Systems of Linear Equations: An Introduction

Systems of Linear Equations:
An Introduction
y
6
2x y 1
5
4
(2, 3)
3
2
3 x 2 y 12
Systems of Equations
Recall that a system of two linear equations in two
variables may be written in the general form
ax by h
cx dy k
where a, b, c, d, h, and k are real numbers and neither
a and b nor c and d are both zero.
Recall that the graph of each equation in the system is a
straight line in the plane, so that geometrically, the
solution to the system is the point(s) of intersection of the
two straight lines L1 and L2, represented by the first and
second equations of the system.
Given the two straight lines L1 and L2, one and only one of
the following may occur:

1. L1 and L2 intersect at exactly one point.
y
L1
y1
Unique
solution
(x1, y1)
(x1, y1)
x1
x
L2

2. L1 and L2 are coincident.
y
L1, L2
Infinitely
many
solutions
x

3. L1 and L2 are parallel.
y
L1
L2
No
solution
Example:
A System of Equations With Exactly One Solution
Consider the system
2x y 1
3 x 2 y 12
Solving the first equation for y in terms of x, we obtain
y 2x 1
Substituting this expression for y into the second equation
yields
3x 2(2 x 1) 12
3x 4 x 2 12
7 x 14
x2
Example:
Finally, substituting this value of x into the expression for y
obtained earlier gives
y 2x 1
2(2) 1
3
Therefore, the unique solution of the system is given by
x = 2 and y = 3.
Example:
Geometrically, the two lines represented by the two
equations that make up the system intersect at the

point (2, 3):
y
6
2x y 1
5
4
(2, 3)
3
2
3x 2 y 12
Example:
A System of Equations With Infinitely Many Solutions
Consider the system
2x y 1
6x 3y 3
y 2x 1
yields
6 x 3(2 x 1) 3
6x 6x 3 3
00
which is a true statement.

This result follows from the fact that the second equation
is equivalent to the first.
Example:
Thus, any order pair of numbers (x, y) satisfying the
equation y = 2x 1 constitutes a solution to the system.

By assigning the value t to x, where t is any real number,
we find that y = 2t 1 and so the ordered pair (t, 2t 1)

is a solution to the system.
The variable t is called a parameter.
For example:
Setting t = 0, gives the point (0, 1) as a solution of the

system.
Setting t = 1, gives the point (1, 1) as another solution of
the system.
Example:
Since t represents any real number, there are infinitely
many solutions of the system.

Geometrically, the two equations in the system represent
the same line, and all solutions of the system are points
lying on the line:
y
6
5
2x y 1
6x 3y 3
3
2
1
Example:
A System of Equations That Has No Solution
Consider the system
2x y 1
6 x 3 y 12
y 2x 1
yields
6 x 3(2 x 1) 12
6 x 6 x 3 12
09
which is clearly impossible.

Thus, there is no solution to the system of equations.
Example:
A System of Equations That Has No Solution
To interpret the situation geometrically, cast both
equations in the slope-intercept form, obtaining

y = 2x 1 and y = 2x 4
which shows that the lines are parallel.
Graphically:
y
6
5
2x y 1
6 x 3 y 12
3
2
1
Systems of Linear Equations:

Unique Solutions
3x 2 y 8 z 9
2 x 2 y z 3
x 2 y 3z 8
3 2 8
1
2 2
1 2 3
3
8
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
4
1
The Gauss-Jordan Method

The Gauss-Jordan elimination method is a technique for
solving systems of linear equations of any size.

The operations of the Gauss-Jordan method are
1. Interchange any two equations.
2. Replace an equation by a nonzero constant multiple of
itself.
3. Replace an equation by the sum of that equation and a
constant multiple of any other equation.
Example
Solve the following system of equations:
2 x 4 y 6 z 22
3 x 8 y 5 z 27
x y 2z 2
Solution
First, we transform this system into an equivalent system
in which the coefficient of x in the first equation is 1:
2 x 4 y 6 z 22
3x 8 y 5 z 27
x y 2z 2
Multiply the
equation by 1/2
Example
2 x 4 y 6 z 22
3 x 8 y 5 z 27
x y 2z 2
Solution
First, we transform this system into an equivalent system
in which the coefficient of x in the first equation is 1:
x 2 y 3z 11
3 x 8 y 5 z 27
x y 2z 2
Multiply the first

equation by 1/2
Example
2 x 4 y 6 z 22
3 x 8 y 5 z 27
x y 2z 2
Solution
Next, we eliminate the variable x from all equations except
the first:
x 2 y 3z 11
3 x 8 y 5 z 27
x y 2z 2
Replace by the sum of

3 X the first equation
+ the second equation
Example
2 x 4 y 6 z 22
3 x 8 y 5 z 27
x y 2z 2
Solution
the first:
x 2 y 3z 11
2 y 4 z 6
x y 2z 2

3 the first equation
+ the second equation
Example
2 x 4 y 6 z 22
3 x 8 y 5 z 27
x y 2z 2
Solution
the first:
x 2 y 3z 11
2 y 4 z 6
x y 2z 2
Replace by the sum

of the first equation
+ the third equation
Example
2 x 4 y 6 z 22
3 x 8 y 5 z 27
x y 2z 2
Solution
the first:
x 2 y 3z 11
2 y 4 z 6
3 y 5 z 13
Replace by the sum

of the first equation
+ the third equation
Example
2 x 4 y 6 z 22
3 x 8 y 5 z 27
x y 2z 2
Solution
Then we transform so that the coefficient of y in the
second equation is 1:
x 2 y 3z 11
2 y 4 z 6
3 y 5 z 13
Multiply the second

equation by 1/2
Example
2 x 4 y 6 z 22
3 x 8 y 5 z 27
x y 2z 2
Solution
Then we transform so that the coefficient of y in the
second equation is 1:
x 2 y 3z 11
y 2 z 3
3 y 5 z 13
Multiply the second

equation by 1/2
Example
2 x 4 y 6 z 22
3 x 8 y 5 z 27
x y 2z 2
Solution
We now eliminate y from all equations except the second:
x 2 y 3z 11
y 2 z 3
3 y 5 z 13

the first equation +
(2) the second equation
Example
2 x 4 y 6 z 22
3 x 8 y 5 z 27
x y 2z 2
Solution
7 z 17
y 2 z 3
3 y 5z 13

Example
2 x 4 y 6 z 22
3 x 8 y 5 z 27
x y 2z 2
Solution
7 z 17
y 2 z 3
3 y 5z 13

the third equation +
Example
2 x 4 y 6 z 22
3 x 8 y 5 z 27
x y 2z 2
Solution
7 z 17
y 2 z 3
11z 22

the third equation +
Example
2 x 4 y 6 z 22
3 x 8 y 5 z 27
x y 2z 2
Solution
Now we transform so that the coefficient of z in the third
equation is 1:
7 z 17
y 2 z 3
11z 22
Multiply the third

equation by 1/11
Example
2 x 4 y 6 z 22
3 x 8 y 5 z 27
x y 2z 2
Solution
Now we transform so that the coefficient of z in the third
equation is 1:
7 z 17
y 2 z 3
z2
Multiply the third

equation by 1/11
Example
2 x 4 y 6 z 22
3 x 8 y 5 z 27
x y 2z 2
Solution
We now eliminate z from all equations except the third:
7 z 17
y 2 z 3
z2

(7) the third equation
Example
2 x 4 y 6 z 22
3 x 8 y 5 z 27
x y 2z 2
Solution
3
y 2 z 3
z2

(7) the third equation
Example
2 x 4 y 6 z 22
3 x 8 y 5 z 27
x y 2z 2
Solution
3
y 2 z 3
z2

the second equation +
2 the third equation
Example
2 x 4 y 6 z 22
3 x 8 y 5 z 27
x y 2z 2
Solution
x
y
1
z2

the second equation +
2 the third equation
Example
2 x 4 y 6 z 22
3 x 8 y 5 z 27
x y 2z 2
Solution
Thus, the solution to the system is x = 3, y = 1, and z = 2.
x
y
1
z2
Augmented Matrices
Matrices are rectangular arrays of numbers that can aid
us by eliminating the need to write the variables at each

step of the reduction.
For example, the system
2 x 4 y 6 z 22
3 x 8 y 5 z 27
x y 2z 2
may be represented by the augmented matrix
Coefficient
Matrix
2 4 6
3 8 5
1 1 2
22
27
2
Matrices and Gauss-Jordan

Every step in the Gauss-Jordan elimination method can be
expressed with matrices, rather than systems of equations,

thus simplifying the whole process:
Steps expressed as systems of equations:
2 x 4 y 6 z 22
3 x 8 y 5 z 27
x y 2z 2
Steps expressed as augmented matrices:
2 4 6
3 8 5
1 1 2
22
27
2


x 2 y 3z 11
3 x 8 y 5 z 27
x y 2z 2
1 2 3
3 8 5
1 1 2
11
27
2


x 2 y 3z 11
2 y 4 z 6
x y 2z 2
3
1 2
0 2 4
1 1 2
11
6
2


x 2 y 3z 11
2 y 4 z 6
3 y 5 z 13
3
1 2
0 2 4
0 3 5
11
6
13


x 2 y 3z 11
y 2 z 3
3 y 5 z 13
3
1 2
0 1 2
0 3 5
11
3
13


7 z 17
y 2 z 3
3 y 5z 13
1 0 7
0 1 2
0 3 5
17
3
13


7 z 17
y 2 z 3
11z 22
1 0 7
0 1 2
0 0 11
17
3
22


7 z 17
y 2 z 3
z2
1 0 7
0 1 2
0 0
1
17
3
2


y 2 z 3
z2
1 0 0
0 1 2
0 0
1
3
2


x
y
1
z2
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
1
2
Row Reduced Form

of the Matrix
Row-Reduced Form of a Matrix
Each row consisting entirely of zeros lies below all
rows having nonzero entries.

The first nonzero entry in each nonzero row is 1
(called a leading 1).
In any two successive (nonzero) rows, the leading 1
in the lower row lies to the right of the leading 1 in
the upper row.
If a column contains a leading 1, then the other
entries in that column are zeros.
Row Operations
1. Interchange any two rows.
2. Replace any row by a nonzero constant
multiple of itself.
3. Replace any row by the sum of that row
and a constant multiple of any other row.
Terminology for the

Gauss-Jordan Elimination Method
Unit Column
A column in a coefficient matrix is in unit form
if one of the entries in the column is a 1 and the
other entries are zeros.
Pivoting
The sequence of row operations that transforms
a given column in an augmented matrix into a
unit column.
Notation for Row Operations
Letting Ri denote the ith row of a matrix, we write
Operation 1: Ri Rj to mean:
Interchange row i with row j.
Operation 2: cRi to mean:
replace row i with c times row i.
Operation 3: Ri + aRj to mean:
Replace row i with the sum of row i
and a times row j.
Example
Pivot the matrix about the circled element
3 5 9
2
3
5
Solution
3 5 9
2
3
5
1
3
R1
1 53 3 R2 2 R1
5
2
3
5
1
3
3
1
0
1
3
The Gauss-Jordan Elimination Method

1. Write the augmented matrix corresponding to
the linear system.
2. Interchange rows, if necessary, to obtain an
augmented matrix in which the first entry in
the first row is nonzero. Then pivot the matrix
about this entry.
3. Interchange the second row with any row below
it, if necessary, to obtain an augmented matrix
in which the second entry in the second row is
nonzero. Pivot the matrix about this entry.
4. Continue until the final matrix is in rowreduced form.
Example
Use the Gauss-Jordan elimination method to solve the
system of equations
3x 2 y 8 z 9
2 x 2 y z 3
x 2 y 3z 8
Solution
3 2 8
1
2 2
1 2 3
3 R1 R2
8
Example
system of equations
3x 2 y 8 z 9
2 x 2 y z 3
x 2 y 3z 8
Solution
1 0 9 12
R2 2 R1
1 3 R1 R2
2 2
R R1
1 2 3 8 3
Example
system of equations
3x 2 y 8 z 9
2 x 2 y z 3
x 2 y 3z 8
Solution
9
1 0
0 2 19
0 2 12
12
R2 2 R1
27 R2 R3
R3 R1
Example
system of equations
3x 2 y 8 z 9
2 x 2 y z 3
x 2 y 3z 8
Solution
9
1 0
0 2 12
0 2 19
12
4 R2 R3
27 12 R2
Example
system of equations
3x 2 y 8 z 9
2 x 2 y z 3
x 2 y 3z 8
Solution
1 0 9
0 1 6
0 2 19
12
2 12 R2
27 R3 R2
Example
system of equations
3x 2 y 8 z 9
2 x 2 y z 3
x 2 y 3z 8
Solution
1 0 9
0 1 6
0 0 31
12
2 R3 R2
31 311 R3
Example
system of equations
3x 2 y 8 z 9
2 x 2 y z 3
x 2 y 3z 8
Solution
1 0 9
0 1 6
0 0
1
12
R1 9R3
2 1 R
31 3
1 R2 6R3
Example
system of equations
3x 2 y 8 z 9
2 x 2 y z 3
x 2 y 3z 8
Solution
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
4
1
R1 9R3
R2 6R3
Example
system of equations
3x 2 y 8 z 9
2 x 2 y z 3
x 2 y 3z 8
Solution
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
4
1
The solution to the system is thus x = 3, y = 4, and z = 1.

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Systems of Linear Equations: An Introduction

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Systems of Linear Equations:

variables may be written in the general form

the following may occur:

the following may occur:

the following may occur:

obtained earlier gives

equations that make up the system intersect at the

Solving the first equation for y in terms of x, we obtain

which is a true statement.

equation y = 2x 1 constitutes a solution to the system.

we find that y = 2t 1 and so the ordered pair (t, 2t 1)

Setting t = 0, gives the point (0, 1) as a solution of the

many solutions of the system.

Solving the first equation for y in terms of x, we obtain

which is clearly impossible.

equations in the slope-intercept form, obtaining

Systems of Linear Equations:

The Gauss-Jordan Method

solving systems of linear equations of any size.

Multiply the first

Replace by the sum of

+ the second equation

Replace by the sum of

Replace by the sum

Replace by the sum

Multiply the second

Multiply the second

Replace by the sum of

Replace by the sum of

Replace by the sum of

Replace by the sum of

Multiply the third

Multiply the third

Replace by the sum of

Replace by the sum of

Replace by the sum of

Replace by the sum of

us by eliminating the need to write the variables at each

Matrices and Gauss-Jordan

expressed with matrices, rather than systems of equations,

Matrices and Gauss-Jordan

expressed with matrices, rather than systems of equations,

Matrices and Gauss-Jordan

expressed with matrices, rather than systems of equations,

Matrices and Gauss-Jordan

expressed with matrices, rather than systems of equations,

Matrices and Gauss-Jordan

expressed with matrices, rather than systems of equations,

Matrices and Gauss-Jordan

expressed with matrices, rather than systems of equations,

Steps expressed as augmented matrices:

Matrices and Gauss-Jordan

expressed with matrices, rather than systems of equations,

Steps expressed as augmented matrices:

Matrices and Gauss-Jordan

expressed with matrices, rather than systems of equations,

Steps expressed as augmented matrices:

Matrices and Gauss-Jordan

expressed with matrices, rather than systems of equations,

Matrices and Gauss-Jordan

expressed with matrices, rather than systems of equations,

Steps expressed as augmented matrices:

Row Reduced Form