Trait theories assume certain measurable characteristics exist that are unique to leaders.

The trait approach to leadership assumes people are born with qualities that are stable across time and
situations, and which differentiate leaders from non-leaders. Wide range of demographic variables such
as age, gender, height, weight, and ethnicity, to name a few. They also looked at certain personality
characteristics

Factor Description
Emotional stability:
Emotional stability includes whether a person is calm vs anxious, self-satisfied vs self pitying,
secure vs. insecure, emotionally stable vs emotionally unstable
Extraversion:
Extraversion refers to whether a person is sociable vs reserved or assertive vs timid
Openness:
Openness refers to a persons approach to life whether they are independent vs Conforming,
broad-minded vs narrow-minded, creative vs practical
Agreeableness:
Agreeableness refers to how people get along with others whether they are warmhearted vs
ruthless, trusting vs distrusting, helpful vs uncooperative
Conscientiousness:
Conscientiousness refers to high vs low tolerance for risk, well organized vs disorganized, well
disciplined vs impulsive
Behavioral theory of leadership is not concerned with the traits or characteristics that make someone a
successful leader.
Interacting and relating to other human beings.
The task at hand, or the technical side of work.
Situational and contingency theories
Contingency leadership theories
Pathgoal theory of leadership: leaders motivate employees by helping them understand that their
needs and expectations can be fulfilled through the performance of their jobs. The better an employee
performs, the greater the need fulfillment.

Situational leadership modelemphasis on the subordinates readiness and

willingness to be led by others
Difference of transformational and charismatic leader:
Transactional leadership is effectively what good management is all about: the paperwork, the
budgeting, the scheduling, with a bit of psychological support and motivation of people thrown in for good
measure. However, transactional leaders do not cope well with major change and are not adept at
managing the change process. Charismatic leaders can create the impetus for change, but they can be
volatile and inconsistent and can be blinded by their own vision.

Full range leadership: full-range leadership styles, and it has been shown that they are
important in promoting knowledge management practices, such as sharing information,
organizational learning, and knowledge transfer are more likely to promote safety
behaviors in the workplace are more ethical in decision-making and behaviors

pg 229 Globe survey

Element of coaching