Gendercide

Women are less likely to report their stories concerning genocide because of
the division of labor, and roles in child rearing.
The only genocide course in the UK
Gender:

Categories-Male or female sex

Roles and expectations, masculinity and femininity in society.
Nature/nurture? Both?
Power

Sexual division of labor impacts conscriptions/ male breakwinning.

Men 18-24 are the most likely to die.
Genocide is more often than not characterized as a male crime, the
outcome of contemporary notions of masculinity, disregarding the female
perpetrators of the Rwandan genocide who remain invisible.
Gender cont

Gender pertains to the construction of relationships between male

and female, and the attendant power dynamics found within these
relationships.
Gender speaks to the divisions we have constructed regarding out
sexuality:
Gender is the way that sex with sexuality become power relations in
society (Carver, 1996:14)

Politics

More than any other kind of human activity, politics has historically
borne an explicit masculine identity
It has been more exclusively limited to men than any other realm of
endeavor and has been more intensely, self-consciously masculine
than most other social practices.
o Wendy Brown

Female agency

The feminine has been historically constituted as outside politics

Ways in which this continues to be reproduced in our contemporary
context of the war on/of terror-

Guatemala**

War on Terror the new international paradigm

Due to the genderered invisibility of women during times of violent
upheaval, unless given visibility as victims, silence shrouds their
motivations, actions and experiences post-violence.
Innocence
Within Rwanda, it might be that the mited response to womens
perpetration of is a result of Rwandas inability to understand how mothers
became murderers.
War Marking/Man Making

War is a constructed as a test or signifier of manhood and masculinity

Victory is confirmation of make identity, defeat is emasculation
Femininity is constructed to reinforce the man as warrior
o In support roles as nurse, other or wife
o Or in opposition as peace activist
All confirm militarized masculinity

Masculinities

Just as there are multiple femininities, there are also multiple

masculinities hegemonic and subordinate that vary over time and
space.
Hegemonic masculinity has been conceptualized as norms and
institutions that seek to maintain mens authority over women and
over subordinate masculinities.

Patriarchy
is the center structure of focus in gender analysis.
Men as well as women are affected by patriarchy, albeit in different ways:
Its men who are recognized and claim a certain form of masculinity, for the
sake of being more valued, more serious, and the protectors of/and
controllers of thiose people who are less masculine.
Gender is a symbolic system
o
o

A central organizing discourse in out culture

A set f ways of thinking images categories and beliefs.

Rape becomes a metaphor for raping the nation/state.

Mutilation of women is a symbolic damaging of the home land.

In 1994 Rwanda, when women who perpetrated genocide they were not
following orders they were reshaping patriarchy.
Gender, security and IR

The realm of security is part of the elite world of masculine high

politics,
The discipline of international relations has only recently made a
place for feminist analysis and then only grudgingly.

The men pretend that they are here to defend women and children. Then
as we join them in the fight, they whole thing becomes meaningless to
them.
The UN has been forced to use all female peace keepers in some situations
In a survey of conscripts, 50% answered that they did not thing women were
suitable to be conscripted.
Gender not viewed in essentialist terms.
Its a boy. The language of the bomb**
Fighter chicks
The dichotomies of protector protected, direct - indirect violence, war and
peace are interwoven (Peterson, 1992: 32)

War Babies

Militarized masculinity and violence

Militarized state nationalism does not simple allow men to be violent,

but compels them so to be.
In militarized societiesmen who resist violence are suspect. Not only
is their loyalty to the state questioned, but also their loyalty to
(heterosexual) masculinity.

straight roles

South Africa, weaking of recruits who do not perform:

o Le insults of homos, go back to your mothers
UK/USA alleged torture of Iraqi war prisoners:
o Naughty boy positioning
o Homoerotic humiliation.

-The US continued state of war, is effecting the gender movement.

Sexual Violence

Homosexuality has, at least in Western counties, is received as the

most threatening challenge to hegemonic masculinity.
Rape of women, and even of men, denies homosexuality.

Bodies as territories

State and military politics are performed on the site of womens

bodies in a multitude of violent ways
Death, rape, impregnation, mutilation, emasculation

War Fighter

Deflects some attention from the agency of war that is soldier on

soldier.
Suggests an immediacy and reactivity.
Combatants in war fighting may also take on a hyperavlility in
responding to the enemy that is war gargantuan, non-human and
potentially more dealy.

Sexual violence

Mass rape
Pregnancy
Multiple sites of violence as rapes: audience of public and family
members or loved ones.
Sexual violence after war as men seek to reassert control over women
Men as victims of rape and sexual torture during war - little
publicized.

Indias Ongoing Female Genocide

The Missing Women