Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
P.K. Pattanaik
E & MR Divn. GRIDCO, BURLA, ORISSA
1. SYNOPSIS
Current transformers (CT) and its circuitries play
the most vital role for the protection, control and
metering of HT and EHT lines. During the time of
commissioning or modification of the CT
circuitries, mistakes in wire connections are done
by the electricians or wiring personnel. Some of
the mistakes are even overlooked by the
protection engineers during the time of stability
test (Primary injection Test, Sensitivity Test etc...)
due to use of less sensitive instruments.
Sometimes
the
testing
procedures
are
approximated to reduce the testing duration,
which develops problems in real practice. But
after commissioning and charging of the said
circuit, these mistakes result problems in
protection, control and metering of the circuit. The
following problems may result for the wrong
connection in CT circuitry.
1. False tripping of charged feeder with certain
rise of load current, before the settable limit of
the over load Relays.
2. False tripping of Transformers even for the
external feeder faults.
3. Wrong metering causes discrepancies for the
operation, control and commercial billing
among the utilities.
4. Difficulties in relay co-ordination for the
interconnected feeders
5. Problems for the load assessment in any
loading feeders.
6. Wrong assessment of tripping analysis.
This paper deals with the theory of analysis for
easy fault finding in the CT circuitry and suitable
methods for tracing the fault in OFF-LINE and
ON-LINE system. Some practical case studies
with real time occurrences have also been
described for the supportive analysis of the faults
in the circuits.
2. INTRODUCTION
Current and potential transformers are the
important interfaces between the high level of
power system and low levels of protection,
measurement and control circuit in terms of
current and voltage. Whenever the value of
current or voltage becomes too high, these
instrument transformers are used in the system to
produce a proportional low value for a scaled
down replica to the secondary working circuit of
the system. The performance of the measuring
Metering
OUT PUT
ACC. CLASS
Vk (V) Min
20 to 40
0.5 Fs<5
-
I exc@Vk
(mA) Max
Rct at 75 0 C
Max*
Table-1
Protn.
Protn.
Special
Type
Type
20 to 40
5P
PS
600
to1200
10 to 25
-
2.5 to 5
2.5 to 5
3 FUNDAMENTALS ON CT
A current transformer s used with its primary
winding connected in series with the actual line
current flow of the power system. The primary
winding consists of a bar conductor or a
conductor with a very few turns and causes no
appreciable voltage drop across the winding. The
secondary winding has large number of turns, the
exact number being decided by the turns ratio of
the CT. The instruments/equipments like
indicating meters, relays etc are connected on the
secondary windings, which have very low
impedance circuit. So the secondary windings are
regarded as a circuit that works nearly with short
circuit condition.
4. CONNECTION PRINCIPLE
Polarity and connection
The primary and secondary terminals of the CT
are identified with polarity markings by the
symbols like (P1 and P2) for primary and (s1 and
s2) for secondary. It is marked with a common
convention that when primary current enters the
P1 terminal, secondary current leaves the s1
terminal to the load circuit. So primary P1
terminal corresponds to the secondary of s1
terminal. It is regarded as DOT convention. Its
significance is in showing the direction of current
flow relative to another current or to a voltage as
well as to aid in making the proper connection.
The same is explained in the Fig.-1
P1
P2
S1
Table-2
Connection Sequence
Primary
Secondary
(C1 + C2), (C3 + C4) S1 S2
(C5 + C6)
(P1 + C1),
(C2 + C3+ C4 + C5)
(P2 + C6)
(P1 + C1 + C3+ C5)
(P2 + C2 + C4+ C6)
S1 S2
S1 S2
Current
Ratio
Lowest
Ratio
( CTR1 )
Middle
Ratio
( 2 CTR1 )
Highest
Ratio
( 4CTR1 )
S2
S1
S2
S3
S4
Fig-3
Fig-1
CT Connection related to the Ratio
To obtain multi CT ratio in a common CT, the
winding s of the primary and secondary side are
controlled by different connections. These
connections are of three different types.
1. Ratio by primary control
2. Ratio by secondary control
3. Ratio by both side control
Ratio by primary control
By the connection of available primary windings in
different fashions like all in series or all in parallel
or combination of series and parallel, the ratios of
the CT are changed. The detail connections are
shown in Fig-2. The connection sequences are
described inTable-2
P1
C2
C1
C4
C3
C6
C5
P2
S2
S1
Fig-2
Table-3
Connection Sequence
Primary Secondary
P1-P2
S1 S2
P1-P2
S1 S3
P1-P2
S1 S4
Current Ratio
Lowest Ratio
( CTR1 )
Middle Ratio
( 2 CTR1 )
Highest Ratio
( 4CTR1 )
C2
C1
P2
S1
S2
Fig-4
S3
Table-4
Connection Sequence
Primary
Secondary
(C1 + C2)
S1 S2
(P1 + C1), (P2 + C2)
S1 S2
(C1 + C2)
S1 S3
S1 S3
Current Ratio
R phase
S1
Lowest Ratio
( CTR1 )
Middle Ratio
( 2 CTR1 )
Middle Ratio
( 2 CTR1 )
Highest Ratio
( 4CTR1 )
S2
Y phase
B phase
I1 I2 I3
Fig-5
IR
( IB-IR)
( IR-IY)
( IY-IB)
IB
IY
R phase
S2
S1
Y phase
B phase
IR = I , angle( 00 )
IY = I, angle (-1200)
IB = I, angle (1200)
IR+ IY+ IB= IN
I11 I21 I31
Fig-6
IB
IY
IR
( IR-IB)
IB
(IY-IR)
( IB-IY)
Fig-6-A
IY
C31
C51
R
Y
B
C71
Fig-7
Current in
m Amp.
61
62
60
120
105
104
62
Ref. from
Vector
Diagram
OA
OB
OC
BD=2OB
AB= 3OA
BC= 3OC
CD=OA
Remarks
O.K
O.K
O.K
Doubt?
Doubt?
Doubt?
O.K
O
C
B
Fig-7 A
Case Study No 2.
Situation/problem
In one 132/33 KV S/S the indicating instruments
(Wattmeter, ammeter etc) on 132 KV Incomer
feeder were recording erroneous readings.
Steps attempted.
During loading condition of the said feeder the
currents were measured in the metering core
circuit by means of clamp-on ammeter. The
results were obtained as follows in the table-6.
Table-6
Phase /
Wire No.
R ph. D11
Y ph. D31
B ph. D51
Neutral D71
D11+ D31
D31+ D51
D11+ D51
D71+ D11
D71+ D31
D71+ D51
Current
in m
Amp.
0
80
82
81
83
81
82
81
140
142
Ref. from
Vector
Diagram
OC
OE
OD=OC
OC
OD
OE
OD
OG= 3OC
OH= 3OE
Remarks
Doubt?
O.K
O.K
Doubt?
O.K
O.K
O.K
Doubt?
Doubt?
Doubt?
D11
Metering Core
P1
C2
C1
C4
C3
C6
C5
P2
Carbonized opening
Resulting CTR error.
D31
Y
B
D51
D71
E
Fig- 8
A
F
B
O
E
H
C
D
Fig- 8-A
Situation/problem
One 33 KV feeder was tripping on E/F relay
frequently for the load current more than
approximately 45 Amp. Line CTR = 200/1,
Setting of E/F PSM= 0.1
Steps attempted
Load current was restricted to 30 ampere for
measurement of secondary current in the Back up
core. The currents are measured and tabulated
as in Table-9
Current in
m Amp.
184
151
153
38
172
152
176
Case Study No 3.
Table-9
Phase /
Wire No.
R ph. C11
Y ph. C31
B ph. C51
E/F C71
C11+ C31
C31+ C51
C11+ C51
Fig- 10
Remarks
Doubt?
O.K
O.K
Doubt?
Doubt?
O.K
Doubt?
Situation/problem
One newly commissioned 220/132 KV Auto
transformer was tripping in REF relay for the
external fault on any 132 outgoing feeder.
HT CTR = 300/1, LT CTR=600/1.
Steps attempted
During load condition of the transformer, the
currents on various windings were measured. The
values were obtained as mentioned in Table 10.
Table-10
Phase / Wire
No.
HT R ph. C11
HT Y ph. C31
HT B ph. C51
HT E/F C71
REF circuit
Sec. NCT
Current in
m Amp.
450
454
455
18
21
12
Detail analysis
Remarks
O.K
O.K
O.K
O.K
Doubt?
O.K
R
Y
B
S1
S1
Diff. RELAY.
S1
S1
Aux. CT
HT
CT
Secondary
HT CTR= 300/1
Fig. 12
5.5.3 Analysis of Current flow.
For the above wrong connection, the current flow
in different circuits are explained below (Fig-13)
NCTR= 300/1
x
3x
REF RELAY
R
Fig. 11
Case Study No 5
5.5.1 Situation/problem
During stability test (Load balancing test) of a
132/11 KV transformer, the following currents
were obtained in differential circuit. Auxiliary CTs
are used on both side of the CT secondary
winding.
Phase
R phase
Y phase
B phase
x/2
x/2
1.5x
3x
3x
1.5x
IR0
Fig-13
5.5.4 Vector Analysis of Current flow.
The current on operating coils of the differential
relay are obtained due to the combination of
currents from both HT and LT side secondary
values. The values are analyzed in the table 11
Table-11
Phase HT side
R phase BA = 3x
( 300 )
Y phase DB = 3x
( - 900 )
B phase AD = 3x
0
( 150 )
LT side
AC=1.5x
( 1800 )
0
DE=1.5x
0
( 180 )
Operating coil
BC= DB/2
( - 900 )
DB = 3x
( - 900 )
EA= DB/2
0
( - 90 )
O
C
D
B
Fig- 14
7
8
7. CONCLUSION
The study of CT circuitry depends upon the
fundamental approach of the vector analysis of the
currents from three phase supply source.
Combination of the vector analysis and study of
the current value measurement in different circuits
provides the conclusive idea regarding the faults in
the system. The various case studies as described
above are the physical examples of the practical
Expected Faults
No Fault in the circuits
ANY ONE OF THE PHASE CT POLARITY
REVERSED
Y PHASE REVERSED
R PHASE REVERSED
B PHASE REVERSED
R PHASE PRIMARY SIDE OPEN