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AUTHOR ADMISSION
We certify that this is our own work except excerpt and summary that we get and be
treated from the sources that we have stated.
Date: 15 January 2013
Researches:
.....................................
(MUHAMMAD FAIZ BIN KAMARUZAMAN)
12231
.....................................
(MUHAMMAD NURASHID BIN KHALID)
12264
FACILITATOR CONFIRMATION
I, Miss Rosmurni confirmed that the research carried out by the members of this
group is truly original and there is no element of imitation during the process. I hope
that there are no concerns from anyone.
Truthfully,
.....................................
(MISS ROSMURNI)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, all praises and thanks are due to Allah the Almighty who
gave us guidance, ability and patience to complete this research work. Here we
would like to take this opportunity to express our gratitude to the following people who
made this research possible.
We would like to express our appreciation to our supervisor Miss Rosmurni.
Without her continuous support and guidance, this research would not be possible.
Her wisdom and valuable comments contribute greatly to the improvements of this
work. We consider ourselves to be very fortunate to be under her supervision.
We also want to thank to Miss Husna binti Azahar ( ), Dr. Mariam binti Mat
Salleh, our beloved principle for giving us the opportunity to conduct this project, Pn
Muhibah (SEM coordinator) for being excellent mentors to us. May Allah give His
blessing to all of them.
We would like to thank our fellow friends at Tun Ghafar Baba MJSC,
Muhammad Zuhair bin Juhari, Muhammad Ifzan bin Abdul Rashid and Muhammad
Syazwan bin Syamsuddin for their friendship and support. Their sense of humour
always makes our journey very enjoyable and can never be forgotten.
We would like to acknowledge and extend a very gracious thank you to our
beloved parents and family for their endless encouragement, inspiration and
persistent help to better our work. Our family has been a tremendous asset to us in
our quest to complete our research and we are incredibly grateful to them.
Last but not least, thank you to all who have been involved directly or
indirectly in the completion of this research. Without all the above mentioned our
project making will not go this far beyond satisfication.
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENT
No
Content
Author Admission
Facilitator Confirmation
Acknowledgement
Abstract
1.0
Introduction
1.1 Problem Statement
1.2 Objective
2.0
Literature Review
2.1 Bamboo Charcoal
2.1.1 Background
2.1.2 Bamboo Carbonization
2.1.3 Process in Bamboo Charcoal
2.2 Air Filter
3.0
Methodology
3.1 Preparation of Simple Bamboo Charcoal
3.2 pH Test
4.0
Results
4.1 The Change of pH Value of Bamboo Charcoal
5.0
Discussion
6.0
Conclusion
7.0
Bibliography
CHAPTER 1
Page
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.2 OBJECTIVE
the vehicles.
To prove the efficiency of the bamboo charcoal to absorb the odour.
To maximize the benefit of bamboo charcoal to reduce the usage of harmful
substances in vehicles.
To preserve the mother Earth by conserving the usage of bamboo plant.
To prove the statement from Guanzhou Eastern Dragon Factory in China.
CHAPTER 2
2.1.1 BACKGROUND
chemical
compounds
and
can
be
applied
for
many
purposes
Third stage carbonization: the temperature is in the range of 260C to 450C, and
the bamboo is decomposed into liquid and gas products. Liquid products contain
much acetic acid, methanol and bamboo tar. Flammable methane and ethylene in
gas products are increasing while carbon dioxide production is reduced.
Fourth stage calcinations (refining stage): the temperature is over 450C. The
bamboo becomes charcoal by providing a mass of heat, emitting the volatile
substances and to enhance nonvolatile carbon. Based on the temperature in this
stage, the bamboo charcoal can be divided into three groups (low-temperature,
middle-temperature and high-temperature charcoal). The quality and properties of
bamboo charcoal differs with different temperatures during the refining stage.
Lastly the bamboo is left to cool down and depending on the weather; this process
may take from five to eight days in big volume.
2.1.3
PYROLYSIS PROCESS
is
case
of thermolysis,
and
is
most
commonly
used
for organic materials, being, therefore, one of the processes involved in charring. The
pyrolysis of wood, which starts at 200300 C (390570 F),[1] occurs for example in
fires where solid fuels are burning or when vegetation comes into contact with lava
in volcanic eruptions. In general, pyrolysis of organic substances produces gas and
liquid products and leaves a solid residue richer in carbon content, char. Extreme
pyrolysis, which leaves mostly carbon as the residue, is called carbonization.
chloride to
make PVC,
to
produce coke from coal, to convert biomass into syngas and biochar, to turn waste
into
safely
disposable
substances,
and
for
transforming
medium-
weight hydrocarbons from oil into lighter ones like gasoline. These specialized uses
of pyrolysis may be called various names, such as dry distillation, destructive
distillation, or cracking.
Pyrolysis also plays an important role in several cooking procedures, such
as baking, frying, grilling, and caramelizing. In addition, it is a tool ofchemical
analysis, for example, in mass spectrometry and in carbon-14 dating. Indeed, many
important chemical substances, such as phosphorus and sulfuric acid, were first
obtained
by
this
process.
Pyrolysis
has
been
assumed
to
take
place
during catagenesis, the conversion of buried organic matter to fossil fuels. It is also
the basis of pyrography. In their embalming process, the ancient Egyptians used a
mixture of substances, including methanol, which they obtained from the pyrolysis of
wood.
Pyrolysis
differs
from
that
other
it
high-temperature
usually
does
not
involve
processes
reactions
with oxygen, water, or any other reagents. In practice, it is not possible to achieve a
completely oxygen-free atmosphere. Because some oxygen is present in any
pyrolysis system, a small amount of oxidation occurs.
Pyrolysis is usually the first chemical reaction that occurs in the burning of
many solid organic fuels, like wood, cloth, and paper, and also of some kinds
of plastic. In a wood fire, the visible flames are not due to combustion of the wood
itself, but rather of the gases released by its pyrolysis, whereas the flame-less
burning of a solid, called smouldering, is the combustion of the solid residue
(char or charcoal) left behind by pyrolysis. Thus, the pyrolysis of common materials
like wood, plastic, and clothing is extremely important for fire safety and firefighting.
Pyrolysis occurs whenever food is exposed to high enough temperatures in a
dry environment, such as roasting, baking, toasting, or grilling. It is the chemical
process responsible for the formation of the golden-brown crust in foods prepared by
those methods.
In
normal
cooking,
the
main
food
components
that
undergo
pyrolysis
are carbohydrates (including sugars, starch, and fibre) and proteins. (See: Maillard
reaction.) Pyrolysis of fats requires a much higher temperature, and, since it
produces toxic and flammable products (such as acrolein), it is, in general, avoided in
normal cooking. It may occur, however, when grilling fatty meats over hot coals.
Even though cooking is normally carried out in air, the temperatures and
environmental conditions are such that there is little or no combustion of the original
substances or their decomposition products. In particular, the pyrolysis of proteins
and
carbohydrates
begins
at
temperatures
much
lower
than
the ignition
temperature of the solid residue, and the volatile subproducts are too diluted in air to
ignite. (In flamb dishes, the flame is due mostly to combustion of the alcohol, while
the crust is formed by pyrolysis as in baking.)
Pyrolysis of carbohydrates and proteins requires temperatures substantially
higher than 100 C (212 F), so pyrolysis does not occur as long as free water is
present, e.g., in boiling food not even in a pressure cooker. When heated in the
presence of water, carbohydrates and proteins suffer gradual hydrolysis rather than
pyrolysis. Indeed, for most foods, pyrolysis is usually confined to the outer layers of
food, and begins only after those layers have dried out.
Food
point of lipids,
pyrolysis
so
temperatures
pyrolysis
occurs
are,
when
however,
frying
lower
than
the boiling
in vegetable
oil or suet,
THERMOCHEMISTRY
Thermochemistry is
the
study
of
quantities
as heat
capacity, heat
of
combustion, heat
of
THERMAL DECOMPOSITION
Calcium
decomposes
into calcium
reaction
is
used
to
make quick
lime,
which
carbon-containing
distillation.
It
is
often
used
residue
inorganic
chemistry with reference to the generation of coal gas and coal tar from
raw coal. Fossil fuels in general are the products of the carbonization of
vegetable matter.
Carbonization is often exothermic, which means that it could in principle be
made self-sustaining and be used as a source of energy that does not
produce carbon dioxide. In the case of glucose, the reaction releases about
Vehicle air filters are comprised mainly of a woven fibrous material similar to
paper or fabric, and they're typically enclosed by a metal or plastic frame. There really
isn't much to vehicle air filters, and they aren't typically expensive components, but
they are a vital part of the intake system. The air filter provides the intake system with
the clean air it requires in order to run well. It filters out potentially harmful particles of
dirt and other elements that could damage the engine. With the proper amount of
clean air and fuel, an engine can function properly.
If vehicle air filters aren't changed as necessary, a host of costly problems can
occur, and affected components can cause a vehicle to run inefficiently. Vehicles with
dirty air filters will use more fuel, and they can adversely affect the emission control
system. Too much fuel without the proper amount of air in the system can produce
dirty sparkplugs, and dirty sparkplugs won't effectively start a vehicle or keep it
running properly. Problems such as these are easily avoidable.
Air filters should be checked each time the oil is changed. They require
changing approximately once a year, but the expense of a new air filter is minimal
compared to the problems that can occur if you forget about it or ignore it altogether.
Keep in mind; it will require changing more often if you regularly drive on dirt or gravel
roads where the air is generally dusty and dirty.
There's no need to hire a professional to perform this simple routine
maintenance job. Although the location varies from vehicle to vehicle, air filters
usually aren't difficult to locate or replace. Just look for a plastic tube leading from the
top of the engine to the air filter housing. Remove the top of the housing, and if a
hose is in the way, temporarily disconnect it for removal.
If the filter is merely dusty, it shouldn't require changing. Gently tap it against a
hard surface to knock off any loose particles. Hold it up to a light. If light shows
through, and it isn't damaged or coated with grime, it won't require immediate
replacement. Check it again in the same manner the next time you change the oil,
and if necessary, replace it with a filter especially designed for the specific make and
model of your vehicle.
A number of older vehicles also have a positive crankcase PCV filter directly
in front of the opening of the crankcase breather hose. If your vehicle is equipped
with this filter, it's a good idea to check it as well. Simply remove it from the holder,
and briskly shake it. A rattling sound indicates the PCV filter isn't clogged. It should be
checked each time the air intake filter is checked, and changed if necessary for
optimal engine performance and efficiency.
By the name itself air filter is the one that cleans the air before it enters our
vehicle engine to prevent damage, accelerate internal engine wear, cause by
contaminants that is present on the air.
During filtering of air the particulates are stocked inside filter which then causes
clogging of air filter, that's why we need to replace our vehicle air filter.
If we have a clog air filter, the amount of air that reaches the engine will be
restricted, if this happen, the air/fuel ratio mixture that reaches the engine will become
too rich, which means that so much fuel is present on the mixture.
Now what happens if the air/fuel ratio that reaches our engine is too rich?
If the air/fuel ratio is too rich, so much gas is burned inside your vehicle
combustion chamber which then may cause a black smoke that comes out from your
vehicle exhaust.
So replace the air filter as often depending on your vehicle driving conditions,
usually air filter are replaced ones a year, but if you drive on the dusty condition
replace it more often, you can buy it at any auto parts at a very inexpensive price also
it is very easy to replace.
CHAPTER 3
3.0 METHODOLOGY
Procedure:
1. An aluminum foil and a few bamboo parts was prepared.
2. The bamboo parts were wrapped with aluminum foil.
3. A small hole was perforated at the end of the wrapping to letthe accumulated gas
to escape.
4. A wire mesh was placed on the gas stove and the bamboo parts were placed on
top of it.
5. First,a small and weak flame was put up and increased the flame after a few
minutes a white steam-like gases came out. The gas stove was turned off when
bluish steam turned into whitish smoke.
6. The aluminum foils were sinked into a water basin for a few minutes.
7. The aluminum foils were opened and hard bamboo charcoals were produced.
3.2 pH test
Procedure:
24 hours.
Second portion of bamboo charcoal soaked with distilled water after put in the
desciccator
Acetic acid is placed at the middle of the desciccator surrounded with bamboo
charcoal
Taking the reading of the pH value of the bamboo charcoal before put in the
desciccator
Taking the reading of the pH value of the bamboo charcoal after put in the
desciccator
CHAPTER 4
4.0 RESULT
After the experiment is conducted, we found that the pH value change from
odour from the acetic acid. 9.54(alkaline) to 3.86(acidic). It is proven that the bamboo
charcoal had absorb the
CHAPTER 5
5.0 DISCUSSION
Acetic acid is a vapour organic compound which has strong smell. When the acetic acid and the bamboo charcoal placed in a desiccator, there is no air circulation.
Acetic acid release the smells in state of vapour. Based on the table, the pH value of
the charcoal after placed in desiccator has decreased from 9.54 to 3.86. It is shown
that the charcoal change from alkaline to acidic. Hence, there is a possibility of these
charcoal had absorbed the moisture from vaporize acetic acid which contain strong
odour and has acidic properties. But, the mechanism of absorption process need to
be further investigate.
CHAPTER 6
6.0 CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Websites:
Ahmad, A.A & Hameed, B.H. 2010. Effect of preparation conditions of activated
carbon from bamboo waste for real textile wastewater. Journal of Hazardous Materials 173:487-493