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l"><pkg:xmlData><w:document xmlns:ve="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/markup-c
ompatibility/2006" xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" xmlns:r="ht
tp://schemas.openxmlformats.org/officeDocument/2006/relationships" xmlns:m="http
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emas.microsoft.com/office/word/2006/wordml"><w:body><w:p w:rsidR="00657848" w:rs
idRDefault="00657848" w:rsidP="00657848"><w:r><w:t>Routinely there are thousands
of new laws created, each is unique and has its //raison dtre//, but we can make
generalizations on how they are formed.</w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p w:rsidR="00657848"
w:rsidRDefault="00657848" w:rsidP="00657848"/><w:p w:rsidR="00657848" w:rsidRPr
="00484153" w:rsidRDefault="00657848" w:rsidP="00657848"><w:pPr><w:rPr><w:b/><w:
bCs/></w:rPr></w:pPr><w:r w:rsidRPr="00484153"><w:rPr><w:b/><w:bCs/></w:rPr><w:t
>Perspectives on Lawmaking</w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p w:rsidR="00657848" w:rsidRDefau
lt="00657848" w:rsidP="00657848"><w:r><w:t>The Rationalistic Model</w:t></w:r></
w:p><w:p w:rsidR="00657848" w:rsidRDefault="00657848" w:rsidP="00657848"><w:r><w
:t>The rationalistic model(perspective) suggests that laws are created as ration
al means of protecting the members of society from social harm. It is the most a
ccepted but also the most unsophisticated theory of lawmaking. One of the princi
pal difficulties is that it is the lawmakers and powerful interest groups who de
fine what can be harmful to the public welfare.</w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p w:rsidR="0
0657848" w:rsidRDefault="00657848" w:rsidP="00657848"/><w:p w:rsidR="00657848" w
:rsidRDefault="00657848" w:rsidP="00657848"><w:r><w:t>The Functionalist View</w:
t></w:r></w:p><w:p w:rsidR="00657848" w:rsidRDefault="00657848" w:rsidP="0065784
8"><w:r><w:t xml:space="preserve">The functionalist view is concerned mainly wit
h how laws emerge. </w:t></w:r><w:proofErr w:type="spellStart"/><w:r><w:t>Bohann
an</w:t></w:r><w:proofErr w:type="spellEnd"/><w:r><w:t xml:space="preserve"> arg
ues that laws are a special kind of re-institutionalized custom. From this view, l
aws are passed because they represent the voice of the people; they are a crysta
llization of customs. It suggests that the failure in other institutional norms
encourages the re-institutionalization of the norms by the legal institution.</w
:t></w:r></w:p><w:p w:rsidR="00657848" w:rsidRDefault="00657848" w:rsidP="006578

48"/><w:p w:rsidR="00657848" w:rsidRDefault="00657848" w:rsidP="00657848"><w:r><

w:t>The Conflict Perspective</w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p w:rsidR="00657848" w:rsidRDef
ault="00657848" w:rsidP="00657848"><w:r><w:t xml:space="preserve">The conflict p
erspective cites </w:t></w:r><w:proofErr w:type="spellStart"/><w:r><w:t>dissensu
s</w:t></w:r><w:proofErr w:type="spellEnd"/><w:r><w:t>, unequal access to econom
ic goods, and the resulting structural cleavages of a society as the basic deter
minants of laws. The elite class, from which the origin of law is traced to, use
social control mechanisms such as laws to perpetuate their own advantageous pos
itions in society. Conflict theorists argue that the interest group(s) more clos
ely tied to the interests of the elite group would probably win the conflict.</w
:t></w:r></w:p><w:p w:rsidR="00657848" w:rsidRDefault="00657848" w:rsidP="006578
48"/><w:p w:rsidR="00657848" w:rsidRDefault="00657848" w:rsidP="00657848"><w:r><
w:t xml:space="preserve">The Moral </w:t></w:r><w:proofErr w:type="spellStart"/>
<w:r><w:t>Entepreneur</w:t></w:r><w:proofErr w:type="spellEnd"/><w:r><w:t xml:sp
ace="preserve"> Theory</w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p w:rsidR="00657848" w:rsidRDefault="
00657848" w:rsidP="00657848"><w:r><w:t>The moral entrepreneur theory attributes
the precipitation of key events to the presence of an enterprising individual or
group. The role of moral entrepreneurs in lawmaking is splendidly illustrated b
y Beckers study of the development of criminal law designed to repress the use of
marijuana. The Narcotics Bureau of the Treasury Department was unconcerned with
marijuana in its earlier years, and instead thought that opium was the real pro
blem. But shortly before 1934, the NB redefined marijuana as a serious problem.
As a consequence the agency acted as a moral entrepreneur, in that it attempted
to create a new definition of marijuana use as a social danger.</w:t></w:r></w:p
><w:p w:rsidR="00657848" w:rsidRDefault="00657848" w:rsidP="00657848"/><w:p w:rs
idR="00657848" w:rsidRPr="00484153" w:rsidRDefault="00657848" w:rsidP="00657848"
><w:pPr><w:rPr><w:b/><w:bCs/></w:rPr></w:pPr><w:r w:rsidRPr="00484153"><w:rPr><w
:b/><w:bCs/></w:rPr><w:t>Legislation</w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p w:rsidR="00657848" w:
rsidRDefault="00657848" w:rsidP="00657848"><w:r><w:t>The most important and obvi
ous task of legislative bodies is to make law. The verbal expression of a legal
rule or principle by a judge does not have the same degree of finality as the au
thoritative formulation of a legal proposition by a legislative body. Main funct
ion of legislative body is to decide disputes under a preexisting law and the la
w-creating function of judges is considered incidental to their primary function
of adjudication. Another difference between legislative and judicial lawmaking
is that judge-made law stems from the decision of actual controversies, whereas
legislation formulates rules in anticipation of cases. An opinion supporting a c
ourt decision is normally signed by the judge who wrote it; a statute carries no
signature. In general, legislators have much more freedom to make significant c
hanges and innovations in the law than do the courts. Judges deal with particula
r cases; legislators consider general problem areas with whore classes of relate
d situations. The probability to create a legislative law increases when (1) pow
erful interest groups mobilize their members to seek legislative action; (2) the
unorganized public becomes intensely concerned with an issue; and (3) there is
no pressure to maintain the status quo or opposition to the proposed legislation
.</w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p w:rsidR="00657848" w:rsidRDefault="00657848" w:rsidP="00
657848"/><w:p w:rsidR="00657848" w:rsidRDefault="00657848" w:rsidP="00657848"><w
:r><w:t>The dance of legislation (</w:t></w:r><w:proofErr w:type="spellStart"/><
w:r><w:t>lexoni</w:t></w:r><w:proofErr w:type="spellEnd"/><w:r><w:t xml:space="p
reserve"> </w:t></w:r><w:proofErr w:type="spellStart"/><w:r><w:t>nfaqe</w:t></w:r
><w:proofErr w:type="spellEnd"/><w:r><w:t xml:space="preserve"> 167 </w:t></w:r>
<w:proofErr w:type="spellStart"/><w:r><w:t>paragrafi</w:t></w:r><w:proofErr w:ty
pe="spellEnd"/><w:r><w:t xml:space="preserve"> i </w:t></w:r><w:proofErr w:type=
"spellStart"/><w:r><w:t>fundit</w:t></w:r><w:proofErr w:type="spellEnd"/><w:r><w
:t xml:space="preserve">, </w:t></w:r><w:proofErr w:type="spellStart"/><w:r><w:t
>mos</w:t></w:r><w:proofErr w:type="spellEnd"/><w:r><w:t xml:space="preserve"> <
/w:t></w:r><w:proofErr w:type="spellStart"/><w:r><w:t>ti</w:t></w:r><w:proofErr
w:type="spellEnd"/><w:r><w:t xml:space="preserve"> </w:t></w:r><w:proofErr w:typ
e="spellStart"/><w:r><w:t>pershkruj</w:t></w:r><w:proofErr w:type="spellEnd"/><w
:r><w:t xml:space="preserve"> </w:t></w:r><w:proofErr w:type="spellStart"/><w:r>

<w:t>tnjejtat</w:t></w:r><w:proofErr w:type="spellEnd"/><w:r><w:t xml:space="pres

erve"> </w:t></w:r><w:proofErr w:type="spellStart"/><w:r><w:t>sene</w:t></w:r><w
:proofErr w:type="spellEnd"/><w:r><w:t>)</w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p w:rsidR="00657848
" w:rsidRDefault="00657848" w:rsidP="00657848"/><w:p w:rsidR="00657848" w:rsidRP
r="00484153" w:rsidRDefault="00657848" w:rsidP="00657848"><w:pPr><w:rPr><w:b/><w
:bCs/></w:rPr></w:pPr><w:r w:rsidRPr="00484153"><w:rPr><w:b/><w:bCs/></w:rPr><w:
t>Administrative Lawmaking</w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p w:rsidR="00657848" w:rsidRDefau
lt="00657848" w:rsidP="00657848"><w:r><w:t>Administrative agencies engage in law
making through rulemaking through the adjudication of cases and controversies ar
ising under their jurisdiction.</w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p w:rsidR="00657848" w:rsidR
Default="00657848" w:rsidP="00657848"/><w:p w:rsidR="00657848" w:rsidRPr="004841
53" w:rsidRDefault="00657848" w:rsidP="00657848"><w:pPr><w:rPr><w:i/><w:iCs/></w
:rPr></w:pPr><w:r w:rsidRPr="00484153"><w:rPr><w:i/><w:iCs/></w:rPr><w:t>Adminis
trative Rulemaking</w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p w:rsidR="00657848" w:rsidRDefault="0065
7848" w:rsidP="00657848"><w:r><w:t>It refers to the establishment of prospecting
rules. A rule is a law made by an administrative agency. Through rulemaking, a
particular administrative agency legislates policy. Under the requirements of Fe
deral Administrative Procedure Act, general notice of proposed rulemaking must b
e published in the Federal Register. The notice must specify the location of the
proceedings, the legal authority under which the rules are being proposed, and
the substance of the proposed rules. The flexibility in rule-making procedures i
s much greater than in administrative adjudication.</w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p w:rsid
R="00657848" w:rsidRDefault="00657848" w:rsidP="00657848"/><w:p w:rsidR="0065784
8" w:rsidRPr="00484153" w:rsidRDefault="00657848" w:rsidP="00657848"><w:pPr><w:r
Pr><w:i/><w:iCs/></w:rPr></w:pPr><w:r w:rsidRPr="00484153"><w:rPr><w:i/><w:iCs/>
</w:rPr><w:t>Administrative Adjudication</w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p w:rsidR="00657848
" w:rsidRDefault="00657848" w:rsidP="00657848"><w:r><w:lastRenderedPageBreak/><w
:t>Administrative adjudication is the process by which an administrative agency
issues an order. Adjudication is the administrative equivalent of a judicial tri
al. It differs from rulemaking in that it applies only to a specific, limited nu
mber of parties involved in an individual case before the agency.</w:t></w:r></w
:p><w:p w:rsidR="00657848" w:rsidRDefault="00657848" w:rsidP="00657848"/><w:p w:
rsidR="00657848" w:rsidRPr="00484153" w:rsidRDefault="00657848" w:rsidP="0065784
8"><w:pPr><w:rPr><w:b/><w:bCs/></w:rPr></w:pPr><w:r w:rsidRPr="00484153"><w:rPr>
<w:b/><w:bCs/></w:rPr><w:t>Judicial Lawmaking</w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p w:rsidR="006
57848" w:rsidRDefault="00657848" w:rsidP="00657848"><w:r><w:t xml:space="preserv
e">In many instances, legislators and administrators are willing to let judges t
ake the heat for controversial actions, such as allowing or disallowing abortion
or ordering busing to desegregate schools. An increasing number of judges hold
the belief that law and the courts are the most appropriate and effective means
of redressing the perceived ills of our society. Courts have tended to move from
the byways onto the highways of policy making. Imperial Judiciary means the court
s now have more power, play such a great role in lawmaking, that they pose a thr
eat to the vitality of the political system a rather controversial position in a
cademic circles. Romantic judges follow their passions of do-gooding and use due pro
cess and equal protection to justify making law rather than interpreting it. How
ever, judicial activism is not without criticism. The role </w:t></w:r><w:proofE
rr w:type="spellStart"/><w:r><w:t>o</w:t></w:r><w:proofErr w:type="spellEnd"/><w
:r><w:t xml:space="preserve"> judges is to apply the law, and the policy-making
activities carried out by the Supreme Court in interpreting the Constitution in
view of social changes are considered an impermissible expansion of the powers g
ranted to the judicial branch.</w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p w:rsidR="00657848" w:rsidRD
efault="00657848" w:rsidP="00657848"><w:r><w:t xml:space="preserve">Adjudication
is focused. The typical question before the judge is simply: Does on party have
a right? Does the other have a duty? In contrast with admin and </w:t></w:r><w:
proofErr w:type="spellStart"/><w:r><w:t>legis</w:t></w:r><w:proofErr w:type="spe
llEnd"/><w:r><w:t xml:space="preserve"> which ask: What are the alternatives? Co
urts must act when litigants present their cases before them. A judgment cannot
be escaped.</w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p w:rsidR="00657848" w:rsidRDefault="00657848" w
:rsidP="00657848"/><w:p w:rsidR="00657848" w:rsidRPr="00484153" w:rsidRDefault="

00657848" w:rsidP="00657848"><w:pPr><w:rPr><w:i/><w:iCs/></w:rPr></w:pPr><w:r w:
rsidRPr="00484153"><w:rPr><w:i/><w:iCs/></w:rPr><w:t>Lawmaking by Precedents</w:
t></w:r></w:p><w:p w:rsidR="00657848" w:rsidRDefault="00657848" w:rsidP="0065784
8"><w:r><w:t xml:space="preserve">Judicial formulation of rules is based frequen
tly on the principle that judges should build on the precedents established by p
ast decisions, known as the doctrine of state </w:t></w:r><w:proofErr w:type="sp
ellStart"/><w:r><w:t>decisis</w:t></w:r><w:proofErr w:type="spellEnd"/><w:r><w:t
xml:space="preserve"> (stand by what has been decided), which is both expeditious
and deeply rooted common-law tradition. By contrast, civil law countries, such
as France and Germany, have codified legal system where the basic law is stated
in codes. In common-law countries judges base their decisions on case law, a bod
y of opinion developed by judges over time in the course of deciding particular
cases. It conforms the belief that like wrongs deserve like remedies and equal just
ice under the law. To make a decision or cases which have no precedents judges s
earch through law cases of similar cases that seem applicable. Through the selec
tion of appropriate and desirable analogies judges make law in such instances.</
w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p w:rsidR="00657848" w:rsidRDefault="00657848" w:rsidP="00657
848"/><w:p w:rsidR="00657848" w:rsidRPr="00484153" w:rsidRDefault="00657848" w:r
sidP="00657848"><w:pPr><w:rPr><w:i/><w:iCs/></w:rPr></w:pPr><w:r w:rsidRPr="0048
4153"><w:rPr><w:i/><w:iCs/></w:rPr><w:t>The Interpretation of Statutes</w:t></w:
r></w:p><w:p w:rsidR="00657848" w:rsidRDefault="00657848" w:rsidP="00657848"><w:
r><w:t xml:space="preserve">In interpreting statutes, judges determine the effec
ts of legislative decisions. For many, a legislative decree is not a law until e
nforced and interpreted by the courts. In the vast majority of cases involving t
he application of statutes, the courts have no trouble determining how to apply
the statute. In some cases, however, the intent of a legislature is ambiguous; s
ome statutes contain unintentional errors and ambiguities because of bad draftin
g of the law. An important reason for the lack of clarity in many instances is t
hat the proponents have not been able to foresee and provide for all future situ
ations, which provides the courts with the opportunity of lawmaking. </w:t></w:r
></w:p><w:p w:rsidR="00657848" w:rsidRPr="00484153" w:rsidRDefault="00657848" w:
rsidP="00657848"><w:pPr><w:rPr><w:i/><w:iCs/></w:rPr></w:pPr><w:r w:rsidRPr="004
84153"><w:rPr><w:i/><w:iCs/></w:rPr><w:t>The Interpretation of Constitutions</w:
t></w:r></w:p><w:p w:rsidR="00657848" w:rsidRDefault="00657848" w:rsidP="0065784
8"><w:r><w:t>In addition to the US congress that plays a major role in constitut
ional interpretation, the courts are regularly called upon to interpret the Cons
titution. Every controversial statute and a variety of controversial executive a
ctions are challenged in the courts on grounds of unconstitutionality. The oppor
tunities to interpret constitutional provisions arise more often in federal than
in state courts because the national Constitution is considered a more ambiguou
s in many of its key provisions. State constitutions are much more detailed docu
ments and leave much less room or judicial interpretations. When deciding on the
constitutionality of a government action, the courts have to decide what meanin
g they wish to give to the constitution and which social objectives to pursue.</
w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p w:rsidR="00657848" w:rsidRPr="00484153" w:rsidRDefault="006
57848" w:rsidP="00657848"><w:pPr><w:rPr><w:b/><w:bCs/></w:rPr></w:pPr><w:r w:rsi
dRPr="00484153"><w:rPr><w:b/><w:bCs/></w:rPr><w:t>Influences on The Lawmaking Pr
ocess</w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p w:rsidR="00657848" w:rsidRDefault="00657848" w:rsidP
="00657848"><w:r><w:t>Lawmaking is a complex and continuous process, and it exis
ts as a response to a number of social influences that operate in society which
cannot always be precisely determined, measured, or evaluated.</w:t></w:r></w:p>
<w:p w:rsidR="00657848" w:rsidRPr="00484153" w:rsidRDefault="00657848" w:rsidP="
00657848"><w:pPr><w:rPr><w:i/><w:iCs/></w:rPr></w:pPr><w:r w:rsidRPr="00484153">
<w:rPr><w:i/><w:iCs/></w:rPr><w:t>Interest Groups</w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p w:rsidR=
"00657848" w:rsidRDefault="00657848" w:rsidP="00657848"><w:r><w:t>The interest-g
roup thesis contends that laws are created because of the special interest of ce
rtain groups in the population. Law governing the use of alcohol, regulations co
ncerning sexual conduct, abortion bills, pure food and drug legislation, are all
documented instances of interest group activity. The nature of the interaction
between interest groups and lawmaking varies to an extent based on the branch of

the government. To reach the courts, a lawyer must be hired, formal proceedings
must be followed, and grievances must be expressed in legal terminology. To inf
luence the legislators, a group must be economically powerful or able to mobiliz
e a large number of voters. The principal techniques used by IG to influence cou
rts are: to bring conflicts to a courts attention by initiating test cases, to br
ing added info to the courts through amicus curiae (friend of the court) briefs,
ant to communicate with judges indirectly by placing info favorable to the grou
ps cause in legal and general periodicals. Interaction between interest groups an
d legislative and administrative lawmakers are more overtly political in nature.
</w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p w:rsidR="00657848" w:rsidRDefault="00657848" w:rsidP="006
57848"><w:r><w:t>A number of specific conditions can be identified the increase
the chances of influence. If there is only one perspective the chances to succee
d are higher than if there is an opposition. If the group decreases their disagr
eements, if they are very unified the chances of success increase. Same if the k
ey members of legislative bodies believe in the IGs position. Another factor is t
he visibility of the issue; if it is low (</w:t></w:r><w:proofErr w:type="spellS
tart"/><w:r><w:t>eg</w:t></w:r><w:proofErr w:type="spellEnd"/><w:r><w:t xml:spac
e="preserve"> they seek for a single amendment rather than entire pieces of legi
slation) the chances of succeeding increase, vice versa if the issue tends to at
tract the attention of the public chances tend to diminish. And interest groups
that support status quo have an advantage over groups trying to bring change.</w
:t></w:r></w:p><w:p w:rsidR="00657848" w:rsidRDefault="00657848" w:rsidP="006578
48"><w:r><w:t>In general, the effectiveness of IGs to influence lawmaking is rel
ated to such considerations as their financial and information resources, offens
ive or defensive positions, and the status of the group in the eye of the lawmak
ers.</w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p w:rsidR="00657848" w:rsidRPr="00484153" w:rsidRDefaul
t="00657848" w:rsidP="00657848"><w:pPr><w:rPr><w:i/><w:iCs/></w:rPr></w:pPr><w:r
w:rsidRPr="00484153"><w:rPr><w:i/><w:iCs/></w:rPr><w:t>Public Opinion</w:t></w:
r></w:p><w:p w:rsidR="00657848" w:rsidRDefault="00657848" w:rsidP="00657848"><w:
r><w:t>As a society becomes larger, more complex, and heterogeneous there is a l
ess direct correspondence between public opinion and law. The public opinion that
affects the law is like the economic power which makes the market. This is so in
2 essential regards: SOME people take enough interest in any particular commodi
ty to make their weight felt; second, there are some people who have more power
and wealth than others. At one end of the spectrum stand such figures as preside
nt of US; at the other, migrant laborers, babies, etc. lawmakers are aware that
some people are more equal than others because of money, talent, or choice. 100
wealthy, powerful constituents of an issue outweigh thousands of poor, weak cons
tituents, mildly in favor of it. These are known as the silent majority- the peopl
e that do not threaten, or write letters. Paradoxically this group matters only
when it breaks its silence. And there is another group of people which do not kn
ow a lot or do not care about the issue, leading lawmakers to be influenced by a
minority.</w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p w:rsidR="00657848" w:rsidRDefault="00657848" w:
rsidP="00657848"><w:r><w:t>Despite these, there are three types of influences on
the lawmaking process: direct, group, and indirect influences. Direct influence
s refer to constituent pressures that offer rewards or sanctions to lawmakers, l
ike votes on election or reelection campaign, financial assistance, and other fo
rms of pressure. Group influences are such are political parties and citizen act
ions which continually influence the lawmaking process. Public opinion in these
groups is represented by organization leaders. In the indirect influence the law
maker acts as an instructed delegate. The decisions made are on behalf of the desi
res of a particular constituency (</w:t></w:r><w:proofErr w:type="spellStart"/><
w:r><w:t>eg</w:t></w:r><w:proofErr w:type="spellEnd"/><w:r><w:t>, citizens livin
g near an airport which wants to expand its facilities.)</w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p w
:rsidR="00657848" w:rsidRDefault="00657848" w:rsidP="00657848"><w:r><w:t>Publicopinion polls seek to determine the aggregate view people hold in a community on
current important issues. It has been demonstrated that opinion polls clearly i
nfluence what lawmakers do, and the use of them is encouraged.</w:t></w:r></w:p>
<w:p w:rsidR="00657848" w:rsidRPr="00484153" w:rsidRDefault="00657848" w:rsidP="
00657848"><w:pPr><w:rPr><w:i/><w:iCs/></w:rPr></w:pPr><w:r w:rsidRPr="00484153">

<w:rPr><w:i/><w:iCs/></w:rPr><w:t>Lawmaking and Social Science</w:t></w:r></w:p>

<w:p w:rsidR="00657848" w:rsidRDefault="00657848" w:rsidP="00657848"><w:r><w:t x
ml:space="preserve">Lawmakers have long been aware of the contribution that soci
al scientists can make to the lawmaking process. In an era increasingly dominate
d by scientific and technical specialists, it is not surprising that lawmakers r
eflect the quest for specialization and expertise. They have used the collective
data of scientists to create and reconstruct laws in different areas. Social-sc
ience data may be collected and analyzed or academic purposes and later utilized
by one or more sides of a dispute. It may also be reactive in the sense that is
it initially requested by parties in a dispute. And it may be undertaken in a p
roactive fashion where a Social scientist may undertake an investigation with th
e anticipation of subsequent use </w:t></w:r><w:proofErr w:type="spellStart"/><w
:r><w:t>o</w:t></w:r><w:proofErr w:type="spellEnd"/><w:r><w:t xml:space="preserv
e"> the results by lawmakers.</w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p w:rsidR="00657848" w:rsidRDe
fault="00657848" w:rsidP="00657848"><w:r><w:t>Social-scientists also assist eith
er the court or the legislator in the preparation of background docs pertinent t
o a particular issue or serve on presidential commissions intended for policy re
commendations.</w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p w:rsidR="00657848" w:rsidRDefault="00657848
" w:rsidP="00657848"/><w:p w:rsidR="00657848" w:rsidRDefault="00657848" w:rsidP=
"00657848"><w:r><w:t xml:space="preserve">Daniel </w:t></w:r><w:proofErr w:type=
"spellStart"/><w:r><w:t>Patrik</w:t></w:r><w:proofErr w:type="spellEnd"/><w:r><w
:t xml:space="preserve"> Moynihan gives two reasons why </w:t></w:r><w:proofErr
w:type="spellStart"/><w:r><w:t>soc</w:t></w:r><w:proofErr w:type="spellEnd"/><w:
r><w:t xml:space="preserve">-scientists have been criticized for their involveme
nt in lawmaking. (1) Social science is basically concerned with the prediction o
f future events, whereas the purpose of law is to order them. (2) Social Science
is rarely dispassionate, and </w:t></w:r><w:proofErr w:type="spellStart"/><w:r>
<w:t>soc</w:t></w:r><w:proofErr w:type="spellEnd"/><w:r><w:t>-scientists are fre
quently caught up in the politics which their work necessarily involves.</w:t></
w:r></w:p><w:p w:rsidR="00657848" w:rsidRDefault="00657848" w:rsidP="00657848"/>
<w:p w:rsidR="00657848" w:rsidRPr="00484153" w:rsidRDefault="00657848" w:rsidP="
00657848"><w:pPr><w:rPr><w:b/><w:bCs/></w:rPr></w:pPr><w:r w:rsidRPr="00484153">
<w:rPr><w:b/><w:bCs/></w:rPr><w:t>Sources of Impetus for Law</w:t></w:r></w:p><w
:p w:rsidR="00657848" w:rsidRPr="00484153" w:rsidRDefault="00657848" w:rsidP="00
657848"><w:pPr><w:rPr><w:i/><w:iCs/></w:rPr></w:pPr><w:r w:rsidRPr="00484153"><w
:rPr><w:i/><w:iCs/></w:rPr><w:t>Detached Scholarly Diagnosis</w:t></w:r></w:p><w
:p w:rsidR="00657848" w:rsidRDefault="00657848" w:rsidP="00657848"><w:r><w:t>The
impetus for law may come from detached scholarly undertaking. Academicians may
consider a given practice or condition as detrimental in the context of existing
values and norms. They may communicate their diagnoses to their colleagues or t
o the general public through either scholarly or popular forms. In some cases, t
hey even carry the perceived injustice to the legislature in search of legal red
ress. (</w:t></w:r><w:proofErr w:type="spellStart"/><w:r><w:t>eg</w:t></w:r><w:p
roofErr w:type="spellEnd"/><w:r><w:t xml:space="preserve"> on pg. 184) </w:t></w
:r></w:p><w:p w:rsidR="00657848" w:rsidRDefault="00657848" w:rsidP="00657848"/><
w:p w:rsidR="00657848" w:rsidRPr="00484153" w:rsidRDefault="00657848" w:rsidP="0
0657848"><w:pPr><w:rPr><w:i/><w:iCs/></w:rPr></w:pPr><w:r w:rsidRPr="00484153"><
w:rPr><w:i/><w:iCs/></w:rPr><w:t>A Voice from the wilderness (</w:t></w:r><w:pro
ofErr w:type="spellStart"/><w:r w:rsidRPr="00484153"><w:rPr><w:i/><w:iCs/></w:rP
r><w:t>Vox</w:t></w:r><w:proofErr w:type="spellEnd"/><w:r w:rsidRPr="00484153"><
w:rPr><w:i/><w:iCs/></w:rPr><w:t xml:space="preserve"> </w:t></w:r><w:proofErr w
:type="spellStart"/><w:r w:rsidRPr="00484153"><w:rPr><w:i/><w:iCs/></w:rPr><w:t>
clamantis</w:t></w:r><w:proofErr w:type="spellEnd"/><w:r w:rsidRPr="00484153"><w
:rPr><w:i/><w:iCs/></w:rPr><w:t xml:space="preserve"> in </w:t></w:r><w:proofErr
w:type="spellStart"/><w:r w:rsidRPr="00484153"><w:rPr><w:i/><w:iCs/></w:rPr><w:
t>deserto</w:t></w:r><w:proofErr w:type="spellEnd"/><w:r w:rsidRPr="00484153"><w
:rPr><w:i/><w:iCs/></w:rPr><w:t>)</w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p w:rsidR="00657848" w:rsi
dRDefault="00657848" w:rsidP="00657848"><w:r><w:t xml:space="preserve">Through t
heir writings, many people outside of academe succeed, or even excel, in calling
public attention to a particular problem or social condition. The example of th

e novel The jungle by Upton Sinclair, where he writes about the quality of food in
the 20th century has provided an impetus for the passage </w:t></w:r><w:proofEr
r w:type="spellStart"/><w:r><w:t>o</w:t></w:r><w:proofErr w:type="spellEnd"/><w:
r><w:t xml:space="preserve"> the Pure Food and Meat Inspection Law in 1906 (pg.1
86). Another example is the book Unsafe at any Speed where the author shows the un
concern of vehicle manufacturers for safety, thus initiating a law on the issue.
</w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p w:rsidR="00657848" w:rsidRPr="00484153" w:rsidRDefault="0
0657848" w:rsidP="00657848"><w:pPr><w:rPr><w:i/><w:iCs/></w:rPr></w:pPr><w:r w:r
sidRPr="00484153"><w:rPr><w:i/><w:iCs/></w:rPr><w:t>Protest Activity</w:t></w:r>
</w:p><w:p w:rsidR="00657848" w:rsidRDefault="00657848" w:rsidP="00657848"><w:r>
<w:t>It involves demonstrations, sit-ins, strikes, boycotts, and more recently v
arious forms of electronic civil disobedience or </w:t></w:r><w:proofErr w:type="
spellStart"/><w:r><w:t>hacktivism</w:t></w:r><w:proofErr w:type="spellEnd"/><w:r
><w:t> that dramatically emphasize, often with the help of the media, a groups gri
evances or objectives. Often these strategies are used from those who are unable
or unwilling to engage in more conventional lawmaking, or who regard it useless
.</w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p w:rsidR="00657848" w:rsidRPr="00484153" w:rsidRDefault="
00657848" w:rsidP="00657848"><w:pPr><w:rPr><w:i/><w:iCs/></w:rPr></w:pPr><w:r w:
rsidRPr="00484153"><w:rPr><w:i/><w:iCs/></w:rPr><w:t>Social Movements</w:t></w:r
></w:p><w:p w:rsidR="00657848" w:rsidRDefault="00657848" w:rsidP="00657848"><w:r
><w:t>A social movement is a type of collective behavior whereby a group of indi
viduals organize to promote certain changes or alternations in certain types of
behavior or procedures. Invariably, the movement has specified stated objectives
, a hierarchical organizational structure, and a well-conceptualized and precise
change-oriented ideology. An example is legalization of abortion. It should be
pointed out that not all movements are successful in bringing about changes thro
ugh law. Those who have financial assets to support their effort to raise the pu
blic awareness have advantage over the others.</w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p w:rsidR="00
657848" w:rsidRPr="00484153" w:rsidRDefault="00657848" w:rsidP="00657848"><w:pPr
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" w:rsidRDefault="00657848" w:rsidP="00657848"><w:r><w:t xml:space="preserve">La
wmakers are fully cognizant of the fact that private interests are much better r
epresented than public interests. There are hundreds of organizations that prese
nt private interests on a full or part time basis. But the number of groups that
claim to represent public interests is quite small. These groups have been inst
rumental in the initiation </w:t></w:r><w:proofErr w:type="spellStart"/><w:r><w:
t>o</w:t></w:r><w:proofErr w:type="spellEnd"/><w:r><w:t xml:space="preserve"> a
series of changes in the law designed to benefit and protect the public.</w:t></
w:r></w:p><w:p w:rsidR="00657848" w:rsidRPr="00484153" w:rsidRDefault="00657848"
w:rsidP="00657848"><w:pPr><w:rPr><w:i/><w:iCs/></w:rPr></w:pPr><w:r w:rsidRPr="
00484153"><w:rPr><w:i/><w:iCs/></w:rPr><w:t>Mass Media</w:t></w:r></w:p><w:p w:r
sidR="00657848" w:rsidRDefault="00657848" w:rsidP="00657848"><w:r><w:t xml:space
="preserve">The mass media function in part as an interest group. Each component
of the mass media is a business, and like other businesses, it has a direct int
erest in various areas </w:t></w:r><w:proofErr w:type="spellStart"/><w:r><w:t>o<
/w:t></w:r><w:proofErr w:type="spellEnd"/><w:r><w:t xml:space="preserve"> public
policy. It also functions as conduits for others who would shape policy. They a
re able to generate widespread awareness and concern about events and conditions
, to bring matters before public so that they become problematic issues.</w:t></
w:r></w:p><w:p w:rsidR="006D37C0" w:rsidRDefault="00657848" w:rsidP="00657848"><
w:r><w:t xml:space="preserve">An indirect way by which the mass media can furnis
h an impetus for lawmaking is through the provision of a forum for </w:t></w:r><
w:proofErr w:type="spellStart"/><w:r><w:t>citizens</w:t></w:r><w:proofErr w:type
="spellEnd"/><w:r><w:t xml:space="preserve"> concerns.</w:t></w:r></w:p><w:sectP
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