SOCAIL NOTES

By : Caleb Kyung
CHAPTER 11
Demography:
the statistical study of characteristics, trends and issues.
Cenus:
the process of collecting, compiling and publishing demographic data about all people living within a
certain area.
Developed country:
Countries like Canada that have resources to keep its data current and can margin error.
Developing countries:
Cenus data is less accurate in these countries. Registration of death and births are minimal.
Furthermore, unable to get to remote areas for the cenus takers.
Death rate: The ratio of deaths to the population of a particular area during a particular period of time
Birth rate: The ratio of births to the population of a particular area during a particular period of time
Immigration rate: How many move into the country
Emigration rate: How many move out of the country
Mortality: Death in a population
Natural increase:
Subtracting death rate to the rate of birth.
Exponential rate:
The rate of 3rd gen descendants
rule of 70:
Way to express exponential population growth is to use the length of time
it would take for a population to double in size, this is called rule 70
Life expectancy:
Your expected time you will live to
Demographic transition model:
shows changes over a period of time in three elements: Birth rate, Death rate and trend in overall
population number
Industrialization:
occurs when industry is introduced on a large scale to a region or country. For example, when an
economy goes from being based on agriculture to being based on manufacturing and other industries.

Urbanization:
the act or fact of urbanizing on the characteristics of a city
Family planning:
concept of limiting the size of the families
Rhythm method:
A method of birth control when a couple does not have intercourse when the female is likely to ovulate
Sterilization:
ability to reproduce is destroyed
Vasectomy:
Male sterilization when the testis is cut and tied
coercion:
the use of force
contraception:
birth control
total fertility rate:
the average number of children born over a lifetime of a typical woman in a particular country
one-child policy : limiting 1 child per couple. Came from china
infanticide: the act of killing an infant
gender selection: the choice to keep the fetus depending on its gender
The Great leap forward:
brought massive instability food supplies as agricultural land was organized into late collective farms.
A population:
A graph that shows the age and gender structure of a population
Age cohorts:
series of horizontal var graphs for the male and female populations are placed back to back at age
intervals of five years, called age cohorts
Dependency ratio: proportion of the population that is being supported by the working-age group.
Dependency load. Age-population that is not apart of the work force.
Accreditation: to provide or send with credentials
Pessimist (Thomas malthus):
He began to write about the risks of population growth in the late 1700s

Neo- Mathusians:
predicted that a disaster will overtake the population of the worlds developing countries in the necxt 50
years
Ecolocial footprint: The term that states if everyone lived by north American standards. There would be
a need for 2 more earths.
Cornucopians: have faith in mankind's ability to find innovations( solar )
Demographic regulation:
As the living standards improve , the population will level off.
Population distribution:
The way people are spaced over the earth
Ecumene: Permanently inhabited places
population density: The number of people within an area
Nutritional density: The land being measured for the amount of nutrition in calories produced.
CHAPTER 12
United nations children funds (UNICEF) and Millennium development goal ( MDGs ):
Organizations to stop poverty
Human Development index: the UN's index used to rank standards of living in its member's countries.
Standard of living: a measure of comparing how well people live with other countries
Literacy rate:
The percentage of population that is able to read and write
GDP per capita:
Gross demotic product or value of goods and service
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs):
non- profit groups that work independently of government on issues such as health, environment and
human rights
Infrastructure:
Transportations, communications links and electric powered distribution systems
Newly industrializing countries:
A country building up their infrastructure

HIPCs:
A country in dept to a developed country
Malnutrition: lack of nourishment
Globalization: Spread of ideas and culture around the world
Multinational corporations (MNCs):
Companies that do business with more than 1 country
World Bank:
international groups of 5 financial institutions that provide financial and technical help to developing
countries
Organization for economic co-operation and development (OECD)
The Marshall plan to rebuild Europe after ww2
International monetary fund (IMF):
Type of world bank that encourages to get out of debt
Megaprojects:
Big Projects to promote economic growth
Commodities:
an article of trade or commerce, especially a product as distinguished from a service.
Structural adjustment programs (SAPs):
Getting poor countries to restructure their economies to repay their debts
bilateral aid:
Aid from a single donor country to a single recipient country, in contrast to multilateral aid
subsistence farming: a form of farming in which crops are farmed to feed the farmers with little extra
money
Desertification:
Spread of desert like conditions caused by human activity
ethnic cleansing: is the systematic forced removal of ethnic or religious groups from a given territory
with the intent of making it ethnically or religiously.
Bonded labour:
kids forced to work to pay off family debt
subsidies: grant from the government, intended to help families
World health organization: (WHO)
Coordinates international health activities and helps government improve health services
united nations educational scientific and cultural organization (UNESCO):

helps countries respond to HIV and AIDS

Offcial development assistance (ODA) delivered by government aid
Multilateral aid:
funded by many governments involved in large scale programs
tied aid:
Gives aid (money) with the exception that they spend in their country
Canadian international development agency( CIDA ):
Canadian helping developing countries
CHAPTER 13
Biosphere:
The zone where we live in
Stewardship:
Careful management of resources to ensure that they are sustainable
Permafrost:
subsoil that remains frozen all year long
Carrying capacity:
the largest population that an environment can support
Deforestation:
The process of destroying a forest and replacing it with something else
Global warming:
an increase in the earth's average atmospheric temperature that causes corresponding changes in
climate and that may result from the greenhouse effect.
Acid precipitation:
when there is so much population that the rain becomes slightly acidic
sustainable development:
the way to maintain economic growth without damaging the environment
Earth's summit :
When international leaders looked at various environmental issues that affect people around the world (
Rio de janerio)
Agenda 21:
a statement of environment action produced at earth summit to protect the planet and achieve
sustainable development

Herbicides:
substances used to kill plants
persticides:
substances used to kill pests and unwanted animals
Organic: grown without chemicals
C02 emissions:
carbon dioxide emitted from burning fossil fuels
Biodiversity:
having variety of life forms
ecotourism: tourism to threatened areas that tried to be low impact and small scale
Protected areas strategy (PAS):
a plan to preserve approximate 12 present of BC provincial land
Watershed:
rivers basins drains by a river and flowing into the same large body of water
groundwater:
preserved water in icecaps and glaciers
surface water:
fresh water in lakes and rivers
wastewater:
water that has been used by homes and industries
watermilfoil weed: a plant that grows and spreads quickly and choke out native plants
aquifer:
a ground layer of rock gravel
carbon footprint:
the total carbon dioxide and other gases emitted in a full life cycle of a product
troposphere:
the lowest level of earth's atmosphere
Greenhouse gases (GHG)
various gases in the atmosphere that absorb and edmit radiation
Ultraviolet radiation: invisible rays from the sun
ozone layer: a thin layer of ozone in the atmosphere

CFCS:
chemicals that damage the ozone layer
Montreal protocol:
an international agreement to phase out the ozone depleting CFCs
peat-lands : carbon is stored in this
greenhouse effect: increasing the heat due to trapped gas
carbon sink: dead tress act as fuel for wildfires that threaten communities
meltwater:
from melting glaciers
runoff:
water from the rain and melting snow that cannot be put into the soil, therefore it goes to rivers and
lakes
UNFCCC: the UN's plan to keep greenhouse gases concentrated
Kyoto protocol:
international agreement that sets binding targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions
carbon credit:
if a organization produces more greenhouse gases , then a credit must be bought