Transmission Lines

Overhead Conductor
Overhead Spacer Cable
Underground Cable
Three-Conductor Cable
Service Cables

Power Systems I

Overhead Conductors

ACSR
Aluminum Conductor with
inner Steel Reinforced strands
ACAR
Aluminum Conductor with
inner Al allow Reinforced
strands
ACSR/AW
Aluminum Conductor with
inner Alumoweld Steel
Reiforced strands
Aluminum - current carrying
member
Steel - structural support

Power Systems I

Overhead Cable

Where conductor close

proximity is required
Insulating jacket
surrounds each conductor
Plastic spacers keep
conductors from coming in
contact with one another

Power Systems I

Cables

Power Systems I

Cables

Underground
transmission and
distribution cables
Semiconducting material
surrounds the conductor
to grade the electric field
Plastic jacket provides
insulation and protection
Neutral strands for an
outer shell for protection
and return currents

Power Systems I

Transmission Line Parameters

Line resistance

dc resistance

l
A

ac resistance

Rdc

skin effect
at 60 Hz:

Rac 1.02 Rdc

Temperature effects

increased resistance at conductor temperature rises

wiring is rated for 65C, 75C, or 90C
ambient temperature is 20C R R T t new
new

old

T told

TAl 228C
Power Systems I

Review of Magnetics and Inductance

=

Amperes circuital law

F H d l ie

H=

Integral of the scalar

product of a closed path
ie
and the magnetic field
equals the encircled current
Magnetic Flux
Integral of the
flux density that
is normal to a
defined area
Power Systems I

H
A

B=

B H

A=

B da
A

Review of Magnetics and Inductance

Flux Linkage
N

i
i 1

Inductance

B da H da

Power Systems I

Inductance of a Single Conductor

Conditions:

infinite straight wire is an approximation of a

reasonably long wire

Assumptions:
Image the wire to close at +/- infinity, establishing a
kind of one-turn coil with the return path at infinity
Straight infinitely long wire of radius r
Uniform current density in the wire. Total current is Ix
Flux lines form concentric circles (i.e. H is tangential)
Angular symmetry - it suffices to consider Hx

Power Systems I

Inductance of a Single Conductor

General:

2x

dl I x

Ix

2 x

Case 1: Points inside of the conductor (x < r)

Ix
I

2
r
x2

0 I
Hx
x Bx
x
2
2
2 r
2 r
I

0 I
0 I 3
x2
d x Bx dx
xdx dx 2 d x
x dx
2
4
2 r
r
2 r
0 I r 3
0 I
int dx
x dx
4
2 r 0
8
0
r

Power Systems I

0
Lint
0.5 10 7
8

Inductance of a Single Conductor

Case 2: Points outside of the conductor (x > r)

0 I
I x I Bx 0 H x
2 x
0 I
0 I
d x Bx dx
dx dx d x
dx
2 x
2 x
0 I
ext dx
2
D
D2

Power Systems I

0 I D2
1
D x d x 2 ln D1
1

D2

Lext

D2
2 10 ln
D1
7

Inductance of a Single-Phase Line

conductors of radii r1 and r2, separated by a distance D

L1( ext )

D
2 10 ln
r1
7

L1 L1(int) L1( ext ) 0.5 10 7 2 10 7 ln

1
L1 2 10 ln 1 4 ln D
r1e

r1 r2
L1 L2 L

D
r1

r re1 4 DS

D
D
D

7
7

L 2 10 ln 1 4 2 10 ln 2 10 ln
DS
re
r

Power Systems I
7

Flux Linkage - Self and Mutual Inductances

From the 2 conductor case:

1 L11I1 L12 I 2
2 L21I1 L22 I 2
L11 2 10

1 L11I1 L12 I1
I1 I 2
2 L21I 2 L22 I 2

1
ln L22 2 10 7
r1

L12 L21 2 10 7 ln D 2 10 7
Power Systems I

1
ln
r2
1
ln
D

Total Inductance
General Case:

I1 I 2 I i I n 0
n

i Lii I i Lij I j

ji

j 1

i 2 10 7

Power Systems I

1
1
I i ln I j

r
D
j

1
i
ij

ji

Transposition

The practice of equilateral arrangement of phases is not

convenient

horizontal or vertical configurations are most popular

Symmetry is lost - unbalanced conditions

restore balanced conditions by the method of

transposition of lines

Average inductance of each phase will be the same

position
a
1
b
2
c
3

a
b

c
a

b
c

c
a

Each phase occupies each position for the same fraction of the
total length of the line

Power Systems I

Review of Electric Fields

Gausss law

qe D da
A

Electric field

D E
D

Electric field
D2

v12 vD1 vD2 E dl

D1

Capacitance

q Cv
Power Systems I

Gaussian Surface

Electric Potential of Infinite Straight Wire

v12

D2

D1

D2
dx
ln
2 0 x
2 0 D1
q1

D
v12q1
ln
2 0 r

q2
r
v21q 2
ln
2 0 D

q1

D
q2
r
v12 v12q1 v21q 2
ln
ln
2 0 r 2 0 D
q

D
v12
ln
0 r

Power Systems I

Infinite wire
of radius r

Capacitance of Infinite Straight Wire

q
C
v
2
C
D
ln
r

Power Systems I

Balanced Capacitance - Equilateral Spacing

a
C
C

Power Systems I

GMD = geometeric mean

distance
between conductors
r=
conductor radius

0.0389
GMD
log10
r

F per mile per phase

Example
Calculate the resistance, inductive reactance, and capacitive
reactance per phase and rated current carrying capacity for
the overhead line shown. Assume the line operates at 60 Hz

GMD 3 d12 d 23 d13 3 45.6 88 45.6

44 in

44 in

12 in

56.8 in 4.73 ft
Z a 0.3263 j 0.2794

60 log

60
0.326 j 0.639 / mi

conductor
R: 0.3263 /mile
GMR: 0.0244 ft
Dia.:
0.720 in

r 12 dia
C

1
2

4.73

10
0.0244

0.720 in 121 0.03 ft

0.0389
0.177 F/mi/phs
log10 4.73 0.03

X C 1 2 60 0.177 F 149.9 mi
Power Systems I

Conductor Bundling

Commonly used to reduce the electric field strength at the

conductor surface
Used on overhead lines above 230 kV
Conductors are connected in parallel
Typical bundled conductor configurations

D1

D1

D1

D1

D1

2 conductors

3 conductors

Power Systems I

D1
2

4 conductors

Conductor Bundling

The use of bundled conductors effects the impedance of

the line, the GMR , the GMD , and the equivalent radius
GMD : the distance between the center of each bundle is
used
GMR :
n

GMR n GMR D1i

i 2

Equivalent radius
n

r n r D1i
i 2

Power Systems I

Example
Calculate the resistance, inductive reactance, and capacitive
reactance of the overhead line shown. Assume the line
operates at 60 Hz
20 in
20 in

10 ft

30 ft

Power Systems I

conductor
R: 0.1204 /mile
GMR: 0.0403 ft
Dia.:
1.196 in

Example
R 14 0.1204 0.0301 / mi
GMD 3 D12 D23 D13 3 31.6 60 31.6 39.15 ft
GMR 4 0.04031.67 1.414 1.67 0.7178 ft
Z a 0.0301 j 0.2794

60 log

60
0.0301 j 0.485 / mi

39.15

10
0
.
7178

1.196 in 121 0.0498 ft

r 4 0.0498 1.67 1.414 1.67 0.7568 ft
r 12 dia

1
2

0.0389
0.0227 F/mi/phs
log10 39.15 0.7568

X C 1 2 60 0.177 F 116.85 mi
Power Systems I

Equivalent Circuits

Three general models for equivalent transmission line

circuits

Choice influenced by the line length, type (cable or overhead

line), and operating voltage level
Choice based on the analysis (e.g., short circuit or voltage drop)

Models

Short Length Line

Medium Length Line
Long Length Line

Power Systems I

Short Length Line Model

Used for

low- and medium-voltage overhead lines

high-voltage lines with lengths less than 50 miles
low-voltage cable circuits

Neglects the effect of the line shunt capacitance

Lumps the line series impedance into a resistance and
inductance equivalent

Rline

j Xline

Sending
End

VS

Power Systems I

V
R

Receiving
End

Medium Length Line Model

Used for

high-voltage overhead lines longer than 50 mi & less than 150 mi

medium- and high-voltage cable circuits

Lump parameter model using a pi-equivalent

Lumps the line series impedance into a resistance and

inductance equivalent
Lumps the line shunt capacitance into two capacitors at each end
of the line
R
jX
line

line

Sending
End

VS

Power Systems I

Cline / 2

Cline / 2

V
R

Receiving
End

Long Length Line Model

Power Systems I

Example
Determine the equivalent pi-circuit representation for
the overhead line with the following parameters:
Line length: 150 mile,
R:
0.0301 /mile
XL:
0.4852 /mile
XC:
116.85 k mile

R 0.0301 / mi 150 mi 4.515

X L 0.4852 / mi 150 mi 72.78
X C 116.85 k mi 150 mi 779.0
X C 2 779.0 1558.0
Power Systems I

Example

4.515

-j 1558

Power Systems I

j 72.78

-j 1558

Transmission Line Modeling

Transmission lines are represented by an equivalent

circuit with parameters on a per-phase basis

All lines are made up of distributed series inductance and

resistance, and shunt capacitance and conductance

Voltages are expressed as phase-to-neutral

Currents are expressed for one phase
The three phase system is reduced to an equivalent single-phase

Line parameters: R, L, C, & G

Three types of models

depend on the length and the voltage level

short, medium, and long length line models

Power Systems I

ABCD Two-Port Network

All transmission line models may be described as a twoport network

The ABCD two-port network is the most common
representation
The network is described by the four constants: A, B, C, &
D
Network equations:

circuit equations

VS A VR B I R
I S C VR D I R

matrix form

Power Systems I

VS A B VR
I C D I
R
S

Short Transmission Line Model

The short transmission line model may be used when

Modeling of the transmission line parameters

The line length is less than 50 miles (80 km), or

The line voltage is not over 69 kV
The shunt capacitance and conductance are ignored
The line resistance and reactance are treated as lumped
parameters

Circuit of the short model

RL
VS
Power Systems I

XL
V
R

Short Transmission Line Model

Circuit analysis of the short line model

IS

IR
Z=R+jL

Gen.
VS

VR

IS IR
VS VR I R ( R j s L)
VR I R Z
Power Systems I

Load

Two-Port Representation

Circuit Equations:

VS VR Z line I R
IS IR

Matrix representation:

ABCD values:

VS 1 Z line VR
I 0 1 I
R
S
A 1
B Z line
C0
D A 1

Power Systems I

Voltage Regulation

Defined as the percentage change in voltage at the

receiving end of the line in going from no-load to full-load

Expressed as a percentage of the full-load voltage

%VR

VR ( FL )

100%

For no-load condition: IR = 0, and for a short line: A = 1

VR ( NL)

VR ( NL) VR ( FL )

VS

VR ( NL) VS

V.R. is a measure of the line voltage drop

Dependent on power factor

V.R. is poorer for lagging power factors

V.R. may become negative for leading power factors

Power Systems I

Voltage Regulation
VS

IR XL

IR XL

VR
IR

VS
VR

IR R

IR R

IR

(a) load pf = 0.7 lagging

(b) load pf = 1.0

IR

VS

IR XL

VR
Power Systems I

(c) load pf = 0.7 leading

IR R

Efficiency

Accounts for the power losses in the line

A function of the loading level and power factor

Defined as

Pout PR
PR

Pin PS PR Plineloss
Plineloss I R2 Rline

Power Systems I

Short Transmission Line Example

40 km, 220 kV transmission line has per phase

R = 0.15 /km

L = 1.3263 mH/km

Find V, S, V.R., and at the sending end of the line for

381 MVA load at 0.8 lagging pf at 220 kV

Z r j L 0.15 j 2 60 1.3263 10 3 40
Z 6 j 20
220,0000
VR
127,0000
3
S R (3 ) 381 cos 1 0.8 38136.9 304.8 j 228.6 M VA

Power Systems I

Short Transmission Line Example

IR

S R* (3 )
3 VR*

381106 36.9

1000 36.9 A
3 127,0000

VS VR Z I R 127,0000 6 j 201000 36.9

144,3304.93
VS LL 3 VS 250 kV
S S (3 ) 3 VS I S* 3 144,3304.931000 36.9
322.8 j 288.6 43341.8 M VA
250 - 220
304.8
VR%
100% 13.6%
100% 94.4%
220
322.8
Power Systems I

Medium Transmission Line Model

The medium transmission line model may be used when

Modeling of the transmission line parameters

The line length is greater than 50 miles (80 km)

The line length is less than 150 miles (250 km)
Half of the shunt capacitance is considered to be lumped at each
end of the line
The line resistance and reactance are treated as lumped
parameters

RL

Circuit model:

VS
Power Systems I

XL

V
YC/2

YC/2

Medium Transmission Line Model

Circuit analysis of the short line model

IS

IR
Z=R+jL

Gen.
VS

YC

YC

V Z I
1
I V V
V 1
Y 1

VR

VS VR Z line I R Y2C VR
Z line YC
2

IS
Power Systems I

YC
2

Z line YC
4

line R

YC
2

Z line YC
2

Load

Two-Port Representation

Circuit Equations:

V Z I
1
I V V
V 1
Y 1

VS VR Z line I R Y2C VR
Z lin e YC
2

IS

YC
2

Matrix representation:

ABCD values:

A 1
C YC

Power Systems I

Z lin e YC
2
Z lin e YC
4

VS 1 Zlin2e YC
I
Z lin e YC
Y
1

S C
4

line R

YC
2

Z lin e YC
4

Z lin e YC
2

Z line VR

Z lin e YC
1 2 IR
B Z line

D 1

Z lin e YC
2

Medium Transmission Line Example

130 km, 345 kV transmission line has per phase

R = 0.036 /km

L = 0.80 mH/km

C = 0.0112 uF/km

Find V and S at the sending end of the line for

270 MVA load at 0.8 lagging pf at 325 kV

Z r j L 0.036 j 2 60 0.8 10 3 130

4.68 j 39.2

Y j C j 2 60 0.0112 10 6 130 j 0.549 siemens

325,0000
VR
187,6000
3
S R (3 ) 270cos 1 0.8 27036.9 216 j162 M VA
Power Systems I

Medium Transmission Line Example

IR

S R* (3 )
3 VR*

270 106 36.9

480 36.9 A
3 187,6000

0.989 j 0.001284
4.68 j 39.2

ABCD

7
4

3
.
53

10

j
5
.
46

10
0
.
989

j
0
.
001284

VS A VR B I R 187,60000.989 j 0.001284

480 36.94.68 j39.2

199,1604.02

I S C VR D I R 187,6000 3.53 10 7 j 5.46 10 4

480 36.90.989 j 0.001284

421.5 25.58
Power Systems I

Medium Transmission Line Example

VS LL 3 VS 345 kV
S S (3 ) 3 VS I S* 3 199,1604.02421 25.58
218.9 j124.2 M VA pf 0.87
VR ( NL) VR ( FL )
VS ( FL ) / A VR ( FL )
VR%
100%
100%
VR ( FL )
VR ( FL )

345 0.989 j 0.001284 - 325

Power Systems I

325

100% 7.3%

Long Transmission Line Model

The long transmission line model are used when

The line length is greater than 150 miles (250 km)

Modeling of the transmission line parameters

Accuracy obtained by using distributed parameters

The series impedance per unit length is z
The shunt admittance per unit length is y

Power Systems I

Long Transmission Line Model

IS
VS

z x

I(x + x)
V(x + x)

y x

y x

V ( x x) V ( x) z x I ( x)

IR

I(x)

V(x)

I ( x x) I ( x) y x V ( x x)

V ( x x) V ( x)
I ( x x) I ( x)
z I ( x)
y V ( x x)
x
x
dV ( x)
dI ( x)
limit as x 0
z I ( x) limit as x 0
y V ( x)
dx
dx
Power Systems I

Long Transmission Line Model

IS

IR
I+I

Gen.
VS

V+V

VR

Load

d 2V ( x)
dI ( x)
d 2 I ( x)
dV ( x)

y
dx 2
dx
dx 2
dx
d 2V ( x)
d 2 I ( x)
z y V ( x)
y z I ( x)
2
2
dx
dx
2

z y propagation constant
Power Systems I

Long Transmission Line Model

d 2V ( x)
2

V ( x)
2
dx
V A1 e x A2 e x

j z y
1 dV ( x)
I ( x)

dx

Zc z y
@x 0
Power Systems I

r jL g jC

A e
z

A2 e x

y
z

1
I ( x)
A1 e x A2 e x
Zc
VR I R Z c
A1
2

A e
1

A2 e x

characteristic impedance

VR I R Z c
A2
2

Long Transmission Line Model

VR Z c I R x y z VR Z c I R x y z
V ( x)
e

e
2
2
VR Z c I R x y z VR Z c I R x y z
I ( x)
e

e
2
2
V ( x)
I ( x)

ex

yz

1 e
Zc

ex
2

x yz

e
2

yz

VR Z c

x y z

VR

ex
e

yz

x yz

1
I ( x)
sinh x y z V cosh x
Z

ex
2
e
2

Power Systems I

e e
sinh
2

yz

IR

x y z

y z I

IR

V ( x) cosh x y z VR Z c sinh x y z I R
R

Hyperbolic Functions

e e
cosh
2

Two-Port Representation
let

VS cosh VR Z c sinh I R
1
IS
sinh VR cosh I R
Zc

cosh Z c sinh

ABCD 1
sinh cosh
Zc

zy

Power Systems I

Zc

z
y

Pi-Model of a Long Transmission Line

Represent a long transmission line as a pi-model for

circuit analysis
Z
The circuit:

VS

Y/2

Y/2

Find the values for Z and Y

VS 1 Z 2Y VR Z I R

I S Y 1 Z 4Y VR 1 Z 2Y I R

Z Z c sinh

Y 1
cosh 1 1

cosh 1

tanh

2 Z
Z c sinh Z c
2

Power Systems I

Long Transmission Line Example

250 km, 500 kV transmission line has per phase

z = 0.045 + j 0.4 /km

Y = j 4. 0 uS/km

Find ABCD for a pi model of the long transmission line

Zc

z
0.045 j 0.4

316.7 - j17.76
6
y
4 10

0.045 j 0.44 106 7.104 105 j 0.001267

Z Z c sinh 10.88 j 98.36

zy

Y 1

tanh
j 0.001008
2 Zc
2
Power Systems I

Long Transmission Line Example

Z 10.88 j 98.36
Y
j 0.001008
2

A D 1 Z 2Y 0.9504 j 0.0055
B Z 10.88 j 98.36

C Y 1 Z 4Y j 0.00100

Power Systems I