3
Transmission line as distributed parameter delay line.
8.4
Lumped parameter delay line.
8.5
Electronic delay line.
DIGITAL CIRCUIT.
9.1
XOR gate with truth table.
9.2
INHIBIT gate with truth table.
9.3
NAND and NOR gates.
9.4
Develop AND, OR and NOT gates using NAND/NOR gate.
(02 Hours)
9.
10.
COMBINATIONAL LOGIC.
(06 Hours)
(02 Hours)
(03 Hours)
103
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
10.8
Introduction to combinational logic.

Binary adders.
Parallel adder.
Magnitude comparator.
Decoder.
Encoder.
Multiplexer (Data selector).
Demultiplexes.
11.
COMPARATOR AND SCHMITT TRIGGER.

11.1 Introduction to comparator.
11.2 Diode comparator.
11.3 Transistor Schmitt trigger circuit.
11.3.1 Output/Input characteristics.
11.4 OP-AMP Schmitt trigger circuits.
11.5 IC Schmitt
11.6 IC voltage comparators.
(03 Hours)
12.
CHOPPER AMPLIFIER.
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Transistor Chopper
12.3 FET Chopper.
(02 Hours)
13.
MEMORIES.
13.1 Need, Characteristics, types.
13.2 Semiconductor Memories.
13.3 Read only memories (ROM, PROM,
13.4 Random Access memories (RAM) or RW memories.
13.5 Static and dynamic memories.
13.6 Introduction to sequential access storage.
13.7 ROM and Programmed Logic Array (PLA)
13.8 RAM applications and multiplexers.
13.9 Magnetic Bubble Memories (MB Ms)
13.10 Charged Coupled Devices. (CCD).
13.11 Special memories and applications
SAMPLING AND CONVERSION.
(03 hours)
14.1 Sampling.
14.1.1 Introduction
14.1.2 OP-AMP sampling gate.
14.1.3 Sample and Hold circuit.
14.2 Conversion.
14.2.1 Introduction.
14.3 Digital-to-Analog conversion.
14.3.1 Weighted resistor DAC circuit.
14.4 Analog -to- Digital conversion.
14.4.1 Ramp generator method.
14.4.2 Stair-case ramp generator method.
(04 Hours)
14.
104
14.4.3 Ladder network.

14.4.4 Successive approximation method.
15.
SEQUENTIAL LOGIC CIRCUIT AND MICROPROCESSOR.

15.1 Introduction to sequential logic circuits
15.2 Introduction to Microprocessor.
105
(01 Hours)
El.T 243
PULSE & DIGITAL CIRCUITS
1.
LINEAR WAVESHAPING.
1.1
Understand waveshaping using RC and RL circuits.
1.2
Understand RLC circuit with reference to damping effect.
1.3
Understand the working OP AMP as a differentiator & integrator circuits
1.1.1 Define linear waveshaping.
1.1.2 Elaborate the working of high pass RC circuit with step input.
1.1.3 Elaborate the working of low pass RC circuit with step input.
1.1.4 Specify the effect of short, medium and long time constant of the RC circuits
on their response for sine, square, pulse and sawtooth input waves.
1.1.5 Determine the necessary conditions for RC circuit to work as differentiator
and integrator.
1.1.6 Explain the response of high pass and low pass RL circuit for step input.
1.1.7 Specify the effect of short, medium and long time constant of the RL circuits
on their response for sine, square, pulse and sawtooth waveforms.
1.1.8 Determine the necessary conditions for the RL circuits to work as a
differentiator and integrator.
1.1.9 Compare the working of RC and RL circuits for various input waves.
1.2.1 Explain the response of RLC circuits for square wave input.
1.2.2 Identify the three type of damping response of RLC circuit.
1.2.3 Explain the under -damped RLC circuit as ringing circuit
1.3.1 Explain the working the of OPAMP circuits as differentiator and integrator.
1.3.2 Compare the linear and OPAMP circuits as differentiator and integrator.
2.
NONLINEAR WAVESHAPING.
2.1
Understand waveshaping using clipping circuit.
2.1.1 Define nonlinear waveshaping.
2.1.2 Review the working of diode series & shunt clipping circuits.
2.1.3 Enlist the applications of diode series & shunt clipping circuits.
2.1.4 Explain the working of diode series & shunt clipping circuits.
2.1.5 Compare the working biased diode shunt clipper with Zanier
shunt clipper.
2.1.6 Explain the working of emitter coupled clipper circuit.
2.1.7 Explain the working of transistor slicer circuit.
2.1.8 Explain the working OPAMP clipper circuit.
2.1.9 Compare a transistor clipper with an OPAMP clipper.
2.2
Understand waveshaping using clamper circuits.

2.2.1 Explain the working of synchronous clamping circuit.
2.2.2 Explain the working of synchronous clamping circuit.
2.2.3 List the uses of synchronous & synchronous clamping circuits.
106
3.
UNDERSTAND TYPES AND WORKING OF MULTIVIBRATOR CIRCUITS.

3.1
Define the term multivibrator (MV).
3.2
Enlist the types of multivibrators.
3.3
Draw the circuit of a collector-coupled monostable MV.
3.4
Explain the working of collector-coupled monostable MV.
3.5
List methods of triggering a transistor monostable MV.
3.6
Sketch the circuit of collector triggering using an additional transistor.
3.7
Explain the collector triggering action of a monostable MV.
3.8
Draw the circuit of an emitter-coupled monostable MV.
3.9
Explain the operation of an emitter-coupled monostable MV.
3.10 Compare emitter-coupled and collector -coupled MV circuits.
3.11 Sketch three circuit of an op-amp monostable MV.
3.12 Explain the operation of an op-amp monostable MV.
3.13 Draw the circuits of collector-coupled and emitter-coupled stable multivibrator.
3.14 Explain the operation of the above stable multivibator circuits.
3.15 Draw the circuit of an op-amp stable MV .
3.16 Explain the operation of an op-amp stable MV.
3.17 Draw the circuits of monostable and stable Mvs using an
IC voltage
comparator.
3.18 Explain briefly the above circuits of monostable & stable MVs.
3.19 Use the 555 timer as monostable & stable MVs.
4.
UNDERSTAND THE FUNCTION AND TYPES OF BISTABLE MVS (FLIPFLOPS).

4.1
Draw the circuit diagram of BJT inverter.
4.2
Explain the working of the transistor inverter circuit.
4.3
Explain the working of collector-coupled ( two
cross coupled inverter) bistable MV (Flip Flop).
4.4
Explain the working of emitter-coupled bistable MV.
4.5
Explain the asymmetrical and symmetrical collector triggering of bistable MV
4.6
Explain the asymmetrical and symmetrical base triggering of bistable MV.
4.7
Define the term "latch".
4.8
Compare a latch with a flip flop.
4.9
Explain the working of RS latch.
4.9
Explain the working of gaited RS and D type latches.
4.10 Enlist the types of clocked flip flop
4.11 Describe the methods of edge & pulse triggering.
4.12 Compare edge triggering with pulse triggering.
4.12 Explain the working of clocked RS flip flop with its truth table .
4.13 Explain the working JK flip flop.
4.14 Explain the working of master-slave FF.
4.15 List the operating characteristics of FFs.
4.16 Enlist the basic applications of FFs.
a)
Parallel data storage / register.
b)
Data transfer (Shift register).
c)
Electronic / Digital counter.
107
5.
SHIFT REGISTERS AND COUNTERS.

5.1
Understand the working of registers and shift registers.
5.1.1 Define register and shift register.
5.1.2 Explain the working of synchronous and synchronous shift register.
5.1.3 Explain the working of bi-directional shift register.
5.2
Understand the working of digital counters.
5.2.1 Explain the working of binary ripple counter.
5.2.2 Explain the working of decade counter.
5.2.3 Explain the working of ring counter.
5.2.4 Explain the working of up/down counter.
5.2.5 Explain the working of IC binary counter.
5.2.6 Identify the method of counter control.
5.2.7 Draw block diagram of BCD to decimal conversion.
5.2.8 Draw the block diagram of a digital frequency counter.
6.
OSCILLATORS.
6.1
To understand the types and working of oscillators.
6.1.1 Define an oscillator.
6.1.2 Enlist the basic requirements of an oscillator.
6.1.3 Explain conditions for an amplifier to work as an oscillator.
6.1.4 Classify the oscillator circuits.
6.1.5 Explain the working of R C phase shift & Wien bridge oscillators.
6.1.6 Explain the working of Hartley and colpitis oscillators.
6.1.7 Explain the working of crystal and tuned collector oscillators.
6.1.8 Explain the working of pulse-tone oscillator using 555 timer.
6.1.9 Explain the working of voltage controlled oscillator.
6.1.10 Enlist the sources of instability of an oscillator.
6.1.11 Explain the method of oscillator stability.
6.1.12 Enlist the applications of oscillators.
7.
RAMP, PULSE & FUNCTION GENERATOR.

7.1
Understand the methods of ramp generation.
7.1.1 Enlist the methods of ramp generation.
7.1.2 Explain the working of RC ramp generator with its merits and demerits.
7.1.3 Explain the working of constant current ramp generator.
7.1.4 Explain the working of a UJT relaxation oscillator followed by an integrator.
7.1.5 Explain the working of bootstrap ramp generator.
7.1.6 Explain the operation of Miller ramp generator.
7.2
Understand the function of pulse and function generators.
7.2.1 Explain pulse generation by using square wave generator and a monostable
multivibrator.
7.2.2 Explain the working of op-amp function generator .
7.2.3 Explain the working of IC function generator.
8.
TO UNDERSTAND THE TYPES AND WORKING OF DELAY LINES.

8.1
Define a delay lines.
8.2
Enlist the type of delay lines.
108
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
Explain the working of transmission line as distributed parameter delay line.

Describe the working of non-uniform delay line.
Explain the construction & working of a lumped parameter delay line.
Explain the action of monostable as electronic delay line.
Enlist the applications of delay lines.
9.
UNDERSTAND THE FUNCTION AND TYPES OF LOGIC GATES.

9.1
Compare digital and analog signals.
9.2
Show logic levels and pulse waveform.
9.3
Enlist the basic elements of digital logic (NOT, AND, OR gates and Flip
Flop).
9.4
Enlist functions of digital logic (comparison, arithmetic, encoding, decoding,
counting, memory, multiplexing, demultiplexing)
9.5
Enlist the digital codes.
9.6
Review the working of diode and transistor AND OR gate circuits with truth
tables.
9.7
Enlist the basic applications of AND OR gate such as
(1)
Control of elevator motor
(2)
Control of boiler used in hot water space heating system, etc.
9.8
Explain the working of diode-transistor NAND and NOR gate circuits with truth
tables.
9.9
Develop basic logic gate using NAND or NOR gate (conversion of gates).
10.
UNDERSTAND THE CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING OF COMBINATIONAL

LOGIC CIRCUITS. (ADDER, MAGNITUDE COMPARATOR, DECODER,
ENCODER, MULTIPLEXER, DEMULTIPLEXES).
10.1 Describe the function of a combinational logic circuit.
10.2 Draw basic logic circuits to perform Logic functions.
10.3 Explain the working of combinational logic circuit by writing Boolean equations and
preparing truth table.
10.4 Develop a combiunational logic circuit to perform a particular function by using
Boolean algebra rules or K-map.
10.5 Write the Boolean expression and prepare truth table for XOR and XNOR gates.
10.6 Enlist the performance factors for logic gates (Vcc, VIH, VOL, VOH, IIL, IOL, fanin and fan-out, tpLH, tpHL and power dissipation).
10.7 Compare major TTL IC logic types.
10.8 Compare major CMOS IC logic gates.
10.9 Derive logical circuit for full Adder from logic addition.
10.10 Explain half Adder and full Adder circuit.
10.11 Draw logic circuit of parallel full Adder.
10.12 Explain the construction and working of a magnitude comparator.
10.13 Describe decoder and encoder with the help of block diagram.
10.14 Explain Multiplexer using block diagram.
UNDERSTAND THE COMPARATOR AND SCHMITT TRIGGER CIRCUITS AND
THEIR APPLICATIONS.
11.1 Define comparator & Schmitt trigger.
11.2 Explain the operation of diode and transistor comparator.
11.
109
11.3
11.4
11.5
Explain transistor Schmitt trigger.

Explain the working of op/amp and IC Schmitt trigger circuit.
Explain the working of IC voltage comparator.
12.
UNDERSTAND THE FUNCTION AND APPLICATIONS

AMPLIFIER.
12.1 Define chopper amplifier
12.2 Explain the principle of chopper amplifier
12.3 Draw the block diagram of a chopper amplifier
12.4 Explain the function of each block of chopper amplifier.
12.5 Explain the operation of FET chopper amplifier.
13.
UNDERSTAND THE TYPES AND WORKING OF MEMORIES.

13.1 Explain the need and characteristics of a memory.
13.2 Enlist the basic types of memories.
13.3 List the six main types of semiconductor memories.
13.4 Explain the difference between ROM and RAM.
13.5 Illustrate a 16x 8-bit ROM array.
13.6 Explain the purpose of three-state outputs.
13.7 Differentiate PROM from ROM.
13.8 Describe Programmable logic array (PLA).
13.9 List the applications of ROMs.
13.9 List the two types of RAM cells.
13.10 Explain the basic difference between Static RAMs and dynamic RAMs.
13.11 Identify the reason for the refresh operation in dynamic RAMs.
13.12 List the merits and demerits of dynamic IC memories.
13.13 List the type of IC RAM organization.
13.14 Compare a linear select memory organization with two dimensional memory
organization.
13.15 Explain the working of multiplexer and demultiplexes.
13.16 Describe the basic structure of magnetic bubble memory (MBM).
13.17 Name the two types of loops in an MBM.
13.18 Explain the basic structure of CCD memory.
13.19 List the merits and demerits of MBM and CCD as compared to semiconductor
memories.
13.20 List the applications of MBM and CCD memories.
13.21 Explain the read / write function on a magnetic surface, memories.
13.22 List he types of magnetic surface storage devices.
13.23 Describe the sector format of a track of a floppy disk.
13.24 Explain the seek time and latency for disk memories.
13.25 Explain the principle of sequential access memory.
13.26 List the applications of magnetic type memories.
14.
UNDERSTAND THE FUNCTION OF SAMPLE & HOLD CIRCUIT AND

ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL & DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG CONVERSION.
14.1 Define the term sampling.
14.2 Explain the working of FET sampling gate.
110
OF
CHOPPER
14.3
14.4
14.5
14.6
14.7
14.8
14.9
15.
Explain the working of op-amp sampling gate.

Explain the working of sample and hold circuit.
Enlist the applications of sample and hold circuit using an op-amp and a FET.
Describe the importance of A/D & D/A conversion.
Explain the working of weighted resistor and ladder network D/A converter.
Explain the working of counter and digital/ stair case ramp method of A/D
conversion.
Explain the working of successive approximation ADC.
UNDERSTAND THE WORKING SEQUENTIAL LOGIC CIRCUITS AND

MICROPROCESSOR.
15.1 Draw the block diagram of a sequential logic circuit.
15.2 Identify the function of each block of sequential logic circuit.
15.3 List the major types of sequential logic circuit.
15.4 Sketch the block diagram of Intel 8085 8-bit microprocessor.
15.5 Explain the function of each block of microprocessor.
15.6 Define the term: Instruction set, Machine language, fetch cycle, execute cycle and
machine cycle.
15.7 List the applications of microprocessor.
TEXT / REFERENCE BOOKS:

1.
BELL, D.A "Solid state pulse circuits"
2.
Basi "Pulse & Switching circuits"
3.
Bartee "Fundamentals of Digital computer"
4.
Webb "Digital Fundamentals"
5.
Floyd "Digital Fundamentals"
6.
Deboo & Burrous "Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor
Application"
7.
Hony Cantt, R.A, "OPAMP & Linear Ics"
111
Devices "Theory and
El.T. 243
PULSE AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS
Practical:
96 Hours.
LIST OF PRACTICAL:
1.
Study the performance of a PN-diode clipper.
2.
Study the behavior of RC differentiator and integrator circuits for step, square, and pulse
input.
3.
Study the working of an emitter-coupled stable multivibrator.
4.
Assemble an emitter-coupled monostable multivibrator.
5.
Study the method of pulse width control of monostable MV.
6.
Assemble a UJT relaxation oscillator.
7.
Study the performance of a constant current sweep generator.
8.
Assemble a bootstrap ramp generator.
9.
Assemble a Miller integrator ramp generator.
10.
Assemble a bistable multivibrator with collector triggering.
11.
Demonstrate the transfer characteristic of a NOT gate or inverter.
12.
Verify the operation of OR and logic gates.
13.
Verify the operation of NAND gate.
14.
Demonstrate that the NAND gate is a universal gate.
15.
Verify the function of a NOR gate.
16.
Use AND-OR gates circuit to form a combinational logic.
17.
Investigate the logical properties of the exclusive-OR (XOR) function.
18.
Assemble a parity-checker and binary-to-gray converter XOR gates.
19.
Use XOR gates for the implementation of half-adders and full adder.
20.
Verify the characteristics of an IC ( TTL 54/ 74121) monostable multivibrator.
21.
Demonstrate the characteristics of a 555 timer.
22.
Construct an RS flop-flop using NAND gates.
23.
Use of flip-flop as data storage element and frequency divider.
24.
Demonstrate the logical properties of clocked JK master/slave flip-flop (TTL 54/7476) 25.
Construct a divide-by-8 binary counter.
26.
Construct a decade counter.
27.
Study the working of multiplexer and demultiplexes.
28.
Study the working of Hartley oscillator.
29.
To construct a voltage controlled oscillator using 555 timer.
30.
To study the working of IC voltage regulator.
31.
To study the working of OP AMP.
32.
To construct a Schmitt trigger using OP AMP.
33.
To construct a summer, multiplier, integrator and differentiator using OP AMP.
34
Construct a 5-bit binary ladder D / A converter with OP-AMP as buffer amplifier.
112
El.T. 252
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM-I
Total contact hours

Theory:
32 Hours.
Pre-requisite: Electrical essentials and networks.
T
1
P
3
C
2
AIMS The subject has been designed so that the student will be able to
understand the working of telegraphy, telephony and wireless
communication.
1.
Identify the necessity, types and application of codes in
telegraphy.
2.
Identify the elements of telegraphy.
3.
Explain the working of teleprinter.
4.
Describe the principle and working of automatic telephone
system.
5.
Explain the principle of pulse modulation and frequency division
multiplexing.
COURSE CONTENTS
1.
TELEGRAPHY
1.1. Introduction wire and wireless telegraph
1.2 Baud, Character per second and words per minutes
(04 Hours)
2.
TELEGRAPHY
2.1 Introduction to gate way exchange.
2.2 NWD system (Block diagram)
2.3 Function of each Block of NWD exchange.
2.4 Routing codes and signaling system.
2.5 Mobile Telephone and Cordless Telephone.
(04 Hours)
3.
INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL TELEPHONE EXCHANGE. (08 Hours)

3.1 Block Diagram of digital telephone exchange.
3.2 Function of each unit.
3.3 Tone and Pulse dialing
3.4 Multiplexing and demultiplexing, inhibit gate, ADC, DAC.
3.5 Stored program control concept.
3.6 Advantages of computer application in telephony.
3.7 Matrix switches, PABXs.
3.8 Pulse Code Modulation (PCM).
3.9 PCM transmission system.
3.10 Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
3.11 Space division Multiplexing (SDM) or Pulse Duration Multiplexing
(PDM)
113
3.12
3.13
3.14
3.15
3.16
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM).

PCM based PABXs
Digital Switching, time switching and space switching.
Data Communication.
Pager, Modam, Fax Machine.
4.
FIBER OPTICS.
4.1 Optical Fiber for light wave communication.
4.2 Fiber optic transmission system.
4.3 Video Telephone
4.4 Video conference.
4.5 Merits and Demerits of Fiber optic communication.
(04 Hours)
5.
SATELLITE COMMUNICATION.
5.1 Block diagram of satellite communication system.
5.2 Earth station.
5.3 Geo-stationary satellites.
5.4 Telephone Link via satellite.
5.5 Television Link via satellite.
5.6 Merits and demerits of satellite communication.
(06 Hours)
6.
MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION.
(06 Hours)
6.1 Block Diagram for Microwave communication link.
6.2 Microwave frequency, Microwave channel.
6.3 Interfacing Microwave station with telephone exchange.
6.4 Merits and demerits of microwave communication.
TEST AND REFERENCE BOOKS:

1.
N.N. Biswas "Principles of Telegraphy and Telephony"
2.
Atkinson, J. "Telephony Volume I & II.
3.
Howard W. Sams & Co. USA "Understanding Telecommunication
System".
4.
N Deshpanda & D.A Deshpanda & P.K. Rangole Communication
Electronics
5.
Kennedy George Electronic Communication System
114
El.T. 252
1
INTRODUCTION TO TELEGRAPHY
1.1 Enlist the types of telegraphy (Line and wireless telegraphy)
1.2 Explain the working principle of wireless telegraphy.
1.3 Define Baud, characters / second and words / minute.
2.
UNDERSTAND THE LAYOUT AND WORKING OF TELEPHONE
SYSTEM.
2.1 Describe the operation of gate way exchange.
2.2 Draw the block diagram of N.W.D. system.
2.3 Explain the function of each block of NWD system.
2.4 Explain the working of signaling system.
2.5 Explain the working of audio conference system.
2.6 Describe the working of cordless telephone..
2.7 Explain the working of mobile telephone system.
3.
UNDERSTAND DIGITAL TELEPHONE EXCHANGE, MODULATION

AND DEMOLITION, PCM, TDM, FDM, PAGE, MODAM, FAX.
3.1 Draw the block diagram of digital telephone exchange.
3.2 Identify the function of each block of digital telephone exchange.
3.3 Tone and pulse dialing
3.4 Describe the process of multiplexing and demultiplexing.
3.5 Identify the function of inhibit gate.
3.6 Describe the working of ADC & DAC.
3.7 Explain the stored program control concept in a digital telephone
exchange.
3.8 Identify the
application of computer in digital telephone
exchange
3.9 Explain pulse & tone dialing.
3.10 Explain pulse code modulation transmission system.
3.11 Explain time division multiplexing (TDM).
3.12 Explain space division multiplexing (SDM).
3.13 Explain pulse duration multiplexing (PDM).
3.14 Explain frequency division multiplexing (FDM).
3.15 Draw the block diagram of PCM based PABX.
3.16 Identify the function of each block of PCM based PABX.
3.17 Explain the terms: digital switching and data communication.
3.18 Describe the working of page.
3.19 Describe the working of MODEM.
3.20 Describe the working of FAX machine.
4.
UNDERSTAND THE FIBER OPTICS COMMUNICATION LINK.

115
4.1
Explain the function of optical fiber for light wave communication
4.2
4.3
system.
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
Draw the block diagram of optical fiber transmission system

Identify the function of each block of optical fiber transmission
Draw the block diagram of video telephone system.

Describe the working of each block of video telephone system .
Draw the block diagram of video conference system.
Explain each block of video conference system.
List the merits & demerits of optical fiber communication system.
5.
UNDERSTAND THE SATELLITE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM.

5.1 Draw the block diagram of satellite communication system.
5.2 Explain the function of each block of satellite communication
system
5.3 Draw the block diagram of earth satellite station.
5.4 Explain the function of each block of earth satellite station.
5.5 Describe the working of geo-stationery satellites.
5.6 Draw the block diagram of telephone link via satellite.
5.7 Identify the function of each block of telephone link via satellite.
5.8 Explain television link via satellite.
5.9 List the merits & demerits of satellite communication
6.
UNDERSTAND THE WORKING OF MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION

SYSTEMS.
6.1 Draw the block diagram of microwave telecommunication link
6.2 Explain
the
function
of
each
block
of
microwave
telecommunication link.
6.3 Explain the frequency division multiplexing and demultiplexing of
microwave frequency signal.
6.4 Identify the importance of microwave channel.
6.5 Explain interfacing microwave station with telephone exchange.
6.6 List the merits & demerits of microwave communication.
116
El.T. 252
Practical: 96 Hours
LIST OF PRACTICAL.
1.
Familiarize with the operation of telephone transmitter and receiver.
2.
Study the function of digital telephone set.
3.
Visit of a digital telephone exchange and Write a report of the visit.
4.
Visit the telephone service center using computer for different

application such as enquiry, trunk lines booking, complaints and other
facilities.
5.
Writing the report for the visit of telephone service
6.
Visit a microwave station and write the visit report.
7.
Visit to a optical fiber link and write a visit report..
8.
Writing report of optical fiber station.
9.
Insert a MODEM and FAX card in a microcomputer and connect a

telephone line to it.
10.
Study of FAX machine.
11
Visit to computer center of a commercial bank and write a visit report.
12.
Visit to earth satellite station and write a visit report.
117
El.T. 264
AMPLIFIER AND RADIO RECEIVER.
Total contact hours:

Theory:
64 Hours.
T
2
P
6
C
4
Pre-requisites: Electrical Essentials and Network (El.T. 114).

AIMS This course have been designed to enable the students to understand
the working of:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Microphones and loud speakers.

Audio frequency amplifier.
Radio frequency amplifier.
AM./FM radio receiver.
COURSE CONTENTS
1.
MICROPHONE & LOUD SPEAKERS.

(06 Hours)
1.1. Microphones
1.1.1 Introduction to microphone.
1.1.2 Various types of microphones w.r.t. construction and
directional characteristics.
1.1.3 Construction and working principles of carbon microphone.
1.1.4 Characteristics, merits & demerits and uses of carbon
microphone.
1.1.5 Construction and working principle of Crystal microphone.
1.1.6 Characteristics, merits & demerits and uses of crystal
microphone.
1.1.7 Construction and working principle of dynamic microphone.
1.1.8 Characteristics, merits, demerits and uses of dynamic
microphone.
1.1.9 Characteristics and working principle of condenser
microphone.
1.1.10
Characteristics, merits & demerits and uses of
condenser microphone.
1.2
baffles.
speaker.
Loud Speakers.
1.2.1 Introduction to
1.2.2 Construction
different types of
and
working
principle
loud
of
(10 Hours)
speakers and
dynamic
loud
1.2.3 Characteristics, merits & demerits and uses of dynamic

loud speakers.
118
1.2.4 Construction, characteristics, merits & demerits and uses

of horn type loud speaker.
1.2.5 Study of tweeters, woofers and their combination network.
2.
INTRODUCTION TO AMPLIFIER.
(12 Hours)
2.1 Audio voltage amplifier: classification of amplifiers w.r.t. ground,
frequency and operation.
2.2 Basic amplifier concept using transistors (BJT & FET).
2.3 Common emitter, common base and common collector circuit
configurations and CD, CS, and CG configurations.
2.4 Comparison of CE, CB, CC circuits and CD, CS, CG circuit
configurations.
2.5 Equivalent circuit for CE amplifier and calculations for its voltage,
current and power gain by using graphical and parameter
method.
2.6 Common Base amplifier equivalent circuit and gain calculation by
graphical and parameter method.
2.7 Common collector amplifier equivalent act and gain calculation
by graphical analysis and using parameter.
2.8 Biasing methods, thermal run away & instability of Q-point.
2.9 Calculation of stability factor and for CE, CB and CC circuits.
2.10 Method of stabilization of Q-point.
3.
COUPLING OF AMPLIFIER.
(06 Hours)
3.1 Methods of coupling of amplifier:: RC, direct , transformer and
impedance coupling.
3.2 R.C. coupled amplifier, its characteristics and frequency response.
3.3 Transformers coupled amplifier, its gain, efficiency and frequency
response. Comparison of RC and transformer coupling.
3.4 Direct coupled amplifier: Drift and offset voltage. Its merits and
demerits.
4.
Pull.
AUDIO POWER AMPLIFIERS.

(04 Hours)
4.1 Distinction between voltage and power amplifier.
4.2 Classification of power amplifier, class A, Single ended,
4.3
4.4.
5.
Complementary
pair push-pull
power amplifier
Requirements of heat sinks for power amplifier.
IC power amplifier. Heat sinks for power amplifier.
Pushcircuit.
FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS.
(06 Hours)
5.1 Principle of feed back in amplifiers, types of feed back amplifier.
Series and shunt feedback, feedback factor, effect of feedback on
119
gain, band width, distortion, stability and frequency response.

5.2
Emitter follower and differential amplifiers.
6.
R.F. AMPLIFIER.
(06 Hours)
6.1 Requirements of RF amplifier.
6.2 Principle and characteristics of R.F. Amplifier.
6.3 R.C. coupled R.F. amplifier.
6.4 Impedance coupled R.F. amplifier.
6.5 Transformer coupled R.F. amplifier.
6.6. Multistage R.F. amplifier.
6.7 Class-C R.F. power amplifier using tuned circuit as load.
6.8 Grounded base R.F amplifier.
6.9 Feed back in R.F. amplifier.
6.10 Regeneration and de-generation in feed back amplifier.
6.11 Calculation of band width.
6.12 Troubles in R.F. amplifier.
7.
I.F. AMPLIFIER.
7.1 Need and requirement of I.F amplifier.
7.2 Single stage I.F. amplifier.
7.3 Multistage I.F amplifier.
7.4 Methods of neutralization.
7.5 Integrated Circuit IFA
7.6 Troubles in I.F. amplifier.
8.
(02 Hours)
RADIO RECEIVER CIRCUIT.

(07 Hours)
8.1 A.M. Radio Receiver.
8.1.1 Essential function of a receiver. .
8.1.2 Principle of A.M. reception.
8.1.3 Block diagram of super-heterodyne receiver.
8.1.4 Principle of super-heterodyning.
8.1.5 Power supply stage and its working.
8.1.6 Common faults in power supply.
8.1.7 R.F. amplifier stage and its working.
8.1.8 Control for selectivity and Fidelity.
8.1.9 Local oscillator & mixer stage.
8.1.10
I.F amplifier stage and its working.
8.1.11
Detection of A.F signal. Various types of detector
circuits.
8.1.12
Methods of AVC.
120
8.1.13
A.F amplifier stage, working & control. Pre-amplifier
stage and out put / power stage.
8.1.14
Common faults in AM radio receivers.
8.2
9.
F.M. receiver.
8.2.1 Principle of F.M Microphone.
8.2.2 Principle of F.M reception.
8.2.3 Block diagram explanation of F.M receiver.
8.2.4 Circuit explanation of amplitude limiter.
8.2.5 Circuit explanation of phase discriminator.
8.2.6 Circuit explanation of ratio detector.
ALIGNMENT / TUNING.
(05 Hours)
9.1 Alignment procedure of A.M Receiver
9.2 Alignment procedure of F.M Receiver.
121
TEXT AND REFERENCE BOOKS.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Essentials of Radio and Electronics by Slurzberg.

Electronics Communication System by George Kennedy.
Fundamentals of Linear Circuit with Linear IC by Floyd
Operational Amplifier with Linear IC by stanley W.D.
Linear Ics by Sarok.
Electronics Communication by Roddy.
122
El.T. 264
AMPLIFIERS AND RADIO RECEIVERS.
1.
MICROPHONES AND LOUD SPEAKERS.

1.1 Understand the working principle, construction and uses of
various types of microphones.
1.1.1 Describe the principle of microphone.
1.1.2 List the type of microphones with respect to:
i)
Construction
ii)
Directivity
iii)
Frequency response
1.1.3 Draw the construction of dynamic microphone.
1.1.4 Explain the working of dynamic microphone
1.1.5 Enlist merits & demerits of dynamic microphone.
1.1.6 Enlist its applications of dynamic microphone.
1.1.7 Draw the construction of condenser type microphone.
1.1.8 Explain the working of condenser microphone.
1.1.9 Enlist its merits & demerits.
1.1.10
Enlists its application.
1.1.11
Draw the construction of carbon microphone.
1.1.12
Explain the working of carbon microphone.
1.1.13
Enlist its merits & demerits.
1.1.14
Enlist its applications.
1.1.15
Draw the construction of crystal microphone.
1.1.16
Explain the working of crystal microphone.
1.1.17
Enlist its merits & demerits.
1.1.18
1.1.19
Compare the characteristics of the above four types
of microphones.
1.1.20
Explain how to select a microphone for a desired /
given conditions.
1.2
Understand the working

principle, construction and
applications of various types of loud speakers.
1.2.1 Define the term loud speaker.
1.2.2 Describe the principle of dynamic loud speaker.
1.2.3 Enlist the types of loud speakers with respect to
i)
construction
ii)
Frequency range
1.2.4 Draw the construction of dynamic loud speaker.
1.2.5 Explain the working of dynamic loud speaker.
1.2.6 Enlist its characteristics.
1.2.7 Enlist its merits & demerits.
1.2.8 Enlist its applications.
1.2.9 Draw the construction of ceramic loud speaker.
123
1.2.10
Explain the working of ceramic loud speaker.
1.2.11
Enlist its characteristics.
1.2.12
1.2.13
List types of loudspeaker baffles
1.2.14
Compare the characteristics of different type of L.S.
baffles
1.2.15
Draw the construction of horn type loud speaker
1.2.16
Explain the working of horn type loud speaker
1.2.17
Differentiate between woofer, mid range and tweeter
with respect to construction, size & frequency response.
1.2.18
Explain the procedure of selection of loudspeaker for
a given purpose.
2.
INTRODUCTION TO AMPLIFIERS.
2.1 Understand the principle & need of amplification of
signals.
2.1.1 Explain the need and principle of amplification .
2.1.2 Define the terms current gain, voltage and power gain.
2.2
amplifiers
2.3
terms of
terms of
Classification of Amplifiers
2.2.1 Identify the function of
current,
voltage
and
power
2.2.2 Classify the amplifiers with respect to:

i)
Device used
ii)
Circuit configuration
iii)
Band of frequency handled
iv)
Class of biasing employed
v)
Type of application
2.2.3 Describe the characteristics of BJT & FET amplifiers.
2.2.4 Explain the class of biasing i.e. class A, class B and class C
and class AB amplifiers.
Amplifier Circuit Configurations.
2.3.1 Identify CB, CE and CC configurations of BJT amplifiers in
i)
common terminal
ii)
Input & output ports
iii)
Input and output currents
2..3.2 Identify CG, CS and CD configuration of FET amplifiers in
i)
Common terminal
ii)
Input and output ports
2.3.3 Compare the characteristics of CB, CE, CC configurations of
amplifiers in terms of
i)
Input impedance,
ii)
Output impedance
124
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
vii)
viii)
Terminal to which input is applied

Terminal from which output is taken
Current gain
Voltage gain
Power gain
Applications
125
2.3.4 Compare the characteristics of

CG,
configuration of amplifiers in terms of
i)
Input impedance
ii)
Output impedance
iii)
Input terminal
iv)
Output terminal
v)
Voltage Gain
vi)
Applications
CS
and
CD
2.4
Equivalent Circuit & Graphical Analysis for CE Circuit

2.4.1 Write the formulae for Ai, Av, Ap, Zi, and Zo for CE circuit.
2.4.2 Calculate the gains and impedances for given values of hparameters and load resistance(using formula).
2.4.3 Use the input, output characteristics for CE circuit for
computing transfer characteristics.
2.4.4 Calculate the gains and impedances for CE circuit by using
the three characteristics curves.
2.5
Equivalent Circuit & Graphical Analysis for CB Circuit

2.5.1 Calculate Zi, Zo, Ai, Av, and Ap for CB circuit by using hparameter equations (using formula).
2.5.2 Compute Zi, Zo, Ai, Av, Ap for CB circuit by using input,
output and transfer characteristic curves.
2.6
Equivalent Circuit & Graphical Analysis for CC Circuit

2.6.1 Calculate Zi, Zo, Ai, Av and Ap for CC circuit by using hparameter equations(using formula).
2.6.2 Compute Zi, Zo, Ai, Av and Ap for CC circuit by using input,
output and transfer characteristic curves.
2.7
Biasing Techniques for CE Amplifiers.

2.7.1 Identify the fixed biasing method for CE amplifier.
2.7.2 Explain the instability of Q-point and hazard of thermal
runaway for fixed bias.
2.7.3 Identify the collector biasing technique for CE amplifier.
2.7.4 Enlist the merits and demerits of collector bias method.
2.7.5 Identify the voltage divider bias technique.
2.7.6 Identify the emitter bias technique.
2.7.7 Describe the working of voltage divider & emitter bias for
stability of Q-point and protection against thermal runaway.
2.7.8 Calculate the stability factor for each of the above biasing
techniques.
2.7.9 List the methods of bias stabilization.

2.7.10
Identify the function of thermistor in CE amplifier
circuit for protection against thermal runaway.
126
3.
UNDERSTAND THE WORKING & ADVANTAGES OF CASCADED

AMPLIFIERS.
3.1 Identify the need of cascaded amplifier.
3.2 List the types of coupling for cascaded amplifiers.
3.3 Explain the construction and working of RC-coupled amplifier.
3.4 Discuss the characteristics of RC-cooped amplifier.
3.5 Draw the equivalent circuit for RC-cooped amplifier.
3.6 Calculate Zi, Zo, Ai, Av and Ap for RC-coupled amplifier(using
formula).
3.7 Draw the frequency response curve for an RC-coupled amplifier.
3.8 Explain the frequency response of an RC-coupled amplifier.
3.9 List the applications of RC coupled amplifier.
3.10 Explain the working of impedance-coupled amplifier.
3.11 List the merits and demerits of the amplifier.
3.12 Draw the circuit of transformer-coupled amplifier.
3.13 Explain the construction and working transformer coupled
amplifier.
3.14 Discuss the characteristics of transformer-coupled amplifier.
3.15 Draw the frequency response of transformer-coupled amplifier.
3.16 Explain the frequency of transformer-coupled amplifier.
3.17 List the applications of transformer coupled amplifier.
3.18 Explain need & principle of DC amplifiers.
3.19 Explain drift and off set voltage for DC amplifier.
3.20 Enlist merits and demerits of DC amplifiers.
3.21 List the uses of DC amplifier.
4.
UNDERSTAND THE WORKING OF VARIOUS AF POWER
AMPLIFIER.
4.1 Compare the voltage, current and power amplifiers.
4.2 Classify AF amplifiers.
4.3 Classify AF power amplifiers:
i)
Class-A single ended
ii)
Push-pull transformer-coupled
iii)
Push pull complementary pair
iv)
IC power amplifier
4.4 Explain the operation of single ended class-A power amplifier.
4.5 Write down the formula for efficiency of the above circuit with
resistance and transformer collector loads.
4.6 List the application of class-A AF power amplifier
4.7 Describe the class B and class AB push-pull amplifiers.
4.8 Explain the working of transformer-coupled push-pull amplifier.
4.9 Explain the working of complementary pair push-pull amplifier
4.10 Compare the transformer-coupled - and complementary pair
power amplifiers.
4.11 State the characteristic IC power amplifier like CA 810.
127
4.12
each block.
4.13
4.14
4.15
5.
load.
load.
State the necessity of heat sink for power amplifiers.

List the types of heat sink.
Determine the size and type of heat sink for power transistors &
power IC devices.
FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS AND DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER.

5.1 Understand the function of feed back and operational amplifier.
5.1.1 List the problems faced in amplifier without feedback with
reference to distortion, instability and bandwidth.
5.1.2 Explain the principle of negative feedback in amplifiers.
5.1.3 Discuss the effect of negative feedback on amplifier:
i)
Gain
ii)
Bandwidth
iii)
Distortion
iv)
Stability
5.1.4 Classify different type of negative feedback amplifiers .
5.1.5 Compare the characteristics of different negative feedback
amplifiers.
5.2
6.
Discuss the block diagram of IC power amplifier with function of
Understand the working and application of differential amplifier.

5.2.1 Draw the circuit diagram of a differential amplifier.
5.2.2 Explain the working of Differential amplifier
5.2.3 Discuss the characteristic of differential amplifier
5.2.4 List the application of differential amplifier
UNDERSTAND THE WORKING OF DIFFERENT R.F AMPLIFIERS.

6.1 Describe requirement of R.F amplifier
6.2 Names different methods of coupling in R.F amplifier.
6.3 List the applications muti-stage RF amplifiers.
6.4 Draw the circuit diagram of class C power amplifier with tunned
6.5
Explain the working of
class C
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.10
Draw the circuit diagram of grounded base R.F amplifier.

Explain the working of grounded base R.F amplifier.
Explain feedback in R.F amplifiers.
Explain regeneration and de-generation in feed back amplifier.
List the common faults that occur in R.F. amplifier.
7.
power amplifier using tunned
I.F AMPLIFIER.
7.1 Understand the working of single stage and multistage IF
amplifier.
7.1.1. Describe need and requirement of I.F. amplifier.
7.1.2 Draw the circuit, diagram of single stage I.F. amplifier.
128
7.1.3
7.1.4
7.1.5
7.1.6
7.2
amplifier.
Explain the working principle of single stage I.F. amplifier.

Draw the circuit diagram of multistage I.F. amplifier.
Explain the working of multistage I.F. amplifier.
Compare the characteristics of single stage with multi stage
I.F. amplifier.
Understand neutralization in IF amplifier.
7.2.1 Define the term neutralization.
7.2.2 Discuss the method to implement neutralization in IF
7.2.3 List common faults that occur in I.F. amplifier.
8.
RADIO RECEIVER CIRCUIT.

8.1 Understand the construction and working of A.M. radio receiver.
8.1.1 Identify the essential function of a radio receiver.
8.1.2 Know the basic concept of superheterodyne receiver.
8.1.3 Draw the block diagram of super heterodyne receiver.
8.1.4 Explain the function of each stage in a superhetrodyne
radio receiver.
8.1.5 Explain the working of power supply stage.
8.1.6 List common faults of power supply stage.
8.1.7 Explain manual and synthesized phase locked loop
controlled terming.
8.1.8 Explain the operation of tuner.
8.1.9 Explain the principle of working of R.F. amplifier stage.
8.1.10
Explain the heterodyning principle and selection of I.F.
frequency.
8.1.11
Define detection of A.F. signal.
8.1.12
Explain the working of detector.
8.1.13
Define AVC. & AGC
8.1.14
List the types of AGC.
8.1.15
Define the term pre-amplification.
8.1.16
List common faults in A.M. radio receiver.
8.2
receiver.
9.
Understand the construction and working of F.M. radio

8.2.1
8.2.2
8.2.3
8.2.4
8.2.5
8.2.6
8.2.7
8.2.8
Describe the principle of F.M. microphone.

Describe principle of F.M. reception.
Draw block diagram of F.M. receiver.
Explain function of each stage in F.M. receiver.
Explain the working of amplitude limiter.
Draw circuit diagram of phase discriminator.
Explain the working of phase discriminator.
Explain the working of ratio detector.
TO UNDERSTAND THE PROCEDURE OF-ALIGNMENT/TUNING OF

A.M. AND F.M. RADIO RECEIVER.
129
9.1
9.2
receiver.
9.3
Describe the method of alignment.

Explain the procedure of alignment of R.F. and I.F. stages of A.M.
Explain the procedure of alignment of F.M. receiver.
130
El.T. 264
RADIO AMPLIFIER. & SERVICING
Practical:
192 Hours.
LIST OF PRACTICAL:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
Demonstrate of A F and CW on CRO. See and hear your voice on CRO.

Study the output waveform of various microphones on C.R.O.
Demonstrate different types of loud speakers.
Replace cones and voice coils of loud speakers.
Measure power output of loud speaker.
Assemble a single stage transistor amplifier and measure voltage gain
of class A amplifier.
Plot the frequency response of class A transistor amplifier.
Assemble a class A power amplifier and measure its power gain.
Assemble a 25-W and 50-W power amplifier using IC amplifiers.
Measurement the power, distortion, gain and efficiency the previously
assembled IC power amplifier.
Assemble a transistorized regulated low voltage (12- V) 1-A power
supply and study its voltage regulation.
Assemble a regulated 20-V, 2-A using IC.
Study the frequency response of R.C coupled audio amplifier and
calculate its bandwidth.
Study the frequency response of transformer coupled amplifier and
calculate its bandwidth .
Assemble a R.F amplifier and measure its voltage gain..
Assemble and study the class C operation of RF amplifier and measure
its power output.
Study the frequency response of R.C-coupled R.F amplifier.
Study the frequency response of impedance-coupled RF amplifier.
Study the frequency response of transformer-coupled RF amplifier.
Study of frequency response of R.F amplifier using tuned load.
Assembly of superheterodyne A.M. radio receiver.
Align the assembled A.M radio receiver.
Trace the Circuit and troubleshoot A.M. radio receiver.
Study of the effect of feedback in radio receiver.
Assemble a F.M radio receiver.
Align the assembled F.M radio receiver.
Trace the Circuit and troubleshoot a F.M radio receiver.
131

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DAE Technology

MATHS-213 Applied Mathematics-II

Aims & Objectives:

FUNCTIONS & LIMITS.

HIGHER DERIVATIVES AND APPLICTION OF DIFFERENTIAL

Basic concepts of integration.

INTEGRATION BY USING PARTIAL FRACTIONS.

FUNDAMENTALS OF PLANE ANALYTIC GEOMETRY AND STRAIGHT

Total Contact Hours

AIMS After studying this course a student will be able to:

FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY.

GASES AND LIQUIDS.

Hardness of water (types, causes & removal)

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS.

OXIDATION & REDUCTION.

Text Book of Intermediate Chemistry (I&II)

UNDERSTAND THE SCOPE, SIGNIFICANCE AND ROLE OF THE SUBJECT.

UNDERSTAND LANGUAGE OF CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL REACTIONS.

UNDERSTAND THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS.

UNDERSTAND THE NATURE OF CHEMICAL BONDS.

GASES AND LIQUIDS.

UNDERSTAND THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF WATER.

Explain the causes and methods to remove hardness of water.

Describe the formation and nature of scales in boiler feed water.

UNDERSTAND THE NATURE OF ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS.

UNDERSTAND THE PROCESS OF OXIDATION AND REDUCTION.

UNDERSTAND THE FUNDAMENTALS OF NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY.

UNDERSTAND THE NATURE OF ALLOYS USED IN THE RELEVANT

UNDERSTAND THE NATURE AND USES OF SOLID, LIQUID AND GASEOUS

UNDERSTAND THE PROCESS OF CORROSION.

UNDERSTAND THE PROCESS INVOLVED IN THE EXTRACTION OF METALS

UNDERSTAND THERMO CHEMISTRY.

UNDERSTAND THE CHEMISTRY OF LUBRICANTS.

UNDERSTAND THE NATURE OF POLLUTION.

Total contact hours

ORAL COMMUNICATION SKILLS.

UNDERSTAND THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS.

UNDERSTAND THE PROCESS OF ORAL.

DETERMINE THE USES OF QUESTIONING SKILLS TO GATHER AND

DEMONSTRATE THE USE OF ACTIVE LISTENING SKILL IN THE ORAL

DETERMINE THE APPROPRIATE INTERVIEW TYPE FOR THE SPECIFIC

PREPARE A REPORT OUT-LINE, BASED ON SUBJECT MATTER AND

DEMONSTRATE READING COMPREHENSION.

UNDERSTAND THE PRINCIPLES OF GROUP COMMUNICATIONS.

BUSINESS MANAGEMENT AND INDUSTRIAL ECONOMICS

Total Contact Hours

BASIC CONCEPTS OF ECONOMICS

DEMAND AND SUPPLY.

BUSINESS MANAGEMENT AND INDUSTRIAL ECONOMICS.

UNDERSTAND THE IMPORTANCE OF ECONOMICS.

UNDERSTAND BASIC TERMS USED IN ECONOMICS.

UNDERSTAND LAW OF DEMAND AND LAW OF SUPPLY.

UNDERSTAND THE FACTORS OF PRODUCTION

UNDERSTAND FORMS OF BUSINESS ORGANIZATION.

UNDERSTAND ENTERPRENEURIAL SKILLS

UNDERSTAND SCALE OF PRODUCTION.

UNDERSTAND DIFFERENT ECONOMIC SYSTEMS.

UNDERSTAND WHAT IS MONEY

UNDERSTAND BANK AND ITS FUNCTIONS.

UNDERSTAND CHEQUE AND DISHONOR OF CHEQUE.

UNDERSTAND FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS.

UNDERSTAND TRADE UNION, ITS BACKGROUND AND FUNCTIONS.

UNDERSTAND INTERNATIONAL TRADE.

UNDERSTAND THE ECONOMIC PROBLEMS OF PAKISTAN.