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AdvancedPHP:100PHPInterviewQuestionsandAnswers
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100PHPInterviewQuestionsandAnswers

2011(4)

100PHPinterviewquestionsandanswersarebelow.
Questions:1 WhoisthefatherofPHP?
Answers:1
RasmusLerdorfisknownasthefatherofPHP.
Questions:2 Whatisthedifferencebetween$nameand$$name?
Answers:2
$nameisvariablewhereas$$nameisreferencevariablelike$name=soniaand
$$name=singhso$soniavalueissingh.
Questions:3 Howcanwesubmitaformwithoutasubmitbutton?
Answer:3
Javascriptsubmit()functionisusedforsubmitformwithoutsubmitbuttononclick
calldocument.formname.submit()
Questions:4 InhowmanywayswecanretrievethedataintheresultsetofMySQLusing
PHP?
Answer:4
Wecandoitby4Ways1.mysql_fetch_row.,2.mysql_fetch_array,3.
mysql_fetch_object4.mysql_fetch_assoc
Questions:5 Whatisthedifferencebetweenmysql_fetch_objectandmysql_fetch_array?
Answers:5
mysql_fetch_object()issimilartomysql_fetch_array(),withonedifferencean
objectisreturned,insteadofanarray.Indirectly,thatmeansthatyoucanonlyaccess
thedatabythefieldnames,andnotbytheiroffsets(numbersareillegalproperty
names).
Questions:6 WhatarethedifferencesbetweenGetandpostmethods.
Answers:6
TherearesomedefferencebetweenGETandPOSTmethod1.GETMethodhave
somelimitlikeonly2KbdataabletosendforrequestButinPOSTmethodunlimited
datacanwesend2.whenweuseGETmethodrequesteddatashowinurlbutNotin
POSTmethodsoPOSTmethodisgoodforsendsensetiverequest
Questions:7 Howcanweextractstring"pcds.co.in"fromastring"http://info@pcds.co.in
usingregularexpressionofPHP?
Answers:7
preg_match("/^http:\/\/.+@(.+)$/","http://info@pcds.co.in",$matches)echo
$matches[1]
Questions:8 HowcanwecreateadatabaseusingPHPandMySQL?
Answers:8
WecancreateMySQLdatabasewiththeuseofmysql_create_db("DatabaseName")
Questions:9 Whatarethedifferencesbetweenrequireandinclude?
Answers:9
BothincludeandrequireusedtoincludeafilebutwhenincludedfilenotfoundInclude
sendWarningwhereasRequiresendFatalError.
Questions:10 Canweuseinclude("xyz.PHP")twotimesinaPHPpage"index.PHP"?
Answers:10 Yeswecanuseinclude("xyz.php")morethanonetimeinanypage.butitcreatea
probwhenxyz.phpfilecontainsomefuntionsdeclarationthenerrorwillcomefor
alreadydeclaredfunctioninthisfileelsenotaproblikeifyouwanttoshowsame
contenttwotimeinpagethenmustincudeittwotimenotaprob
Questions:11 Whatarethedifferenttables(Engine)presentinMySQL,whichoneisdefault?
Answers:11 Followingtables(StorageEngine)wecancreate1.MyISAM(Thedefaultstorage
engineINMYSQLEachMyISAMtableisstoredondiskinthreefiles.Thefileshave
namesthatbeginwiththetablenameandhaveanextensiontoindicatethefiletype.
An.frmfilestoresthetableformat.Thedatafilehasan.MYD(MYData)extension.
Theindexfilehasan.MYI(MYIndex)extension.)2.InnoDB(InnoDBisa
transactionsafe(ACIDcompliant)storageengineforMySQLthathascommit,
rollback,andcrashrecoverycapabilitiestoprotectuserdata.)3.Merge4.Heap
(MEMORY)(TheMEMORYstorageenginecreatestableswithcontentsthatare
storedinmemory.Formerly,thesewereknownasHEAPtables.MEMORYisthe
preferredterm,althoughHEAPremainssupportedforbackwardcompatibility.)5.
BDB(BerkeleyDB)(SleepycatSoftwarehasprovidedMySQLwiththeBerkeleyDB
transactionalstorageengine.ThisstorageenginetypicallyiscalledBDBforshort.
BDBtablesmayhaveagreaterchanceofsurvivingcrashesandarealsocapableof
COMMITandROLLBACKoperationsontransactions)6.EXAMPLE7.
FEDERATED(Itisastorageenginethataccessesdataintablesofremote
databasesratherthaninlocaltables.)8.ARCHIVE(TheARCHIVEstorageengine
isusedforstoringlargeamountsofdatawithoutindexesinaverysmallfootprint.)9.
CSV(TheCSVstorageenginestoresdataintextfilesusingcommaseparated

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Answers:12

Questions:13
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Questions:17
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Questions:19

valuesformat.)10.BLACKHOLE(TheBLACKHOLEstorageengineactsasa"black
hole"thatacceptsdatabutthrowsitawayanddoesnotstoreit.Retrievalsalways
returnanemptyresult)
Whatisuseofheader()functioninphp?
Theheader()functionsendsarawHTTPheadertoaclient.Wecanuseherder()
functionforredirectionofpages.Itisimportanttonoticethatheader()mustbecalled
beforeanyactualoutputisseen..
HowcanIexecuteaPHPscriptusingcommandline?
JustrunthePHPCLI(CommandLineInterface)programandprovidethePHPscript
filenameasthecommandlineargument.
SupposeyourZendenginesupportsthemode<??>Thenhowcanuconfigure
yourPHPZendenginetosupport<?PHP?>mode?
Inphp.inifile:setshort_open_tag=ontomakePHPsupport
Shoppingcartonlinevalidationi.e.howcanweconfigurePaypal,etc.?
NothingmorewehavetodoonlyredirecttothepayPalurlaftersubmitallinformation
neededbypaypallikeamount,adresssetc.
Whatismeantbynl2br()?
InsertsHTMLlinebreaks(<BR/>)beforeallnewlinesinastring.
Whatishtaccess?WhydoweusethisandWhere?
.htaccessfilesareconfigurationfilesofApacheServerwhichprovideawaytomake
configurationchangesonaperdirectorybasis.Afile,containingoneormore
configurationdirectives,isplacedinaparticulardocumentdirectory,andthe
directivesapplytothatdirectory,andallsubdirectoriesthereof.
HowwegetIPaddressofclient,previousreferencepageetc?
Byusing$_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'],$_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER']etc.
Whatarethereasonsforselectinglamp(Linux,apache,MySQL,PHP)insteadof
combinationofothersoftwareprograms,serversandoperatingsystems?

Answers:19

Allofthoseareopensourceresource.SecurityofLinuxisveryverymorethan
windows.ApacheisabetterserverthatIISbothinfunctionalityandsecurity.MySQL
isworldmostpopularopensourcedatabase.PHPismorefasterthatasporanyother
scriptinglanguage.
Questions:20 HowcanweencryptanddecryptadatapresentinaMySQLtableusingMySQL?
Answers:20 AES_ENCRYPT()andAES_DECRYPT()
Questions:21 HowcanweencrypttheusernameandpasswordusingPHP?
Answers:21 Thefunctionsinthissectionperformencryptionanddecryption,andcompressionand
uncompression:
encryption

decryption

AES_ENCRYT()

AES_DECRYPT()

ENCODE()

DECODE()

DES_ENCRYPT()

DES_DECRYPT()

ENCRYPT()

Notavailable

MD5()

Notavailable

OLD_PASSWORD() Notavailable
PASSWORD()

Notavailable

SHA()orSHA1()

Notavailable

Notavailable

UNCOMPRESSED_LENGTH()

Questions:22 Whatarethefeaturesandadvantagesofobjectorientedprogramming?
Answers:22 OneofthemainadvantagesofOOprogrammingisitseaseofmodificationobjects
caneasilybemodifiedandaddedtoasystemtherebyreducingmaintenancecosts.
OOprogrammingisalsoconsideredtobebetteratmodelingtherealworldthanis
proceduralprogramming.Itallowsformorecomplicatedandflexibleinteractions.OO
systemsarealsoeasierfornontechnicalpersonneltounderstandandeasierforthem
toparticipateinthemaintenanceandenhancementofasystembecauseitappealsto
naturalhumancognitionpatterns.Forsomesystems,anOOapproachcanspeed
developmenttimesincemanyobjectsarestandardacrosssystemsandcanbe
reused.Componentsthatmanagedates,shipping,shoppingcarts,etc.canbe
purchasedandeasilymodifiedforaspecificsystem
Questions:23 Whatarethedifferencesbetweenprocedureorientedlanguagesandobject
orientedlanguages?
Answers:23 Therearelotofdifferencebetweenprocedurelanguageandobjectorientedlikebelow
1>Procedurelanguageeasyfornewdeveloperbutcomplextounderstandwhole
softwareascomparetoobjectorientedmodel2>InProcedurelanguageitisdifficultto
usedesignpatternmvc,SingletonpatternetcbutinOOPyouweabletodevelop
designpattern3>INOOPlanguageweabletoreeusecodelikeInheritance
,polymorphismetcbutthistypeofthingnotavailableinprocedurelanguageonthat
ourFondauseCOPYandPASTE.
Questions:24 Whatistheuseoffriendfunction?
Answers:24 Sometimesafunctionisbestsharedamonganumberofdifferentclasses.Such
functionscanbedeclaredeitherasmemberfunctionsofoneclassorasglobal
functions.Ineithercasetheycanbesettobefriendsofotherclasses,byusinga
friendspecifierintheclassthatisadmittingthem.Suchfunctionscanuseall
attributesoftheclasswhichnamesthemasafriend,asiftheywerethemselves
membersofthatclass.Afrienddeclarationisessentiallyaprototypeforamember

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Questions:25
Answer:25

Questions:26
Answer:26

Questions:27
Answers:27

Questions:28
Answer:28

Questions:29
Answer:29
Questions:30
Answer:30

function,butinsteadofrequiringanimplementationwiththenameofthatclass
attachedbythedoublecolonsyntax,aglobalfunctionormemberfunctionofanother
classprovidesthematch.
Whatarethedifferencesbetweenpublic,private,protected,static,transient,
finalandvolatile?
Public:Publicdeclareditemscanbeaccessedeverywhere.Protected:Protected
limitsaccesstoinheritedandparentclasses(andtotheclassthatdefinestheitem).
Private:Privatelimitsvisibilityonlytotheclassthatdefinestheitem.Static:Astatic
variableexistsonlyinalocalfunctionscope,butitdoesnotloseitsvaluewhen
programexecutionleavesthisscope.Final:Finalkeywordpreventschildclasses
fromoverridingamethodbyprefixingthedefinitionwithfinal.Iftheclassitselfis
beingdefinedfinalthenitcannotbeextended.transient:Atransientvariableisa
variablethatmaynotbeserialized.volatile:avariablethatmightbeconcurrently
modifiedbymultiplethreadsshouldbedeclaredvolatile.Variablesdeclaredtobe
volatilewillnotbeoptimizedbythecompilerbecausetheirvaluecanchangeatany
time.
WhatarethedifferenttypesoferrorsinPHP?
Threearethreetypesoferrors:1.Notices:Thesearetrivial,noncriticalerrorsthat
PHPencounterswhileexecutingascriptforexample,accessingavariablethat
hasnotyetbeendefined.Bydefault,sucherrorsarenotdisplayedtotheuseratall
although,asyouwillsee,youcanchangethisdefaultbehavior.2.Warnings:These
aremoreseriouserrorsforexample,attemptingtoinclude()afilewhichdoesnot
exist.Bydefault,theseerrorsaredisplayedtotheuser,buttheydonotresultinscript
termination.3.Fatalerrors:Thesearecriticalerrorsforexample,instantiatingan
objectofanonexistentclass,orcallinganonexistentfunction.Theseerrorscause
theimmediateterminationofthescript,andPHP'sdefaultbehavioristodisplaythem
totheuserwhentheytakeplace.
Whatisthefunctionalityofthefunctionstrstrandstristr?
strstrReturnspartofstringfromthefirstoccurrenceofneedle(substringthatwe
findingout)totheendofstring.$email='sonialouder@gmail.com'$domain=
strstr($email,'@')echo$domain//prints@gmail.comhere@istheneedlestristris
caseinsensitivemeansablenotabletodiffrenciatebetweenaandA
WhatarethedifferencesbetweenPHP3andPHP4andPHP5?
Therearelotofdifferenceamongthesethreeversionofphp1>Php3isoldestversion
afterthatphp4cameandcurrentversionisphp5(php5.3)wherephp6havetocome
2>Differencemeanoldestversionhavelessfunctionalityascomparetonewonelike
php5haveallOOPsconceptnowwhereasphp3waspureprocedurallanguage
constructivelikeCInPHP51.Implementationofexceptionsandexceptionhandling
2.Typehintingwhichallowsyoutoforcethetypeofaspecificargument3.
Overloadingofmethodsthroughthe__callfunction4.Fullconstructorsand
destructorsetcthrougha__constuctorand__destructorfunction5.__autoload
functionfordynamicallyincludingcertainincludefilesdependingontheclassyouare
tryingtocreate.6Finality:cannowusethefinalkeywordtoindicatethatamethod
cannotbeoverriddenbyachild.Youcanalsodeclareanentireclassasfinalwhich
preventsitfromhavinganychildrenatall.7Interfaces&AbstractClasses8Passed
byReference:9An__clonemethodifyoureallywanttoduplicateanobject
HowcanweconvertasppagestoPHPpages?
therearelotsoftoolsavailableforasptoPHPconversion.youcansearchGooglefor
that.thebestoneisavailableathttp://asp2php.naken.cc./
Whatisthefunctionalityofthefunctionhtmlentities?
ConvertallapplicablecharacterstoHTMLentitiesThisfunctionisidenticalto
htmlspecialchars()inallways,exceptwithhtmlentities(),allcharacterswhichhave
HTMLcharacterentityequivalentsaretranslatedintotheseentities.

Questions:31
Answer:31
Questions:32
Answer:32

Howcanwegetsecondofthecurrenttimeusingdatefunction?
$second=date("s")
HowcanweconvertthetimezonesusingPHP?
Byusingdate_default_timezone_getanddate_default_timezone_setfunctiononPHP
5.1.0<?php//Discoverwhat8aminTokyorelatestoontheEastCoastoftheUS//
SetthedefaulttimezonetoTokyotime:date_default_timezone_set('Asia/Tokyo')//
Nowgeneratethetimestampforthatparticulartimezone,onJan1st,2000$stamp=
mktime(8,0,0,1,1,2000)//NowsetthetimezonebacktoUS/Eastern
date_default_timezone_set('US/Eastern')//Outputthedateinastandardformat
(RFC1123),thiswillprint://Fri,31Dec199918:00:00ESTecho'<p>',
date(DATE_RFC1123,$stamp),'</p>'?>
Questions:33 Whatismeantbyurlencodeandurldocode?
Answer:33
URLencodereturnsastringinwhichallnonalphanumericcharactersexcept_.have
beenreplacedwithapercent(%)signfollowedbytwohexdigitsandspacesencoded
asplus(+)signs.ItisencodedthesamewaythattheposteddatafromaWWWform
isencoded,thatisthesamewayasinapplication/xwwwformurlencodedmedia
type.urldecodedecodesany%##encodinginthegivenstring.
Questions:34 Whatisthedifferencebetweenthefunctionsunlinkandunset?
Answer:34
unlink()deletesthegivenfilefromthefilesystem.unset()makesavariable
undefined.
Questions:35 Howcanweregisterthevariablesintoasession?
Answer:35
$_SESSION['name']="sonia"

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Questions:36 Howcanwegettheproperties(size,type,width,height)ofanimageusingPHP
imagefunctions?
Answer:36

Questions:37
Answer:37
Questions:38
Answer:38
Questions:39
Answer:39
Questions:40
Answer:40

Questions:41
Answer:41

ToknowtheImagetypeuseexif_imagetype()functionToknowtheImagesizeuse
getimagesize()functionToknowtheimagewidthuseimagesx()functionToknow
theimageheightuseimagesy()functiont
HowcanwegetthebrowserpropertiesusingPHP?
Byusing$_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT']variable.
WhatisthemaximumsizeofafilethatcanbeuploadedusingPHPandhow
canwechangethis?
Bydefaultthemaximumsizeis2MB.andwecanchangethefollowingsetupat
php.iniupload_max_filesize=2M
HowcanweincreasetheexecutiontimeofaPHPscript?
bychangingthefollowingsetupatphp.inimax_execution_time=30Maximum
executiontimeofeachscript,inseconds
HowcanwetakeabackupofaMySQLtableandhowcanwerestoreit.?
Tobackup:BACKUPTABLEtbl_name[,tbl_name]TO'/path/to/backup/directory'
RESTORETABLEtbl_name[,tbl_name]FROM
'/path/to/backup/directory'mysqldump:DumpingTableStructureandDataUtilityto
dumpadatabaseoracollectionofdatabaseforbackuporfortransferringthedatato
anotherSQLserver(notnecessarilyaMySQLserver).ThedumpwillcontainSQL
statementstocreatethetableand/orpopulatethetable.t,nocreateinfoDon't
writetablecreationinformation(theCREATETABLEstatement).d,nodataDon't
writeanyrowinformationforthetable.Thisisveryusefulifyoujustwanttogeta
dumpofthestructureforatable!
HowcanweoptimizeorincreasethespeedofaMySQLselectquery?
firstofallinsteadofusingselect*fromtable1,useselectcolumn1,
column2,column3..fromtable1
Lookfortheopportunitytointroduceindexinthetableyouarequerying.
uselimitkeywordifyouarelookingforanyspecificnumberofrowsfrom
theresultset.

Questions:42
Answer:42
Questions:43
Answer:43

Howmanywayscanwegetthevalueofcurrentsessionid?
session_id()returnsthesessionidforthecurrentsession.
Howcanwedestroythesession,howcanweunsetthevariableofasession?
session_unregisterUnregisteraglobalvariablefromthecurrentsession
session_unsetFreeallsessionvariables
Questions:44 Howcanwesetanddestroythecookienphp?
Answer:44
Byusingsetcookie(name,value,expire,path,domain)functionwecansetthe
cookieinphpSetthecookiesinpastfordestroy.likesetcookie("user","sonia",
time()+3600)forsetthecookiesetcookie("user","",time()3600)fordestroyordelete
thecookies
Questions:45 Howmanywayswecanpassthevariablethroughthenavigationbetweenthe
pages?
Answer:45
GET/QueryString
POST
Questions:46 Whatisthedifferencebetweenereg_replace()anderegi_replace()?
Answer:46
eregi_replace()functionisidenticaltoereg_replace()exceptthatthisignorescase
distinctionwhenmatchingalphabeticcharacters.eregi_replace()functionisidenticalto
ereg_replace()exceptthatthisignorescasedistinctionwhenmatchingalphabetic
characters.
Questions:47 Whatarethedifferentfunctionsinsortinganarray?
Answer:47
Sort(),arsort(),asort(),ksort(),natsort(),natcasesort(),rsort(),usort(),
array_multisort(),anduksort().
Questions:48 Howcanweknowthecount/numberofelementsofanarray?
Answer:48
2waysa)sizeof($urarray)Thisfunctionisanaliasofcount()b)count($urarray)
Questions:49 whatissession_set_save_handlerinPHP?
Answer:49
session_set_save_handler()setstheuserlevelsessionstoragefunctionswhichare
usedforstoringandretrievingdataassociatedwithasession.Thisismostuseful
whenastoragemethodotherthanthosesuppliedbyPHPsessionsispreferred.i.e.
Storingthesessiondatainalocaldatabase.
Questions:50 HowcanIknowthatavariableisanumberornotusingaJavaScript?
Answer:50
boolis_numeric(mixedvar)ReturnsTRUEifvarisanumberoranumericstring,
FALSEotherwise.oruseisNaN(mixedvar)TheisNaN()functionisusedtocheckifa
valueisnotanumber.
Questions:51 ListoutsometoolsthroughwhichwecandrawERdiagramsformysql.
Answer:51
CaseStudioSmartDraw
Questions:52 HowcanIretrievevaluesfromonedatabaseserverandstoretheminother
databaseserverusingPHP?
Answer:52
wecanalwaysfetchfromonedatabaseandrewritetoanother.hereisanicesolution
ofit.$db1=mysql_connect("host","user","pwd")mysql_select_db("db1",$db1)$res1
=mysql_query("query",$db1)$db2=mysql_connect("host","user","pwd")
mysql_select_db("db2",$db2)$res2=mysql_query("query",$db2)Atthispointyou
canonlyfetchrecordsfromyoupreviousResultSet,i.e$res1Butyoucannot
executenewqueryin$db1,evenifyousupplythelinkasbecausethelinkwas

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overwrittenbythenewdb.soatthispointthefollowingscriptwillfail$res3=
mysql_query("query",$db1)//thiswillfailSohowtosolvethat?takealookbelow.
$db1=mysql_connect("host","user","pwd")mysql_select_db("db1",$db1)$res1=
mysql_query("query",$db1)$db2=mysql_connect("host","user","pwd",true)
mysql_select_db("db2",$db2)$res2=mysql_query("query",$db2)Somysql_connect
hasanotheroptionalbooleanparameterwhichindicateswhetheralinkwillbecreated
ornot.asweconnecttothe$db2withthisoptionalparametersetto'true',soboth
linkwillremainlive.nowthefollowingquerywillexecutesuccessfully.$res3=
mysql_query("query",$db1)
Questions:53
Answer:53
Questions:54
Answer:54

Questions:55
Answer:55

Questions:56
Answer:56

Questions:57
Answer:57

Questions:58
Answer:58

ListoutthepredefinedclassesinPHP?
DirectorystdClass__PHP_Incomplete_Classexceptionphp_user_filter
HowcanImakeascriptthatcanbebilanguage(supportsEnglish,German)?
Youcanmaintaintwoseparatelanguagefileforeachofthelanguage.allthelabels
areputtedinbothlanguagefilesasvariablesandassignthosevariablesinthePHP
source.onruntimechoosetherequiredlanguageoption.
Whatarethedifferencebetweenabstractclassandinterface?
Abstractclass:abstractclassesaretheclasswhereoneormoremethodsare
abstractbutnotnecessarilyallmethodhastobeabstract.Abstractmethodsarethe
methods,whicharedeclareinitsclassbutnotdefine.Thedefinitionofthose
methodsmustbeinitsextendingclass.Interface:Interfacesareonetypeofclass
whereallthemethodsareabstract.Thatmeansallthemethodsonlydeclaredbutnot
defined.Allthemethodsmustbedefinebyitsimplementedclass.
HowcanwesendmailusingJavaScript?
JavaScriptdoesnothaveanynetworkingcapabilitiesasitisdesignedtoworkon
clientsite.AsaresultwecannotsendmailsusingJavaScript.Butwecancallthe
clientsidemailprotocolmailtoviaJavaScripttopromptforanemailtosend.this
requirestheclienttoapproveit.
HowcanwerepairaMySQLtable?
ThesyntexforrepairingaMySQLtableisREPAIRTABLENAME,[TABLENAME,],
[Quick],[Extended]Thiscommandwillrepairthetablespecifiedifthequickisgiven
theMySQLwilldoarepairofonlytheindextreeiftheextendedisgivenitwillcreate
indexrowbyrow
Whataretheadvantagesofstoredprocedures,triggers,indexes?
AstoredprocedureisasetofSQLcommandsthatcanbecompiledandstoredinthe
server.Oncethishasbeendone,clientsdon'tneedtokeepreissuingtheentirequery
butcanrefertothestoredprocedure.Thisprovidesbetteroverallperformance
becausethequeryhastobeparsedonlyonce,andlessinformationneedstobesent
betweentheserverandtheclient.Youcanalsoraisetheconceptuallevelbyhaving
librariesoffunctionsintheserver.However,storedproceduresofcoursedoincrease
theloadonthedatabaseserversystem,asmoreoftheworkisdoneontheserver
sideandlessontheclient(application)side.Triggerswillalsobeimplemented.A
triggeriseffectivelyatypeofstoredprocedure,onethatisinvokedwhenaparticular
eventoccurs.Forexample,youcaninstallastoredprocedurethatistriggeredeach
timearecordisdeletedfromatransactiontableandthatstoredprocedure
automaticallydeletesthecorrespondingcustomerfromacustomertablewhenallhis
transactionsaredeleted.Indexesareusedtofindrowswithspecificcolumnvalues
quickly.Withoutanindex,MySQLmustbeginwiththefirstrowandthenreadthrough
theentiretabletofindtherelevantrows.Thelargerthetable,themorethiscosts.If
thetablehasanindexforthecolumnsinquestion,MySQLcanquicklydeterminethe
positiontoseektointhemiddleofthedatafilewithouthavingtolookatallthedata.
Ifatablehas1,000rows,thisisatleast100timesfasterthanreadingsequentially.If
youneedtoaccessmostoftherows,itisfastertoreadsequentially,becausethis
minimizesdiskseeks.

Questions:59 Whatisthemaximumlengthofatablename,databasename,andfieldnamein
MySQL?
Answer:59
Thefollowingtabledescribesthemaximumlengthforeachtypeofidentifier.
Identifier MaximumLength(bytes)
Database 64

Questions:60
Answer:60
Questions:61
Answer:61
Questions:62
Answer:62
Questions:63

Table

64

Column

64

Index

64

Alias

255

Therearesomerestrictionsonthecharactersthatmayappearinidentifiers:
HowmanyvaluescantheSETfunctionofMySQLtake?
MySQLsetcantakezeroormorevaluesbutatthemaximumitcantake64values
WhataretheothercommandstoknowthestructureoftableusingMySQL
commandsexceptexplaincommand?
describeTableName
Howmanytableswillcreatewhenwecreatetable,whatarethey?
The'.frm'filestoresthetabledefinition.Thedatafilehasa'.MYD'(MYData)
extension.Theindexfilehasa'.MYI'(MYIndex)extension,
Whatisthepurposeofthefollowingfileshavingextensions1).frm2).myd3)
.myi?Whatdothesefilescontain?

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Answer:63

InMySql,thedefaulttabletypeisMyISAM.EachMyISAMtableisstoredondiskin
threefiles.Thefileshavenamesthatbeginwiththetablenameandhavean
extensiontoindicatethefiletype.The'.frm'filestoresthetabledefinition.Thedata
filehasa'.MYD'(MYData)extension.Theindexfilehasa'.MYI'(MYIndex)
extension,

Questions:64 WhatismaximumsizeofadatabaseinMySQL?
Answer:64
Iftheoperatingsystemorfilesystemplacesalimitonthenumberoffilesina
directory,MySQLisboundbythatconstraint.Theefficiencyoftheoperatingsystem
inhandlinglargenumbersoffilesinadirectorycanplaceapracticallimitonthe
numberoftablesinadatabase.Ifthetimerequiredtoopenafileinthedirectory
increasessignificantlyasthenumberoffilesincreases,databaseperformancecanbe
adverselyaffected.Theamountofavailablediskspacelimitsthenumberoftables.
MySQL3.22hada4GB(4gigabyte)limitontablesize.WiththeMyISAMstorage
engineinMySQL3.23,themaximumtablesizewasincreasedto65536terabytes
(25671bytes).Withthislargerallowedtablesize,themaximumeffectivetable
sizeforMySQLdatabasesisusuallydeterminedbyoperatingsystemconstraintson
filesizes,notbyMySQLinternallimits.TheInnoDBstorageenginemaintainsInnoDB
tableswithinatablespacethatcanbecreatedfromseveralfiles.Thisallowsatable
toexceedthemaximumindividualfilesize.Thetablespacecanincluderawdisk
partitions,whichallowsextremelylargetables.Themaximumtablespacesizeis
64TB.Thefollowingtablelistssomeexamplesofoperatingsystemfilesizelimits.
Thisisonlyaroughguideandisnotintendedtobedefinitive.Forthemostuptodate
information,besuretocheckthedocumentationspecifictoyouroperatingsystem.
OperatingSystemFilesizeLimitLinux2.2Intel32bit2GB(LFS:4GB)Linux2.4+
(usingext3filesystem)4TBSolaris9/1016TBNetWarew/NSSfilesystem8TB
Win32w/FAT/FAT322GB/4GBWin32w/NTFS2TB(possiblylarger)MacOSXw/
HFS+2TB
Questions:65 GivethesyntaxofGrantandRevokecommands?
Answer:65
Thegenericsyntaxforgrantisasfollowing>GRANT[rights]on[database/s]TO
[username@hostname]IDENTIFIEDBY[password]nowrightscanbea)All
privilegesb)combinationofcreate,drop,select,insert,updateanddeleteetc.Wecan
grantrightsonalldatabsebyusing*.*orsomespecificdatabasebydatabase.*ora
specifictablebydatabase.table_nameusername@hotsnamecanbeeither
username@localhost,username@hostnameandusername@%wherehostnameis
anyvalidhostnameand%representsanyname,the*.*anyconditionpasswordis
simplythepasswordofuserThegenericsyntaxforrevokeisasfollowing>REVOKE
[rights]on[database/s]FROM[username@hostname]nowrightscanbeasexplained
abovea)Allprivilegesb)combinationofcreate,drop,select,insert,updateanddelete
etc.username@hotsnamecanbeeitherusername@localhost,username@hostname
andusername@%wherehostnameisanyvalidhostnameand%representsany
name,the*.*anycondition
Questions:66 ExplainNormalizationconcept?
Answer:66
Thenormalizationprocessinvolvesgettingourdatatoconformtothreeprogressive
normalforms,andahigherlevelofnormalizationcannotbeachieveduntilthe
previouslevelshavebeenachieved(thereareactuallyfivenormalforms,butthelast
twoaremainlyacademicandwillnotbediscussed).FirstNormalFormTheFirst
NormalForm(or1NF)involvesremovalofredundantdatafromhorizontalrows.We
wanttoensurethatthereisnoduplicationofdatainagivenrow,andthatevery
columnstorestheleastamountofinformationpossible(makingthefield
atomic).SecondNormalFormWheretheFirstNormalFormdealswithredundancyof
dataacrossahorizontalrow,SecondNormalForm(or2NF)dealswithredundancyof
datainverticalcolumns.Asstatedearlier,thenormalformsareprogressive,soto
achieveSecondNormalForm,yourtablesmustalreadybeinFirstNormalForm.Third
NormalFormIhaveaconfessiontomakeIdonotoftenuseThirdNormalForm.In
ThirdNormalFormwearelookingfordatainourtablesthatisnotfullydependanton
theprimarykey,butdependantonanothervalueinthetable
Questions:67 HowcanwefindthenumberofrowsinatableusingMySQL?
Answer:67
Usethisformysql>SELECTCOUNT(*)FROMtable_name
Questions:68 HowcanwefindthenumberofrowsinaresultsetusingPHP?
Answer:68
$result=mysql_query($sql,$db_link)$num_rows=mysql_num_rows($result)echo
"$num_rowsrowsfound"
Questions:69 HowmanywayswecanwefindthecurrentdateusingMySQL?
Answer:69
SELECTCURDATE()CURRENT_DATE()=CURDATE()fortimeuseSELECT
CURTIME()CURRENT_TIME()=CURTIME()
Questions:70 WhataretheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofCascadingStyleSheets?
Answer:70
ExternalStyleSheetsAdvantagesCancontrolstylesformultipledocumentsatonce.
ClassescanbecreatedforuseonmultipleHTMLelementtypesinmanydocuments.
Selectorandgroupingmethodscanbeusedtoapplystylesundercomplex
contextsDisadvantagesAnextradownloadisrequiredtoimportstyleinformationfor
eachdocumentTherenderingofthedocumentmaybedelayeduntiltheexternalstyle
sheetisloadedBecomesslightlyunwieldyforsmallquantitiesofstyle
definitionsEmbeddedStyleSheetsAdvantagesClassescanbecreatedforuseon
multipletagtypesinthedocument.Selectorandgroupingmethodscanbeusedto
applystylesundercomplexcontexts.Noadditionaldownloadsnecessarytoreceive
styleinformationDisadvantagesThismethodcannotcontrolstylesformultiple

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documentsatonceInlineStylesAdvantagesUsefulforsmallquantitiesofstyle
definitions.Canoverrideotherstylespecificationmethodsatthelocallevelsoonly
exceptionsneedtobelistedinconjunctionwithotherstylemethodsDisadvantages
Doesnotdistancestyleinformationfromcontent(amaingoalofSGML/HTML).Can
notcontrolstylesformultipledocumentsatonce.Authorcannotcreateorcontrol
classesofelementstocontrolmultipleelementtypeswithinthedocument.Selector
groupingmethodscannotbeusedtocreatecomplexelementaddressingscenarios
Questions:71 WhattypeofinheritancethatPHPsupports?
Answer:71
InPHPanextendedclassisalwaysdependentonasinglebaseclass,thatis,
multipleinheritanceisnotsupported.Classesareextendedusingthekeyword
'extends'.
Questions:72 WhatisthedifferencebetweenPrimaryKeyandUniquekey?
Answer:72
PrimaryKey:Acolumninatablewhosevaluesuniquelyidentifytherowsinthetable.
AprimarykeyvaluecannotbeNULL.UniqueKey:UniqueKeysareusedtouniquely
identifyeachrowinthetable.Therecanbeoneandonlyonerowforeachuniquekey
value.SoNULLcanbeauniquekey.Therecanbeonlyoneprimarykeyforatable
buttherecanbemorethanoneuniqueforatable.
Question:73 whatisgarbagecollection?defaulttime?refreshtime?
Answer:73
GarbageCollectionisanautomatedpartofPHP,IftheGarbageCollectionprocess
runs,itthenanalyzesanyfilesinthe/tmpforanysessionfilesthathavenotbeen
accessedinacertainamountoftimeandphysicallydeletesthem.GarbageCollection
processonlyrunsinthedefaultsessionsavedirectory,whichis/tmp.Ifyouoptto
saveyoursessionsinadifferentdirectory,theGarbageCollectionprocesswillignore
it.theGarbageCollectionprocessdoesnotdifferentiatebetweenwhichsessions
belongtowhomwhenrun.Thisisespeciallyimportantnoteonsharedwebservers.If
theprocessisrun,itdeletesALLfilesthathavenotbeenaccessedinthedirectory.
Thereare3PHP.inivariables,whichdealwiththegarbagecollector:PHPinivalue
namedefaultsession.gc_maxlifetime1440secondsor24minutes
session.gc_probability1session.gc_divisor100
Questions:74 Whataretheadvantages/disadvantagesofMySQLandPHP?
Answer:74
Bothofthemareopensourcesoftware(sofreeofcost),supportcrossplatform.php
isfasterthenASPandJSP.
Questions:75 WhatisthedifferencebetweenGROUPBYandORDERBYinSql?
Answer:75
ORDERBY[col1],[col2],,[coln]TelsDBMSaccordingtowhatcolumnsitshould
sorttheresult.Iftworowswillhawethesamevalueincol1itwilltrytosortthem
accordingtocol2andsoon.GROUPBY[col1],[col2],,[coln]TelsDBMStogroup
resultswithsamevalueofcolumncol1.YoucanuseCOUNT(col1),SUM(col1),
AVG(col1)withit,ifyouwanttocountallitemsingroup,sumallvaluesorview
average
Questions:76 Whatisthedifferencebetweencharandvarchardatatypes?
Answer:76
Setchartooccupynbytesanditwilltakenbytesevenifurstoringavalueofnm
bytesSetvarchartooccupynbytesanditwilltakeonlytherequiredspaceandwill
notusethenbyteseg.namechar(15)willwaste10bytesifwestore'romharshan',if
eachchartakesabyteeg.namevarchar(15)willjustuse5bytesifwestore
'romharshan',ifeachchartakesabyte.rest10byteswillbefree.
Questions:77 Whatisthefunctionalityofmd5functioninPHP?
Answer:77
Calculatethemd5hashofastring.Thehashisa32characterhexadecimalnumber.I
useittogeneratekeyswhichIusetoidentifyusersetc.IfIaddrandomno
techniquestoitthemd5generatednowwillbetotallydifferentforthesamestringI
amusing.
Questions:78 HowcanIloaddatafromatextfileintoatable?
Answer:78
Questions:79
Answer:79
Questions:80
Answer:80
Questions:81
Answer:81

Questions:82
Answer:82

youcanuseLOADDATAINFILEfile_namesyntaxtoloaddatafromatextfile.but
youhavetomakesurethata)dataisdelimitedb)columnsanddatamatchedcorrectly
HowcanweknowthenumberofdaysbetweentwogivendatesusingMySQL?
SELECTDATEDIFF("20070307","20050101")
HowcanweknowthenumberofdaysbetweentwogivendatesusingPHP?
$date1=date("Ymd")$date2="20060815"$days=(strtotime($date1)
strtotime($date2))/(60*60*24)
HowweloadallclassesthatplacedindifferentdirectoryinonePHPFile,
meanshowtodoautoloadclasses
byusingspl_autoload_register('autoloader::function')Likebelowclassautoloader{
publicstaticfunctionmoduleautoloader($class){$path=
$_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT']."/modules/{$class}.php"if(is_readable($path))
require$path}publicstaticfunctiondaoautoloader($class){$path=
$_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT']."/dataobjects/{$class}.php"if
(is_readable($path))require$path}publicstaticfunctionincludesautoloader($class){
$path=$_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT']."/includes/{$class}.php"if
(is_readable($path))require$path}}
spl_autoload_register('autoloader::includesautoloader')
spl_autoload_register('autoloader::daoautoloader')
spl_autoload_register('autoloader::moduleautoloader')
HowmanytypesofInheritancesusedinPHPandhowweachieveit
AsfarPHPconcernitonlysupportsingleInheritanceinscripting.wecanalsouse
interfacetoachievemultipleinheritance.

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Questions:83 PHPhowtoknowuserhasreadtheemail?
Answers:83 UsingDispositionNotificationTo:inmailheaderwecangetreadreceipt.Addthe
possibilitytodefineareadreceiptwhensendinganemail.Itsquite
straightforward,justeditemail.php,andaddthisatvarsdefinitions:var$readReceipt
=nullAndthen,atcreateHeaderfunctionadd:if(!empty($this>readReceipt))
{$this>__header.=DispositionNotificationTo:.$this
>__formatAddress($this>readReceipt).$this>_newLine}
Questions:84 Whataredefaultsessiontimeandpath?
Answers:84 defaultsessiontimeinPHPis1440secondsor24minutesDefaultsessionsave
pathidtemporaryfolder/tmp
Questions:85 howtotrackuserloggedoutornot?whenuserisidle?
Answers:85 Bycheckingthesessionvariableexistornotwhileloadingthpage.Asthesession
willexistlongerastillbrowsercloses.Thedefaultbehaviourforsessionsistokeepa
sessionopenindefinitelyandonlytoexpireasessionwhenthebrowserisclosed.
Thisbehaviourcanbechangedinthephp.inifilebyalteringtheline
session.cookie_lifetime=0toavalueinseconds.Ifyouwantedthesessiontofinish
in5minutesyouwouldsetthistosession.cookie_lifetime=300andrestartyour
httpdserver.
Questions:86 howtotracknoofuserloggedin?
Answers:86 wheneverauserlogsintracktheIP,userIDetc..andstoreitinaDBwithaactive
flagwhilelogoutorsesionexpiremakeitinactive.Atanytimebycountingtheno:of
activerecordswecangettheno:ofvisitors.
Questions:87 inPHPforpdfwhichlibraryused?
Answers:87 ThePDFfunctionsinPHPcancreatePDFfilesusingthePDFliblibraryWithversion
6,PDFliboffersanobjectorientedAPIforPHP5inadditiontothefunctionoriented
APIforPHP4.ThereisalsothePandamodule.FPDFisaPHPclasswhich
allowstogeneratePDFfileswithpurePHP,thatistosaywithoutusingthePDFlib
library.FfromFPDFstandsforFree:youmayuseitforanykindofusageandmodify
ittosuityourneeds.FPDFrequiresnoextension(exceptzlibtoactivatecompression
andGDforGIFsupport)andworkswithPHP4andPHP5.
Questions:88 forimageworkwhichlibrary?
Answers:88 wewillneedtocompilePHPwiththeGDlibraryofimagefunctionsforthistowork.
GDandPHPmayalsorequireotherlibraries,dependingonwhichimageformatsyou
wanttoworkwith.
Questions:89 whatisdesignpattern?singletonpattern?
Answers:89 Adesignpatternisageneralreusablesolutiontoacommonlyoccurringproblemin
softwaredesign.TheSingletondesignpatternallowsmanypartsofaprogramto
shareasingleresourcewithouthavingtoworkoutthedetailsofthesharing
themselves.
Questions:90 whataremagicmethods?
Answers:90 Magicmethodsarethemembersfunctionsthatisavailabletoalltheinstanceofclass
Magicmethodsalwaysstartswith"__".Eg.__constructAllmagicmethodsneedsto
bedeclaredaspublicTousemagicmethodtheyshouldbedefinedwithintheclassor
programscopeVariousMagicMethodsusedinPHP5are:__construct()__destruct()
__set()__get()__call()__toString()__sleep()__wakeup()__isset()__unset()
__autoload()__clone()
Questions:91 whatismagicquotes?
Answers:91 MagicQuotesisaprocessthatautomagicallyescapesncomingdatatothePHP
script.Itspreferredtocodewithmagicquotesoffandtoinsteadescapethedata
atruntime,asneeded.ThisfeaturehasbeenDEPRECATEDasofPHP5.3.0and
REMOVEDasofPHP6.0.0.Relyingonthisfeatureishighlydiscouraged.
Questions:92 whatiscrosssitescripting?SQLinjection?
Answers:92 Crosssitescripting(XSS)isatypeofcomputersecurityvulnerabilitytypicallyfound
inwebapplicationswhichallowcodeinjectionbymaliciouswebusersintotheweb
pagesviewedbyotherusers.ExamplesofsuchcodeincludeHTMLcodeandclient
sidescripts.SQLinjectionisacodeinjectiontechniquethatexploitsasecurity
vulnerabilityoccurringinthedatabaselayerofanapplication.Thevulnerabilityis
presentwhenuserinputiseitherincorrectlyfilteredforstringliteralescapecharacters
embeddedinSQLstatementsoruserinputisnotstronglytypedandthereby
unexpectedlyexecuted
Questions:93 whatisURLrewriting?
Answers:93 UsingURLrewritingwecanconvertdynamicURltostaticURLStaticURLsare
knowntobebetterthanDynamicURLsbecauseofanumberofreasons1.Static
URLstypicallyRankbetterinSearchEngines.2.SearchEnginesareknowntoindex
thecontentofdynamicpagesalotslowercomparedtostaticpages.3.StaticURLs
arealwaysmorefriendlierlookingtotheEndUsers.alongwiththiswecanuseURL
rewritinginaddingvariables[cookies]totheURLtohandlethesessions.
Questions:94 whatisthemajorphpsecurityhole?howtoavoid?
Answers:94 1.Neverinclude,require,orotherwiseopenafilewithafilenamebasedonuserinput,
withoutthoroughlycheckingitfirst.2.Becarefulwitheval()Placinguserinputted
valuesintotheeval()functioncanbeextremelydangerous.Youessentiallygivethe
malicioususertheabilitytoexecuteanycommandheorshewishes!3.Becareful
whenusingregister_globals=ONItwasoriginallydesignedtomakeprogrammingin
PHPeasier(andthatitdid),butmisuseofitoftenledtosecurityholes4.Neverrun
unescapedqueries5.Forprotectedareas,usesessionsorvalidatetheloginevery

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time.6.Ifyoudontwantthefilecontentstobeseen,givethefilea.php
extension.
Questions:95 whetherPHPsupportsMicrosoftSQLserver?
Answers:95 TheSQLServerDriverforPHPv1.0isdesignedtoenablereliable,scalable
integrationwithSQLServerforPHPapplicationsdeployedontheWindowsplatform.
TheDriverforPHPisaPHP5extensionthatallowsthereadingandwritingofSQL
ServerdatafromwithinPHPscripts.usingMSSQLorODBCmoduleswecan
accessMicrosoftSQLserver.
Questions:96 whatisMVC?whyitsbeenused?
Answers:96 Modelviewcontroller(MVC)isanarchitecturalpatternusedinsoftwareengineering.
Successfuluseofthepatternisolatesbusinesslogicfromuserinterface
considerations,resultinginanapplicationwhereitiseasiertomodifyeitherthevisual
appearanceoftheapplicationortheunderlyingbusinessruleswithoutaffectingthe
other.InMVC,themodelrepresentstheinformation(thedata)oftheapplicationthe
viewcorrespondstoelementsoftheuserinterfacesuchastext,checkboxitems,and
soforthandthecontrollermanagesthecommunicationofdataandthebusiness
rulesusedtomanipulatethedatatoandfromthemodel.WHYITSNEEDEDIS1
Modularseparationoffunction2Easiertomaintain3ViewControllerseparation
means:ATweakingdesign(HTML)withoutalteringcodeBWebdesignstaff
canmodifyUIwithoutunderstandingcode
Questions:97 whatisframework?howitworks?whatisadvantage?
Answers:97 Ingeneral,aframeworkisarealorconceptualstructureintendedtoserveasa
supportorguideforthebuildingofsomethingthatexpandsthestructureinto
somethinguseful.Advantages:ConsistentProgrammingModelDirectSupportfor
SecuritySimplifiedDevelopmentEffortsEasyApplicationDeploymentand
Maintenance
Questions:98 whatisCURL?
Answers:98 CURLmeansClientURLLibrarycurlisacommandlinetoolfortransferringfileswith
URLsyntax,supportingFTP,FTPS,HTTP,HTTPS,SCP,SFTP,TFTP,TELNET,
DICT,LDAP,LDAPSandFILE.curlsupportsSSLcertificates,HTTPPOST,HTTP
PUT,FTPuploading,HTTPformbasedupload,proxies,cookies,user+password
authentication(Basic,Digest,NTLM,Negotiate,kerberos),filetransferresume,
proxytunnelingandabusloadofotherusefultricks.CURLallowsyoutoconnectand
communicatetomanydifferenttypesofserverswithmanydifferenttypesof
protocols.libcurlcurrentlysupportsthehttp,https,ftp,gopher,telnet,dict,file,and
ldapprotocols.libcurlalsosupportsHTTPScertificates,HTTPPOST,HTTPPUT,
FTPuploading(thiscanalsobedonewithPHPsftpextension),HTTPform
basedupload,proxies,cookies,anduser+passwordauthentication.
Questions:99 whatisPDO?
Answers:99 ThePDO(PHPDataObjects)extensiondefinesalightweight,consistentinterface
foraccessingdatabasesinPHP.ifyouareusingthePDOAPI,youcouldswitchthe
databaseserveryouused,fromsayPgSQLtoMySQL,andonlyneedtomakeminor
changestoyourPHPcode.WhilePDOhasitsadvantages,suchasaclean,simple,
portableAPIbutitsmaindisadvantageisthatitdoesn'tallowyoutouseallofthe
advancedfeaturesthatareavailableinthelatestversionsofMySQLserver.For
example,PDOdoesnotallowyoutouseMySQL'ssupportforMultipleStatements.
JustneedtousebelowcodeforconnectmysqlusingPDOtry{$dbh=new
PDO("mysql:host=$hostnamedbname=databasename",$username,$password)
$sql="SELECT*FROMemployee"foreach($dbh>query($sql)as$row){print
$row['employee_name'].''.$row['employee_age']}}catch(PDOException$e){
echo$e>getMessage()}
Questions:100 WhatisPHP'smysqliExtension?
Answers:100 Themysqliextension,orasitissometimesknown,theMySQLimprovedextension,
wasdevelopedtotakeadvantageofnewfeaturesfoundinMySQLsystemsversions
4.1.3andnewer.ThemysqliextensionisincludedwithPHPversions5andlater.The
mysqliextensionhasanumberofbenefits,thekeyenhancementsoverthemysql
extensionbeing:=>Objectorientedinterface=>SupportforPreparedStatements
=>SupportforMultipleStatements=>SupportforTransactions=>Enhanced
debuggingcapabilities=>Embeddedserversupport
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