MODEL- TENSES

Model 1:
began
S + started
+ V-ing + ... ago S + have/ has + V3 / V-ed + for...
commenced
He began working in this factory five years ago He has worked in this factory five years ago
They have lived there for two years. They started living there two years ago
Model 2:
Began
in
S + started
+ V-ing + on (time) S + have/ has + V3 / V-ed + since...
commenced
at
They started playing games at 5 oclock. They have played games since 5 oclock.
We began learning English in 2005.
We have learned (learnt) English since 2005.
Model 3:
S + no longer + V + ( O/C/A)
S + used to + V + (O/C/A) S + V (not ) + (O/C/A) any more
S + often/ always V2 / V-ed + ( O/C/A)
He used to sleep in class. He no longer sleeps in class./ He doesnt sleep in class any more.
He usually ate in class when he was young. He used to eat in class when he was young.
Model 4:
S + have/ has not + V3/ V-ed + since/ for... It is + time...+ since S +V2/Ved...
I havent seen my farther since last month. Its one month since I (last) saw my father.
Tom and Marie have been keypals for two years. It is five years since Tom and Marie were
keypals.
Model 5:
S + have/ has (not) + V3 / V-ed...(before) Its the first time S + have/ has + V3/V-ed...
(never)
Jason hasnt met that man here before. Its the first time Jason has met that man here.
I have never read this book (before). Its the first time I have read this book.
Model 6:
S + have/ has not + V3/ed...+ since/ for ... S + last V2/Ved ... WHEN S +V2/ed
The last time + S +V2/ed + was...
I havent heard him since August. The last time I heard him was in August.
I havent seen him since I was a student. I last saw him when I was a student.
* Notes: Since 6 oclock at 6/ since August/ 2005
in August/ in 2005
Since Monday on Monday/ since last week a week ago.
Since + S + V... when S + V ...
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Model 7:
S + have/ has ( not) + V3/ed... for (time) It is (time) since S ( last) + V2/V-ed...
I havent seen her for three weeks. Its three weeks since I last saw her.
Jason has learned Vietnamese for two years. Its two years since Jason began to learn
Vietnamese.
* We can add began or started instead of last to verbs with progressive nature;
learn, study, work, lie, sit, stay, wait...
Model 8:
Hardly/ Scarcely had + Sa + V3/ed...
Sa + had hardly/ scarcely + V3/ed...

No sooner had + S1 + V3/ed...

Sa + had no sooner + V3/ed...

when Sb + V2/V ed + ...

when Sb + V2/ V ed + ...

than
than

Sb + V2 / V ed + ... .
Sb + V2/ V ed + ...

He had hardly seen me when he ran away. No sooner had he seen me than he ran away.
Scarcely had Jason sat down when the phone rang. Jason had no sooner sat down than the
phone rang.
Model 9:
be
S+

used to + V-ing/ N

get

be
S+

accustomed to + V-ing/ N

get

John is accustomed to swimming every day. John is used to swimming every day.
Model 10:
S + V2 + not ..... until S + V +.../ until + phrase

It was not until S + V...../ phrase... that S + V + ...

Emma didnt begin to read until she was ten. It was not until Emma was ten that she began to
read.
The carpenter didnt finish his work until Monday. It was not until Monday that the carpenter
finished his work.
Model 11:
S+ V + ( O/C/A) time...

It will take/ takes/ took + (O) + time + to V...

The flight to Paris lasts 12 hours. It takes 12 hours to fly to Paris.

They spent two hours solving this problem. It took them two hours to solve this problem.
Model 12:
After S + had +V3/ed..., S + V2/V-ed... After V-ing..., S + V2/V-ed...
After he had finished the book, he went to bed. After finishing the book, he went to bed.
(* S1 = S2)
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CU TRC VIT LI CU
1. S + be + adj + N = S + V + adv
2. S + V + adv = S + V + with + N
3. S + remember + to do Sth = S + dont forget + to do Sth
4. S + be + adj = What + a + adj + N!
5. S + V + adv = How + adj + S + be
6. S + V + adv = How + adv + S + V!
7. S + be + ing-adj = S + be +ed-adj
8. S + V = S + be + ed-adj
9. S + V + Khong thi gian = It + take + (sb) + Khong thi gian + to + V
10. S + be + too + adj + to + V = S + be + so + adj + that + S + cant + V
11. S + V + too + adv + to + V = S + V + so + adv + that + S + cant + V
12. S + be + so + adj + that + S + V = S + be + not + adj + enough + to + V
13. S + be + too + adj + to + V = S + be + not + adj + enough + to + V
14. S + V + so + adv + that + S + V = S + do/does/did + not + V + adv + enough + to + V
15. Because + clause = Because of + noun/gerund
16. Although + clause = In spite of + Nound/gerund
17. Although + clause = Despite + Nound/gerund
18. S + V + N = S + be + adj
19. S + be + adj = S + V + O
20. S + be accustomed to + Ving = S + be used to +Ving /N
21. S + often + V = S + be used to +Ving /N
22. This is the first time + S + have + PII = S+be + not used to + Ving/N
23. S + would prefer = S + would rather S + Past subjunctive
24. S + like ... better than ... = S + would ... than ...
25. S + prefer = S + would rather + V
26. S + V + O = S + find + it (unreal objective) + adj + to + V
27. Its ones duty to do sth = S + be + supposed to do sth
28. S + be + PII + to + V = S + be + supposed to do sth
29. Imperative verb (mnh lnh)= S + should (not) + be + PII
30. Imperative verb (mnh lnh)= S + should (not) + do sth