Water Resources Planning

and Management
Chapter 1

Introduction

Chapter 1 Introduction
Contents
Concepts of Water resources
Characteristics of Water resources
Water problems
Water resources management

As well as we know, tremendous volumes of water are

present on our planet. It has been estimated that if the entire
surface of the earth were leveled off and the land areas filled
into the ocean depths, we would have a whole planet covered
with water to a depth of 10,000 ft.
Can we say, all the water on the earth may be thought of water
resources?

1.1 Water resources

Water resources refers generally to the part of water with the following
characteristics: useful or potentially useful to human beings and
society both in quantity and quality; can be renewed during a certain
period. Water resources is a dynamic resource.
Water uses include agricultural, industrial, household, recreational and
environmental activities. The majority of human uses require fresh
water.
It can exist easily in all three statessolid, liquid, and gaseous.
97% of the water on the Earth is salt water and only 3% is fresh water;
slightly over 2/3 of the fresh water is frozen in glaciers and polar ice
caps. The remaining unfrozen freshwater is found mainly as
groundwater, with only a small fraction is above ground or in the air.

1.1 Water resources

This is a graphical distribution of water on the

Earth. Only 3% of the Earth's water is fresh water. Most of it
in ice caps and glaciers (69%) and groundwater (30%), while
all lakes, rivers and swamps only account for a small fraction
(0.3%) of the Earth's total freshwater.

1.1 Water resources

Sources of fresh water
(1) Surface water
Surface water refers to water in a river, lake or fresh water wetland. Surface
water is mainly replenished by precipitation and naturally lost through
discharge to the oceans, evaporation, evapotranspiration and sub-surface
seepage.
Although the natural input to surface water system is precipitation within its
watershed, the total quantity of water in that system at any given time is
also dependent on many other factors. These factors include storage
capacity in lakes, wetlands and artificial reservoirs, the permeability of the soil
beneath these storage bodies, the runoff characteristics of the land in the
watershed, the timing of the precipitation and local evaporation rates. All of
these factors also affect the proportions of water loss.

1.1 Water resources

Sources of fresh water
(1) Surface water
Human activities can have a large and sometimes devastating impact on
these factors. Humans often increase storage capacity by constructing
reservoirs and decrease it by draining wetlands. Humans often increase runoff
quantities and velocities by paving areas and channelizing stream flow.
The total quantity of available water at any given time is an important
consideration. Some human water users have an intermittent need for water. For
example, many farms require large quantities of water in the spring, and no
water at all in the winter. To supply such a farm with water, a surface water
system may require a large storage capacity to collect water throughout the year
and release it in a short period of time. Other users have a continuous need for
water, such as a power plant that requires water for cooling. To supply such a
power plant with water, a surface water system only needs enough storage
capacity to fill in when average stream flow is below the power plant's need.

1.1 Water resources

Sources of fresh water
(2) Ground water
Sub-surface water, or groundwater, is fresh water located in the pore space of soil and
rocks. It is also water that is flowing within aquifers below the water table.
Sometimes it is useful to make a distinction between sub-surface water that is closely
associated with surface water and deep sub-surface water in an aquifer (sometimes
called "fossil water").
Sub-surface water can be thought of in the same terms as surface water: inputs,
outputs and storage. The critical difference is that due to its slow rate of turnover,
sub-surface water storage is generally much larger compared to inputs than it is for
surface water. This difference makes it easy for humans to use sub-surface water
unsustainably for a long time without severe consequences. Nevertheless, over the
long term the average rate of seepage above a sub-surface water source is the upper
bound for average consumption of water from that source.

1.1 Water resources

Sources of fresh water
(2) Ground water
The natural input to sub-surface water is seepage from surface water. The
natural outputs from sub-surface water are springs and seepage to the rivers.
If the surface water source is also subject to substantial evaporation, a subsurface water source may become saline. This situation can occur naturally
under endorheic bodies of water, or artificially under irrigated farmland. In
coastal areas, human use of a sub-surface water source may cause the direction
of seepage to ocean to reverse which can also cause soil salinization. Humans
can also cause sub-surface water to be "lost" (i.e. become unusable) through
pollution. Humans can increase the input to a sub-surface water source by
building reservoirs or detention ponds.

1.1 Water resources

Sources of fresh water
(3) Frozen water
Glacier runoff is considered to be surface water.
Several schemes have been proposed to make use
of icebergs as a water source, however this has
only been done for novelty purposes.

Iceberg near Newfoundland

The Himalayas, which are often called "The Roof of the World", contain
some of the most extensive and rough high altitude areas on Earth as well as
the greatest area of glaciers and permafrost outside of the poles. Ten of
Asias largest rivers flow from there, and more than a billion peoples
livelihoods depend on them. To complicate matters, temperatures are
rising more rapidly here than the global average. In Nepal the
temperature has risen by 0.6 degrees Celsius over the last decade, whereas
globally, the Earth has warmed approximately 0.7 degrees Celsius over the
last hundred years.

1.1 Water resources

Desalination
Desalination is an artificial process by
which saline water (generally sea water)
is converted to fresh water. The most
common desalination processes are
distillation and reverse osmosis.
Desalination is currently expensive compared to most alternative sources of
water, and only a very small fraction of total human use is supplied by
desalination. It is only economically practical for high-valued uses (such as
household and industrial uses) in arid areas. The most extensive use is in the
Persian Gulf.

1.1 Water resources

Classification

of water resources
phreatic water

Surface water

river

lake

confined water

Ground water

Soil water

glacier
Classification

Meteoric water

Biological water

1.2 Characteristics of Water resources

(1) Cyclicity of hydrologic cycle and limitation of water resources
The hydrologic cycle contains four principal terms precipitation,
evapotranspiration, infiltration, and water runoff.
Water seems inexhaustible due to water cycle.

1.2 Characteristics of Water resources

Although the update cycle of some fresh water is short, the

available water resources is limited because of water pollution,
and the expensive cost of water treatment.

1.2 Characteristics of Water resources

(2) Uneven spatial and timely distribution of volume
Most of us are fortunate to be surrounded by fairly available
supplies of water in various forms. Water vapor is present even in the
atmosphere of the deserts and it is certainly present in the humid air of
tropical and subtropical climates. Water is stored in lakes, ponds,
reservoirs, rivers, and streams on the surface of the earth as well as in
the great ocean areas of the world. It is also stored in less visible form in
the vegetation of the surface and, although many of us may not see them,
in the glaciers and ice caps of the polar or high-altitude regions of the
world. Finally, water is stored in the upper soil layers to be utilized by
plant roots as well as in the deeper soil and rock layers as part of the
groundwater.

1.2 Characteristics of Water resources

(2) Uneven spatial and timely distribution of volume
As well as we know, tremendous volumes of water are
present on our planet. It has been estimated that if the entire
surface of the earth were leveled off and the land areas filled
into the ocean depths, we would have a whole planet covered
with water to a depth of 10,000 ft. But, the distribution of water
varies greatly. Some portions of the country are richly endowed
and other portions are practically bereft of water. While overall
supplies are sufficient, certain areas have considerably more
than others.

1Incl. Iceland.
2Excl. Canadian Archipelago and including Centtral America.
3Incl. Tasmania, New Guinea and New Zealand. For New Guinea,Aitken et
al. (1972)estimate precipitation at 3150 mm and total runoff at 2110mm.
4Excl. Antarctica,Greenland and Canadian Archipelago.
USSR:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Data source: statistics from the United Nations in 2013

1.2 Characteristics of Water resources

Uneven spatial distribution of volume
Classified in accordance with annual mean
precipitation, five different regions, i.e, more rain, humid,
semi-humid, semi-arid, arid, can be subdivided,
corresponding to abundant water, more water,
intermediate, less water, and arid region, if classified in
accordance with annual runoff.

1.2 Characteristics of Water resources

Uneven spatial distribution of volume
The criteria of these classifications are given in Table1. Using
an annual mean precipitation of 400 mm as a demarcation,
45% of the national territory belongs to arid or semi-arid
regions.

1.2 Water resources distribution

Uneven spatial distribution of volume
Classified in accordance with annual mean precipitation, five
different regions, i.e, more rain, humid, semi-humid, semi-arid, arid,
can be subdivided, corresponding to abundant water, more water,
intermediate, less water, and arid region, if classified in accordance
with annual runoff.

1.2 Characteristics of Water resources

Uneven spatial distribution of volume
Water resources of water zones in China in 2013

Data sources: Water

resources bulletin of
China in 2013

1.2 Characteristics of Water resources

Uneven spatial distribution of volume
Per capita water resources all over the country

1.2 Characteristics of Water resources

Uneven spatial distribution of volume

1.2 Characteristics of Water resources

Uneven timely distribution of volume

Uneven seasonal as well as yearly distribution of annual precipitation

exist. Consecutive dry years or wet years occurred in the past. In most
areas of China, rainfall is scarce in winter and spring, abundant in summer
and autumn. Most part of the annual precipitation is concentrated in
summer, appearing in the form of storms.

In the south-eastern provinces together with the north-western part of

Xinjiang Autonomous Region, plenty rainfall takes place in the period of
March-June, April-July, or May-August with about 50%-60% of the
normal annual precipitation.

In the north-eastern, north, north-western and south-western regions of

China, precipitation amounting to 70%-80% of the normal annual
precipitation concentrates in June-September.

In the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and in the drainage
basins of the Hai River and the Huai River, most of the rainfall focus in
the two mouths of July and August.

1.2 Characteristics of Water resources

1600

1400

1351.31355.3

1200

1242.6
1188.8

1161.8 1176
1044.5
996.9

1000
945.7

903.8
806
763.9

800

746.7
625.9

600

559.3
492.7

400

472.2
405.2

392.4
288.7

516.9

512

470.4

443.7
365.4

282.9

324

318.4
269.3

249.5

200

0
1

11

13

15

17

19

21

23

25

27

29

31

1.2 Characteristics of Water resources

Uneven timely distribution of volume
Significant yearly variation in precipitation in China exists most commonly
in the north, with alternate of consecutive dry years or wet years.

According to 258 years data of precipitation in Beijing,

annual precipitation in the wettest year (year 1959, 1406 mm)
is 5.8 times that of the driest year (year 1869, 242 mm).

In the recent 60 years, the Yellow River has 11 consecutive

years of dry (1922 -1932) and 9 consecutive wet years (19431951).

In the recent 69 years, the Songhua River has 11 (1898-1908)

and 13 (1916-1928) consecutive dry years and 7 consecutive
wet years (1960-1966) .
The seasonal and yearly variation of precipitation and runoff is
more apparently in the north than in the south, and is most
noticeable in areas lacking water resources.

1.2 Characteristics of Water resources

(3) Multi-purposes
urban domestic water
Domestic water
rural domestic water
primary industry
purpose

Production water

secondary industry
tertiary industry

Ecological water

1.2 Characteristics of Water resources

Data source: Water resources bulletin of Jiangsu Province in 2013

The total water consumption of Jiangsu Province is 49.89

billion m3, among which:
the production water accounts for 92.3% of the total water;;
domestic water accounts for 7.1%; environmental: 0.6%.
According to the division of industrial structure, the
primary industry water accounts for 65.6%; secondary
industry water 31.4%, the tertiary industry water 3.0%.

1.2 Characteristics of Water resources

(4) both advantages and disadvantages
Benefits: water supply for households;
electricity generation
shipping
breed aquatics
industrial and agricultural production, etc.
Harms:

floods;
droughts
soil erosion;
water pollution, etc.

1.3 Water problems

It is hardly necessary to state that water is one of the most

important minerals and vital for all life. It has played an
important role in the past and it will play the central role in
the well-being and development of our society in the future.
This most precious resource is sometimes scarce, sometimes
plentiful and always very unevenly distributed, both in space
and time, and these characteristics may cause some problems.
Therefore, this part we will learn something about water
problems, especially in China.

1.3 Water problems

1. Water scarcity
Water scarcity is the lack of sufficient available water
resources to meet the demands of water usage in a region.
It already affects every continent and around 2.8 billion
people around the world at least one month out of every
year. More than 1.2 billion people lack access to clean
drinking water.

1.3 Water problems

1. Water scarcity
Water scarcity can be a result of two mechanisms: physical (absolute)
water scarcity and economic water scarcity, where physical water scarcity is
a result of inadequate natural water resources to supply a region's demand,
and economic water scarcity is a result of poor management of the
sufficient available water resources. According to the United Nations
Development Programme, the latter is found more often to be the cause of
countries or regions experiencing water scarcity, as most countries or
regions have enough water to meet household, industrial, agricultural, and
environmental needs, but lack the means to provide it in an accessible
manner.
The reduction of water scarcity is a goal of many countries and
governments. The UN recognizes the importance of reducing the number of
people without sustainable access to clean water and sanitation. The
Millennium Development Goals within the United Nations Millennium
Declaration state that by 2015 they resolve to "halve the proportion of
people who are unable to reach or to afford safe drinking water."

1.3 Water problems

Water scarcity involves water stress, water shortage or
deficits, and water crisis.
The concept of water stress is the difficulty of obtaining sources
of fresh water for use during a period of time and may result in
further depletion and deterioration of available water resources.
Water shortages may be caused by climate change, such as
altered weather patterns including droughts or floods, increased
pollution, and increased human demand and overuse of water.
A water crisis is a situation where the available potable,
unpolluted water within a region is less than that region's demand.
Water scarcity is being driven by two converging phenomena:
growing freshwater use and depletion of usable freshwater
resources.

1.3 Water problems

1Water stress

The United Nations (UN) estimates that, of 1.4 billion cubic kilometers (1
quadrillion acre-feet) of water on Earth, just 200,000 cubic kilometers (162.1
billion acre-feet) represent fresh water available for human consumption.

More than one in every six people in the world is water stressed, meaning that
they do not have access to potable water. Those that are water stressed make up
1.1 billion people in the world and are living in developing countries.

According to the Falkenmark Water Stress Indicator,

(1) a country or region is said to experience "water stress" when annual water
supplies drop below 1,700 cubic metres per person per year.
(2) At levels between 1,700 and 1,000 cubic metres per person per year, periodic or
limited water shortages can be expected.
(3) When a country is below 1,000 cubic metres per person per year, the country
then faces water crisis . In 2006, about 700 million people in 43 countries were
living below the 1,700 cubic metres per person threshold.

1.3 Water problems

1Water stress
Water stress is ever intensifying in regions such as China, India, and SubSaharan Africa, which contains the largest number of water stressed countries
of any region with almost one fourth of the population living in a water
stressed country.
The world's most water stressed region is the Middle East with averages of
1,200 cubic metres of water per person. In China, more than 538 million
people are living in a water-stressed region. Much of the water stressed
population currently live in river basins where the usage of water resources
greatly exceed the renewal of the water source.

1.3 Water problems

2Water shortage
The annual renewable fresh water resources in China is about 2.8 trillion m3,
but the per capita is only a quarter to one fifth of the world average and China is
one of the world's 13 countries that are short of water resources.
According to the survey, among 669 cities in China, there are more than 400
cities under water shortage and cities that have serious water shortage problems
account for 32%.

There is serious shortage of water

resources in coastal regions, among the
56 coastal cities, 18 are extremely short
of water, 10 are severely short of water, 9
are moderately short of water and 9 are
slightly short of water. Nearly 90% of the
cities are exposed to different degree of
water shortage.

1.3 Water problems

Water shortage Classification
Resources -shortage
It is caused by the uneven spatial distribution

Insufficient Engineering-ability
Due to unbalanced economic development, some areas have little
ability to construct water storage projects, which causes water
shortage.

Poor water Quality

Fresh water resources polluted and the water pollution causes the
available water resources decreasing.

1.3 Water problems

2Water shortage
Drought is an extended time when a region receives a deficiency in its
water supply, whether atmospheric, surface or ground water. A drought
can last for months or years, or may be declared after as few as 15 days.
Generally, this occurs when a region receives consistently below average
precipitation. It can have a substantial impact on the ecosystem and
agriculture of the affected region. Although droughts can persist for several
years, even a short, intense drought can cause significant damage and harm
to the local economy. Annual dry seasons in the tropics significantly
increase the chances of a drought developing and subsequent bush fires.
Periods of heat can significantly worsen drought conditions by hastening
evaporation of water vapor.

1.3 Water problems

3Water crisis
When there is not enough potable water for a given population, the threat
of a water crisis is realized. The United Nations and other world
organizations consider a variety of regions to have water crises of global
concern. Other organizations, such as the Food and Agriculture
Organization, argue that there are no water crises in such places, but steps
must still be taken to avoid one.
principal manifestations
Inadequate access to safe drinking water;
Inadequate access to sanitation which often leads to water pollution
Groundwater over exploitation (excessive use) leading to diminished
agricultural yields
Overuse and pollution of water resources harming biodiversity
Regional conflicts over scarce water resources sometimes resulting in
warfare

1.3 Water problems

2. Flood
A flood is an overflow of water that submerges land which is usually dry. The
European Union (EU) Floods Directive defines a flood as a covering by water of
land not normally covered by water. In the sense of "flowing water", the word may
also be applied to the inflow of the tide. Flooding may occur as an overflow of
water from water bodies, such as a river or lake, in which the water overtops or
breaks levees, resulting in some of that water escaping its usual boundaries, or it
may occur due to an accumulation of rainwater on saturated ground in an areal flood.
While the size of a lake or other body of water will vary with seasonal changes in
precipitation and snow melt, these changes in size are unlikely to be considered
significant unless they flood property or drown domestic animals.

1.3 Water problems

2. Flood
Floods can also occur in rivers when the flow rate exceeds the capacity of
the river channel, particularly at bends or meanders in the waterway. Floods
often cause damage to homes and businesses if they are in the natural flood
plains of rivers. While riverine flood damage can be eliminated by moving
away from rivers and other bodies of water, people have traditionally lived and
worked by rivers because the land is usually flat and fertile and because rivers
provide easy travel and access to commerce and industry.
Some floods develop slowly, while others such as flash floods, can develop in
just a few minutes and without visible signs of rain. Additionally, floods can be
local, impacting a neighborhood or community, or very large, affecting entire
river basins.

1.3 Water problems

3. Water pollution

Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g.

lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers and groundwater). This form of
environmental degradation occurs when pollutants are directly
or indirectly discharged into water bodies without adequate
treatment to remove harmful compounds.

Water is typically referred to as polluted when it is impaired

by anthropogenic contaminants and either does not support a
human use, such as drinking water, or undergoes a marked shift
in its ability to support its constituent biotic communities, such
as fish. Natural phenomena such as volcanoes, algae blooms,
storms, and earthquakes also cause major changes in water
quality and the ecological status of water.

1.3 Water problems

3. Water pollution
Water pollution affects the entire biosphere plants and
organisms living in these bodies of water. In almost all cases
the effect is damaging not only to individual species and
population, but also to the natural biological communities.

Water pollution is a major global problem which requires

ongoing evaluation and revision of water resource policy at
all levels (international down to individual aquifers and
wells). It has been suggested that water pollution is the
leading worldwide cause of deaths and diseases, and that it
accounts for the deaths of more than 14,000 people daily.

It is estimated that 580 people in India die of water

pollution related illness every day. Around 90% the water in
the cities of China is polluted, and as of 2007, half a billion
Chinese had no access to safe drinking water.
In addition to the acute problems of water pollution in
developing countries, developed countries also continue to
struggle with pollution problems. For example, in the most
recent national report on water quality in the United States,
45 percent of assessed stream miles, 47% of assessed lake
acres, and 32 percent of assessed bays and estuarine square
miles were classified as polluted. The head of China's
national development agency said in 2007 that one quarter
the length of China's seven main rivers were poisoned.

Waterqualityclassification
ClassI :Thewaterisonlysuitableforsourcewaterandnationalnature
reserve
ClassII :Thewaterisonlysuitableforcentralizedsurfacewaterprimary
protectionzonesfordomesticdrinkingwater,habitatsforrareaquatic
organisms,spawninggroundsforfishandshrimps,feedinggroundsfor
larvae,etc
ClassIII:Thewaterisonlysuitableforcentralizedsurfacewatersecondary
protectionzonesfordomesticdrinkingwater,winteringgroundsforfish
andshrimps,migrationchannels,aquacultural groundsandswimming
areas
ClassIV:Thewaterisonlysuitableforindustrialuseandotheramusement
purposesthatdonotinvolvetheliquidcomingintocontactwith skin
ClassV:Thewaterisonlysuitableforagriculturaluseandgenerallandscape

1.3 Water problems

3. Water pollution

Water quality classification

standard: Environmental
Quality Standards for Surface
Water GB 3838-2002

The overall surface water environment of China in 2012 is under mild pollution
and major pollution indicators are COD,TP and NH3-N. The ratio of water
quality between Class and Class is 51.5% and the ratio of water quality
worse than Class accounts for 15.5%.

1.3 Water problems

3. Water pollution
In 390 sections of about 200 rivers in the 7 major water systems,
Class ~ Class , Class ~ Class and worse than Class
account for 56.9%, 24.1% and 19.0% respectively.

1.3 Water problems

3. Water pollution
In the 7 major water systemsthe water quality of the Yangtze River and Pearl
River is relatively good, the Huai River is slightly polluted, the Yellow River, the
Songhua river and Liao River are moderately polluted and the Hai River is severely
polluted.

1.3 Water problems

3. Water pollution

Phenol water pollution in Zhenjiang,Jiangsu Provinces in 2012

Water Pollution in Yancheng,Jiangsu Province,in 2009

Water pollution in Lanzhou section of the Yellow

River in 2007
The outbreak of blue green algae in Taihu Lake in 2007

1.3 Water problems

3. Water pollution
(1) Industry
Emission of wastewater does not meet the standard of discharge;
Low processing rates of production.
(2) Agriculture
The extensive use of pesticides; dejecta from the fowls.
(3) Life
Arbitrary waste emissions

1.3 Water problems

4. low utilization efficiency of Water resources
irrigation use
(1) Traditional irrigation mode
(2) Low agricultural water use efficiency
The agricultural water use efficiency in China is about 50%, which is
much lower than that in developed countries (70%~80%).

industrial water use

The production technology in some factories is very backward and
the repeating utilization factor is low

domestic water use

The equipments of supplying water and delivering water are old so
that the phenomenon of water dribbling and leaking is severe.

1.3 Water problems

4. low utilization efficiency of Water resources
Causes
a. Lack of water-saving awareness and bad habits of using water;
b. Low water utilization level
China: 0.51
Utilization coefficient of irrigation water
Western developed country:0.7-0.8
Xinjiang :2383m3
Ningxia: 1157m3
Water quota in each province
Xizang: 1025m3
Tianjin174m3

1.3 Water problems

5. Problems in water resources utilization
The use of water has increased rapidly and significantly over the past few
decades around the world. However, increased demand cannot continue
indefinitely into the future, although some predictions of future use seem to be
based on such an extrapolation. There are many problems in Water resources
utilization.
Unreasonable water resources utilization
a. The utilization of industrial water, agricultural water and ecological
water is unreasonable;
b. Water quality pollution: Construction of water conservancy projects
in drinking water areas

1.3 Water problems

Analysis of causes
(1) Low water price
Urban water supply price is lower than the cost of water supply, therefore
urban water supply enterprises can only rely on the city government
subsidies to maintain water supply management in the case of consecutive
years of losses, and their lack of pipe network maintenance and update
capabilities result in serious aging of water supply network and water
leakage. In addition, the low water resources fee of groundwater may lead to
serious exploitation of groundwater in some places and also severely pollute
urban groundwater environment.
(2) Backward technique
Backward water use equipments and techniques, which leads to high
consumption and low efficiency of water use.

1.3 Water problems

Analysis of causes
(3) Unreasonable economic structure of three industries
Unreasonable industrial layout and structural contradictions of products
Unreasonable three industry structure of China

Three industry structure of China in China

1.3 Water problems

Analysis of causes
(4) Lack of management
The water-saving consciousness of local leaders in some
areas, departments and units is not strong;
Weak water use management and water supply management;
Insufficiency of measures.
(5) Rapid development of population and economy
The water consumption increases, which exceeds the carrying capacity
of water resources.

1.4 Water resources management

The former part describes the ways in which water is found in
nature, the volumes of water available for use, as well as trends in
the demand for water. It has led to the general conclusion that
water resources is not only in short supply but that in certain
areas of the world, due to eneven distribution of precipitation or
to too great a concentration of people and industry, it is indeed in
short supply. As a planet, we will not run out of water although
some areas are dangerously close to that condition even now. The
problem, then, is not one of insufficient water resources but
rather one of water resources management.

1.4 Water resources management

Water resources management is required to make use of

water reasonably and sustainable. Management is used in its
broadest sense. It emphasizes that we must not only focus on
the development of water resources but that we must
consciously manage water in a way that ensures long-term
sustainable use for future generations. The main purpose of
water resources management is to meet needs of humans and
nature.

Contents of water resources planning

Arrangementofthecourse
Teaching:teachingSeveralsubjects

Introduction
Waterresourcesassessment
Waterresourcesdemandforecasting
Waterresourcessupply&demandbalance
ImpactofClimatechangeonwaterresources
Waterresourcesmanagement

Homework:3homework
Waterresourcesassessment
Waterresourcesdemandprediction
AvailableWatersupplycalculation

Discussion:PPT

Waterproblemsinyourcountryorcity
Watersavingtechniques
Waterresourcesallocationormanagement
Otherrelatedtopicsyouareinterested

Referencebooks
[1]R.J.Liang.EngineeringHydrology.Hohai UniversityPress:NanJing.1991.
[2]LigongLi.Englishofhydraulicandelectricengineering.Hohai University
Press:NanJing.1989.
[3]R.QuentinGrafton,KarenHussey.Water ResourcesPlanningand
Management.CambridgeUnicersity Press:NewYork.2011.
[4]JohnR.Mather.WaterResources;distribution,use,andmanagement.New
York;Toronto:JohnWiley&Snos.1984.
[5]EdwardKuiper.WaterResourcesDevelopment.London:Butterworths.
1965.

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