Centre

No.

Surname

Paper Reference

6 1 3 4

Candidate
No.

0 1

Initial(s)

Signature

Paper Reference(s)

6134/01

Examiners use only

Edexcel GCE

Team Leaders use only

Biology (Salters-Nuffield) (Pilot)

Advanced
Unit Test 4

Question Leave
Number Blank

Tuesday 20 June 2006 Morning

Time: 1 hour 15 minutes

1
2
3
4
5

Materials required for examination

Ruler
Calculator

Items included with question papers

Nil

Instructions to Candidates
In the boxes above, write your centre number, candidate number, your surname, initial(s) and
signature.
The paper reference is shown above. Check that you have the correct question paper.
Answer ALL SIX questions in the spaces provided in this booklet.
If you need to use additional answer sheets, attach them loosely but securely inside this booklet.
Show all the steps in any calculations and state the units. Calculators may be used.
Include diagrams in your answers where these are helpful.

Information for Candidates

The marks for individual questions and parts of questions are shown in round brackets: e.g. (2).
The total mark for this question paper is 60.

Advice to Candidates
You will be assessed on your ability to organise and present information, ideas, descriptions and
arguments clearly and logically, taking into account your use of grammar, punctuation and spelling.

Total
This publication may be reproduced only in accordance with
Edexcel Limited copyright policy.
2006 Edexcel Limited.
Printers Log. No.

N22422A
W850/R6134/57570 7/7/4/1100

Turn over

*N22422A0116*

BLANK PAGE

*N22422A0216*

Leave
blank

Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided

1.

Give the meaning of the following biological terms:

(a) allele
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) climax community
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c) abundance
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(2)

Q1

(Total 6 marks)

*N22422A0316*

Turn over

Leave
blank

2.

The diagram below shows energy flow measured during a study of a grassland ecosystem.
The values shown are kJ m2 year1 104. Values of energy lost through respiration (R)
and other means (L) are shown for some organisms. The biomass of the organisms in the
ecosystem remained unchanged during the study.
R= 2
6

Seed eating birds

L=3.7

R=3600
Grasses

44.4

R=12.5


0.07

Spiders

L=25.4

1980


Other
organisms

Grasshoppers

11.6

Field mice

(a) Name one primary consumer and one secondary consumer shown in this diagram.
Primary consumer .........................................................................................................
Secondary consumer .....................................................................................................
(2)
(b) (i) Calculate the gross primary productivity (GPP) for the grasses in this system.
Show your working.

.................................... kJ m2 year1 104

(2)
(ii) Describe how this figure could be used to calculate the net primary productivity
(NPP) of the grasses.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(1)

*N22422A0416*

Leave
blank

(c) (i) Calculate the percentage of the energy taken in by the grasshoppers that is
converted into new grasshopper biomass. Show your working.

Answer ..............................................
(3)
(ii) Give two ways in which energy is lost by the grasshoppers other than in
respiration.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(2)
(d) Use your calculated figures from parts (b)(i) and (c)(i) to explain why food chains are
of limited length.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(2)

Q2

(Total 12 marks)

*N22422A0516*

Turn over

Leave
blank

3.

The graphs below show changes in the quantities of an antibiotic used in a hospital and
the percentage of infections caused by bacteria resistant to the antibiotic over the same
time period.

14
Antibiotic used /
12
kg
10
8
6
4
2
0

87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94
Year

14
Resistance /
12
%
10
8
6
4
2
0

87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94
Year

(a) Explain how bacteria become resistant to antibiotics. Use the information in the
graphs to support your answer.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(6)

*N22422A0616*

Leave
blank

(b) Bacteria were grown on an agar plate and incubated with four different antibiotics.
The antibiotics were placed on paper discs. The resulting plate is shown in the
diagram below.

A

Paper
with
antibiotic

Areas with
no
bacteria

(i) Give one piece of evidence that suggests that antibiotic B is more effective at
killing these bacteria than antibiotic C.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Antibiotic C is a much larger molecule than antibiotic B. Explain why this
method might not be appropriate when comparing the effectiveness of antibiotics
B and C.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii) Antibiotic C acts by inhibiting the growth of bacterial cell walls. Antibiotic D
acts by interfering with the activity of bacterial ribosomes. Use this information
to explain why neither antibiotic would be effective against viruses.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(2)

Q3

(Total 11 marks)

*N22422A0716*

Turn over

Leave
blank

4.

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infection of the lungs caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium

tuberculosis. TB can often be overcome by the immune system. Macrophages destroy
the bacteria by phagocytosis.
(a) Explain how phagocytosis destroys bacteria.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) An investigation into infection with TB was carried out on mice with very few T
helper cells (CD4 depleted mice). The mice were infected with M. tuberculosis.
Some of the mice were injected with T helper cells taken from mice that were
immune to TB.
The diagram below summarises the experiment.

Result

CD4 depleted
mouse

CD4 depleted
mouse
T helper cells
injected

TB develops

No TB develops

Using the information above, explain:

(i) the role of T helper cells in the immune response.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(3)

*N22422A0816*

Leave
blank

(ii) the effects of HIV infection on the ability of humans to combat TB.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c) In a separate investigation, T helper cells infected with HIV were exposed to fluid
from the lung of a TB patient. This fluid contained chemicals secreted by
macrophages, which activate T helper cells. The results are shown in the table below.
Fluid taken from

Rate of HIV production

Healthy lung

No change

TB infected lung

Increased

Explain the results shown in the table above.

.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(d) Many people are now infected by both M. tuberculosis and HIV (co-infection). Use
the results of both studies above to suggest the effect of co-infection on the rate at
which each disease develops.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(3)

Q4

(Total 12 marks)

*N22422A0916*

Turn over

Leave
blank

5.

Following the introduction of DNA fingerprinting into forensic testing, many people have
been freed from prison as a result of new evidence provided by the technique.
(a) Give reasons why confidence in the new evidence was strong enough to enable the
release of these prisoners.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) Give one example of physical evidence that could be retained from the original
investigation and explain why the sample is suitable for a DNA test to be carried out.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c) Explain how the results of DNA fingerprinting could be used to find the identity of a
dead person.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(3)

10

*N22422A01016*

Leave
blank

(d) Give two other ways in which the identity of a dead person could be determined.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(2)

Q5

(Total 9 marks)

*N22422A01116*

11

Turn over

Leave
blank

6.

A study of mammals in West Africa has found that populations have decreased by up to
76% in 41 different species. Some species have become extinct in the area, reducing the
biodiversity.

Source: www.news.bbc.co.uk

(a) Explain why extinction of species reduces biodiversity.

.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) It is thought that this loss of biodiversity is an indirect result of European legislation
which limits fishing in European waters. Rather than lose their way of life, European
fishermen now fish off the West African coast, and this has reduced fish stocks
dramatically. The highest density of human populations in West Africa is along the
coast.
(i) Suggest one reason why fish stocks are important for the human population in
West Africa.
................................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Suggest reasons why changes in European legislation have had an effect on the
wild mammal populations of West Africa.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(2)
12

*N22422A01216*

Leave
blank

(c) With reference to the information given, describe the importance of considering
cultural issues when using legislation for conservation of organisms.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(d) Explain why local legislation is likely to be less effective than international
agreements for major conservation projects.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(3)

Q6

(Total 10 marks)
TOTAL FOR PAPER: 60 MARKS
END

*N22422A01316*

13

BLANK PAGE

14

*N22422A01416*

BLANK PAGE

*N22422A01516*

15

BLANK PAGE

16

*N22422A01616*