A Transient Current Energy Based Adaptive

Single-Phase Reclosure Scheme for Transmission

Line Using Generalized Multi-resolution Morphological Gradient
Xiangning Lin, Haifeng Liu, Hanli Weng, Wenjun Lu, Pei Liu and Zhiqian Bo, IEEE Senior Member
Abstract 1 It is well known that most adaptive auto-reclosure
schemes are dependent on the voltages sampled from the transmission lines to distinguish between the transient faults and the
permanent faults, therefore the transforming characteristics or
required mounting position of the voltage transducer will limit the
applications of voltage based schemes. To overcome this disadvantage, a criterion of dual-window transient energy ratio (ER)
based on mode current to implement the adaptive auto-reclosure
of transmission lines is proposed in this paper. It is demonstrated
that the ER approaches to 1 during the steady state whereas it
increases greatly during at some moments, for instance, the fault
occurrence, breaker opening and closing, the existences of primary and secondary arcs, and arc extinguishing. Therefore, the
setting of the criterion is easy. To effectively extract the high frequency (HF) energy of the mode current, a novel concept of generalized multi-resolution morphological gradient (GMMG) is put
forward on the basis of multi-resolution morphological gradient
(MMG). The design of GMMG is more flexible and the relative
factors of the structure element can be regulated according to the
desirable effects. EMTP based simulation results show that the
GMMG based auto-reclosure scheme improves the reliability of
fault discrimination and is promising to be applied in the real
power systems.
Index Terms Transient Fault; Permanent Fault; Adaptive reclo-

sure; Dual-window energy ratio; Mathematical Morphology; Generalized multi-resolution morphological gradient.

I. INTRODUCTION
utoreclosure schemes applied to EHV systems have been
an effective method to improve the stability and synchronism of power systems. However the present
auto-reclosure technique normally employs a prescribed reclosure time, that is, the breaker is re-closed after a fixed period
following a tripping operation. Main problems with the conventional reclosure scheme are: (a) the risk of a fault restrike,
due to insufficient arc deionization time, (b) the risk of a second shock to the system in the case of a permanent fault, (c)
possibility of greater power oscillations. These problems could
threaten the system stability and reliability and cause expensive
damage. Therefore, a fault identification method, which can
distinguish between a permanent fault and a transient fault and
can determine when the secondary arc being extinguished, is
very important for improving the performance of the reclosure
techniques.

This work is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China

(50177011).
X. Lin, H. Liu, H. Weng, W. Lu, H. Liu and P. Liu are with the Department of
Electrical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
(HUST), Wuhan,430074, China (e-mail: linxiangning@hotmail.com;). Z. Bo is
with ARREVA T&D Protection & Control Ltd, Stafford, UK.

1-4244-0493-2/06/$20.00 2006 IEEE.

Ever since the concept of distinguishing between transient

and permanent faults using residual voltage was first raised [1],
there have been a number of approaches to address the subject.
The neural network based technique [2], whereby a control
logic system ascertains whether (or precisely when) to re-close
the breakers, employs a Neural Network by using sufficient
training examples from accurate simulation of fault situations;
a neural network topology is effected to recognize certain distinct features within the voltage signals (after the circuit
breaker opening), essentially to distinguish between a transient
and permanent fault. The Fast Fourier Transform approach [3]
is based on processing line terminal voltage and current.
Through spectral analysis the arc voltage has been estimated by
means of the Least Squares Technique. With the rapid development of modern protection technology [4], an attractive approach has recently been proposed in transient and permanent
fault identification based on the detection of fault-generated HF
voltage signals [5-6].
However, the requirement for the transforming characteristics or the required mounting position of the voltage transducer
inevitably limits the application of the above-mentioned techniques. Fortunately, it is reported that the chopping effect on
the voltage of the faulty phase due to the nonlinearity of arc can
be transmitted to the currents of healthy phases by virtue of the
mutual inductance of the transmission line[7]. Therefore, the
valuable information indicating the existence of arc, which is
included in the currents as well, can be utilized to implement
the adaptive auto-reclosure scheme. A new mode current based
detection method is proposed to distinguish between transient
and permanent fault. It is named "dual window transient energy
ratio" (DWTER). The DWTER is implemented with the HF
transient current that is formed by means of a novel algorithm,
named as generalized multi-resolution morphological gradient,
in this paper.
II. BASIC PRINCIPLE OF THE METHOD OF DWTER AND
THE LIMITATIONS OF CONVENTIONAL FILTER
A type of adaptive reclosure scheme based on the HF
voltage spectral energy is presented in [6]. In this scheme, a
band-pass filter is employed to capture the fault generated HF
transient signals of the sampled phase voltages as long as a
fault occurs. Then the spectral energy of HF signal is evaluated
with a moving time window of 10ms. A transient fault can be
then identified from a permanent fault by detecting the primary
arc that occurs when the fault is initiated. Further, the secondary arc, caused by the residual voltage of the faulty phase applied on arcing resistance, will be monitored to indicate when
the arc extinguishes steadily. The transmission line shall not be
re-closed until the arc extinguishes. Simulation tests show that

this scheme is sensitive and reliable. However, the scheme is

worth further improvement in addition to having the limitation
of voltage transducer. In this scheme, only a HF spectral energy
is employed to form the criterion. Therefore, it is difficult to set
the threshold of the spectral energy when the fault conditions
change. To overcome the above problem, a criterion named as
dual-window transient energy ratio (ER) based on mode current
is proposed, as described below. Besides, it should be pointed
out that in EHV systems there will always be arcing across
weakened insulation during the primary arc of a fault. Therefore it is not practical to differentiate between a permanent fault
and a transient fault by the presence or absence of an arc in the
primary fault. To overcome this problem, the final criterion
proposed by this paper is designed to monitor the secondary arc,
as described in section III. For the purpose of logic of the paper,
the basic principle of criterion is firstly introduced as below.
A. Basic principle of dual-window energy ratio
Firstly, three phase currents are sampled and transformed to
the mode 1 current, which can be given by
I mod e = I a 2I b + I c
(1)
A band-pass filter is secondly employed to capture the HF
signals. Then, two time-windows with various originations are
utilized to evaluate the spectral energy SE1(nT), SE2(nT) of
the HF signal respectively, as given by (2) and (3). Finally, a
energy ratio ER(nT) is evaluated by (4) and employed to
identify a transient fault from a permanent fault.

SE1( nT ) =

n + N1 1

I 2 ( k T )T

(2)

k =n

SE 2( nT ) =

n + N1 + N 2 1

I 2 ( k T )T

(3)

k = n + N1

ER( nT ) = SE 2( nT ) SE1( nT )

(4)

n=1,2,N-N1-N2
Where T is the sampling time interval, and N1 and N2 are the
lengths of the time-windows of SE1 and SE2. The choice of the
time-window length follows the criterion as below: Firstly, it
can make sure that ER has the steady output when the power
systems operate during steady state. Secondly, the length of the
time window should be less than the time interval of any two
neighboring singular outputs, which correspond to the arc features, of the mode 1 current. By means of this design, the ER
can focus on the intensive changes of the HF signal accurately.
Consequently, the ER output during a transient fault can be
evaluated as the successive pulses. In contrast, the ER output
during a permanent fault will appear as a flat line approximately except at the time of fault occurrence and breaker
opening. At present we are not able to determine the optimal
length of the time window in theory. In virtue of the sufficient
simulation tests, above requirements can be satisfied when N1
and N2 are both set to 1/8 power-frequency cycle. The design
of the time windows of SE1 and SE2 is shown in Fig.1.

SE2

{
{

SE1
N1

N2

Fig. 1. Diagram of the criterion using dual-window energy ratio

As seen in the following simulation tests, the ER is equal

to 1 approximately during the steady state of power systems. It
will be greatly larger than 1 during a short period when the
waveform of HF signal captured from the mode 1 current
changes acutely, which is related to some special system disturbances or abnormal operations, for instance, the fault occurrence, breaker opening and closing, the existences of primary
and secondary arcs, and arc extinction. Therefore, we can design the criterion as follows: It will be adequate to let the reliable coefficient of the criterion be 1.5. Then the threshold (TL)
should be 1.5. It will be demonstrated below that ER will be far
larger than TL at the time of fault occurrence, breaker opening
and the time of arc extinction for a transient fault. During the
period of primary and secondary arc existence ER is equably
intermittently larger than TL. For a permanent fault ER is far
larger than TL only at the time of fault occurrence and breaker
opening. In this case, ER will not exceed TL again during the
time interval between fault occurrence and breaker opening
once ER is below TL. Therefore, ER only exceeds TL for 2
times for a permanent fault. According to above analysis,
whether a fault is transient or permanent can be identified during the period between t1(fault occurrence) and t2(breaker
opening). ER exceeding TL more than 2 times indicates a transient fault, and ER exceeding TL only 2 times means a permanent one. In the event of a transient fault ER should be monitored continuously. The second arc shall not extinguish completely if ER is equably intermittently larger than TL, which
means that the fault is still in existence. Therefore, the breaker
should not be re-closed. Only when ER is below TL steadily
for a certain periods of time can the breaker be allowed to
re-close. It can be observed as below that the HF signal output
interval associated with waveform singularity due to arc existence is equal to half a cycle approximately, no matter during
the period of primary arc or secondary arc existence. Therefore,
the arc can be regarded as extinction when ER is below TL
steadily for half a cycle. In order to improve the reliability and
in view of requirement of reclosure, we suggest that the time
delay for the criterion taking effect should be set to one cycle.
B. Simulation analysis
U

340km
F

35GVA

5GVA

X1=0.2783/km

R 1=0.027/km

C1 =0.0127 F/km

X0 =0.6494/km

R0 =0.1948/km

C 0= 0.009 F/km

Fig.2 Simulation System Model

Using EMTP software, the simulation model of a typical

500kV transmission system is set up. The model system consists of two generators and a long transmission line. Generator
U is connected to generator T through a 500 kV, 340 km
transmission line as illustrated in Fig.2. The parameters of each
circuit of this transmission system are shown in Fig.2 as well.
The sampling frequency adopted by this algorithm is 10 kHz.
Studies in [8] show that the conventional current transformer
can adequately transform the high frequency component up to
100kHz. Accordingly, to satisfy the requirement of the proposed criterion, the required transforming frequency band only
is between power frequency and the high frequency up to
20kHz. Therefore, this criterion has no special requirement to

t3

0.05

0.1

0.15

Time,s
(a)

0.2

0.25

t3

t2

t1
0

0.05

0.1

Digital Level,A

0.15

Time,s
(b)

10

0.2

0.05

0.1

t3

t2

t1
0.05

0.1

Time,s
(c)

0.15

0.2

0.05

0.1

Time,s
(d)

0.15

0.2

(a)The three phase currents during a transient fault

(b)The mode current during a transient fault
(c)The HF output of the mode current modulated by a conventional filter
(d)ER for a transient fault
Fig. 3 The analysis of a transient fault occurred at 20-degree inception angle
200

-200

t2

t1
0

0.05

0.1

Time,s
(a)

0.15

0.2

0.25

200
0
-200

t2

t1
0

0.05

0.1

10

Time,s
(b)

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.15

0.2

0.25

-10

t2

t1
0

0.05

0.1

10

Time,s
(c)

5
Threshold

t2

t1
0

0.05

0.1

Time,s

0.15

0.2

(d)

(a)The three phase currents during a permanent fault

0.25

0.25

Time,s
(b)

0.15

0.2

0.25

Time,s
(c)

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.15

0.2

0.25

t2
0.05

0.1

Time,s
(d)

5
0
-5

-10

0.25

0.2

-1

t3 Threshold

t2

t1

10

5
0

x 10

t1

0.25

10

0.15

Current,A

0
-5

Energy Ratio ER

0.1

15

Current,A

0.05

-200
0

0.25

-10

Mode Current,A

-200
0

Time,s
(a)

Current,A

-200

Digital Level,A

0.1

200

200

Energy Ratio ER

0.05

Digital Level

Mode Current,A

t2

t1

-5000

200

0
-200

5000

Current,A

As seen, the HF noise level associated with fault is quite low

in the case of this low inception angle fault. In the case of a
permanent fault, ER is always steadily below TL except at the
moment of fault occurrence and breaker opening. As for a transient fault, the period during which ER is below TL continuously will not exceed 10ms in the event of arc existence.
Therefore, the discrimination result is satisfactory. However,
ER method cannot cope with the high inception angle fault on
basis of the HF signal modulated by conventional filter. In this
case, the discrimination margin between the arc energy and the
noise energy, mostly resulting from higher harmonic due to
fault occurrence or breaker opening, for a transient fault becomes ambiguous. Fig. 5 illustrates such a scenario.

Energy Ratio ER

Current,A

200

(b)The mode current during a permanent fault

(c)The HF output of the mode current modulated by a conventional filter
(c)ER for a permanent fault
Fig. 4 The analysis of a permanent fault occurred at 20-degree inception angle

Current,A

the current transformer.

TACS(transient analysis of control systems) integrated in the
EMTP software allows that a realistic nonlinear arc model can
be embodied into the simulation. An accurate representation of
the arc model is an essential requisite for the fundamental design of the technique since it is the nonlinear nature of the fault
arc which distorts the fault arc path voltage and which in turns
gives rise to the aforementioned high-frequency signals. The
arc model adopted in the simulation is essentially the one developed in [9]. The performance of the proposed scheme for the
following scenarios is illustrated in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4. Suppose
that an A-phase to ground fault occurs on the transmission line
at a distance of 140 km from substation M. A 20-degree inception angle fault occurs at 0.025s and the breaker opens at 0.06s.
Fig.3a and Fig.4a show the three phase currents of a transient
fault and a permanent fault respectively. Fig.3b and Fig.4b
present the mode currents of a transient fault and a permanent
fault respectively. The mode 1 currents are processed by butterworth 4-order IIR filter at 2kHz center frequency and 1kHz
bandwidth. The HF outputs are shown in Fig.3c and Fig.4c.
Correspondingly, the ERs are shown in Fig.3d and Fig.4d respectively.

t1

t2

0.05

t1
0
0

t2

0.1

10

Time,s
(e)

0.05

Threshold
0.1

Time,s
(f)

0.15

0.2

0.25

(a) Phase A current during the transient fault

(b) Phase B current during the transient fault
(c) Phase C current during the transient fault
(d)The mode current during the transient fault
(e)The HF output of the mode current modulated by a conventional filter
(f)ER for a transient fault
Fig. 5 The analysis of the transient fault occurred at 80-degree inception angle

As shown in Fig.5, during the period of fault existence and

post-tripping the higher harmonics noises appear too intensive
for the criterion to identify the arcs. The pulse outputs associated with secondary arc possibly cannot be detected even in 5
cycles after tripping. In this case, the condition of arc extinction
is satisfied and the breaker will be re-closed wrongly. It is because that the conventional filter cannot quench the HF signal
caused by the higher harmonics. In a sense, the task of designing an autoreclosure scheme turns to the design of the
high-quality filter to localize the HF signal output corresponding to the arc characteristics. As proved with the following investigations, the mathematical morphology (MM) based filter

is a recommendable choice.

g + ( x ) = ( 1 g + )( x ) ( 1 g + )( x )

(10)

III. GMMG BASED ADAPTIVE RECLOSURE SCHEME

g ( x ) = (1 g )( x ) (1 g )( x )

(11)

A. Fundamentals of mathematical morphology

The Mathematical morphology (MM) is nonlinear signal
transformation concerned with the shape of a waveform in time
domain rather than frequency [10]. Its main advantage is simple computation and parallel arithmetic. It is widely used in
signals and image process, mathematical filter, shape predigestion, sort and so on[11]. The morphological filtering technique
is to process signals by a function, known generally as the
structuring element (SE) or the structuring function in order to
capture signals, keep detail and reduce noises.
In MM, Dilation and erosion are two basic operations. Using
the umbra of a function, the binary MM operators can be extended to 1-dimension (1-D) and n- dimension (n-D) signals.
Here we only present the 1-D transform [12] which is given by
(5),(6).
( f g )( x ) = max{ f ( x y ) + g ( y )}
(5)
y

(f

g )( x ) = min{ f ( x + y ) g ( y )}
y

(6)

Where f(x) and g(x) denote a 1-D input signal and a SE (also a
signal) respectively and x D f , y Dg . (5) and (6) show
that these two operations, dilation and erosion, are the combinations of simple addition operations (both subtraction and
comparison can be regarded as addition operations). For a dilation or an erosion of f by a flat lines SE g, whose lengths are k
and m respectively, there would only be (m-1)(k-2m-2) addition
operations. All the operations in the proposed scheme in this
paper are based on these two operations, the computational
complexity, therefore, is quite low.
B. The theory and analysis of GMMG

g ( x ) = g + ( x ) + g ( x )

(12)

When = 1 , = f is the original input of the filter.

The scheme presents good performance on locating the head
of traveling wave [13]. However, the effect on capturing the
singular signal out of noises is not satisfactory. Our studies
demonstrate that the above design with the length of SE decreasing in dyadic way is not applicable for this application. It
is because that the fast decrease of SE length will result in low
efficiency of de-noise. On the other hand, the original length of
SE should not be too long. Otherwise it will not only yield unbalanced output during pre-fault period but also result in edge
effect when performing the multi-resolution operations. Actually, the length of SE decreasing in dyadic way should not be
the only criterion of multi-resolution morphological gradient. It
is also feasible for the length of SE to continuously decrease or
increase, keep identical, or decrease (increase) following a certain rule. The studies demonstrate that the target of detecting
the singular signal in the case of preserving the regularity of the
steady-state signal can be achieved as long as the inclusion
relation of SEs between two successive levels can be satisfied.
Therefore, a novel algorithm, which aims at detect the arc signal in the environment of intensive higher harmonics noises, is
designed and validated with the simulation tests. It is demonstrated that the MMG algorithm in the case of the length of the
SE increasing successively achieves the best performance in
this application. In our opinion, by means of this design we can
shorten the original length of SE so as to highlight the ability of
MG to detect the singularity of the signal. Compared with the
previous MMG design, the decomposing levels of this algorithm have more choices. Trading off among the several indexes like filtering performance, original length of SE and the
number of the decomposing levels, an optimal design can be
possibly obtained. This algorithm is named as GMMG in order
to discriminate from the MMG algorithm proposed in [13].
Actually, all designs of SE changing way for Multi-Resolution
Morphological Gradient discussed above can be concluded into
the concept of GMMG.
0

The basic morphological gradient (MG) is defined as the

arithmetic difference between the dilated and eroded function
f(x) by the elementary SE g. The definition of MG is given by:
GRAD ( f ) = ( f g )( x ) ( f g )( x )
(7)
It is clear that MG is affected by the size and origin of the SE.
Frequently, MG is used for edge detection in image and signal
C. Preliminary Simulation test validation
processing.
As pointed out above, in many cases, the arcing will also
With the purpose of extracting the ascending and descending
edges of the transient waves, the MMG is designed to have a continue with a permanent fault after the primary arc is extinguished. The reason is the insulation resistance will not usually
scalable flat lines SE, with different origins[13], defined as:
become zero instantaneously. In the case of insulator contami+
g = {g1 , g 2 ,..., g l1 , g l }
(8)
nation, or sagging of a line down to a tree, the permanent fault

g = {g1 , g 2 ,..., g l1 , g l }
(9) will have an arc across the reduced air insulation. Therefore it
is not practical to differentiate between a permanent fault and a
+
where g is the SE used for extracting the ascending edges and transient fault by the presence or absence of an arc in the primary fault. However, the characteristic due to the secondary
g is for the descending edges of the transient arc still exists after the faulty phase is isolated. Therefore, the
criterion can be designed to monitor the mode current after
1
waves, l = 2 l1 , where indicates the level of MMG to be
fault clearance. It means that a transient fault exists if ER is
processed, l1 is the primary length of g at level 1. The under- equably intermittently larger than TL in 2~3 cycles. Therefore,
+

lined samples, g , in g and g , show their origins. Based the breaker should not be re-closed. The fault can be regards as
a permanent one if ER is below TL steadily for 2~3 cycles after
on the definition of MG in (7) and scalable flat SE in (8) and breaker opens. After the fault is identified as a transient one,

the ER should be monitored continuously. The secondary arc

(9), the dyadic MMG g with level is defined as:

Digital Level

10
5

10

Digital Level

In the following simulation tests the original length of SE is

supposed as 2 and the analysis levels are 5. The output of the
HF signal modulated by GMMG and corresponding ER are
shown in Fig.6.

angle grounded through fault resistance of 300 using GMMG

0

t1

-10

Energy Ratio ER

can be regarded as extinction when ER is below TL steadily for

half a cycle. Then the breaker can be allowed to re-close.

t2
0.05

0.1 Time,s

-5

0.05

0.1 Time,s
(a)

0.2

0.25

Digital Level

t1
0

t3 Threshold

t2
0.05

0.1

0.15

Time,s
(b)

0.2

0.25

0.05

Threshold
0.1

Digital Level

10
0

t1
0

0.05

0.1

Energy Ratio ER

Time,s
(a)

0.15

0.2

0.25

Threshold
t2

t1
0

0.05

0.1

Time,s
(b)

0.15

0.2

0.25

(a)The HF output of the mode current modulated by GMMG

(b)ER for a permanent fault
Fig. 7 The analysis of the permanent fault occurred at 80-degree inception
angle using GMMG

Fig.6 shows that the GMMG can clearly localize the arc resulting in singularity. In the mean time the higher harmonics
can be restrained effectively. ERs associated with the chopping
effect of the arc are greater than 5, and at other periods ER is
equal to 1 steadily approximately even accompanied by intensive noises.
Fig.7 illustrates the simulation results of a permanent fault,
of which the fault conditions are identical to those of above
transient fault. From Fig.7 it is presented that ER is below TL
steadily except at the moments of fault occurrence and breaker
opening. It demonstrates that the scheme is reliable to identify
the permanent fault. A variety of simulations tests in the condition of different fault types and locations, etc are carried out to
validate this method. Several typical scenarios are given in
Fig.8~ Fig.10. Fig.8 illustrates the analytical results of a
high-impedance permanent fault. Fig.9 illustrates the analytical
results of a transient fault occurred on the transmission line at a
distance of 2 km from substation M. Fig.10 illustrates the analytical results of a high-impedance transient fault.
Digital Level

5
0

-5

Energy Ratio ER

0.25

t1
0

t2
0.05

0.1

Time,s
(a)

0.15

0.2

0.15

0.2

0.25

Threshold

t2

t1

0
0

0.05

0.1

t1

Time,s
(b)

t2
0.05

0.1

10

Time,s
(a)

0.15

0.2

0.15

0.2

0.25

t1

0
0

Threshold

t2
0.05

0.1

Time,s
(b)

0.25

(a) The HF output of the mode current modulated by GMMG

(b) ER for a transient fault
Fig. 10 The analysis of the transient fault occurred at 80-degree inception angle
grounded through fault resistance of 300 using GMMG

t2

10

Time,s
(b)

-1

(a)The HF output of the mode current modulated by GMMG

(b)ER for a transient fault
Fig. 6 The analysis of the transient fault occurred at 80-degree inception angle
using GMMG

-10

0.2

t2

t1

0
0

Energy Ratio ER

Energy Ratio ER

10

0.15

0.15

0.25

(a) The HF output of the mode current modulated by GMMG

(b) ER for a transient fault
Fig. 9 The analysis of the transient fault occurred at 80-degree inception angle
at 2km from substation M using GMMG

t3

t2

t1
0

0.2

-10

0.15

(a)

10

0.25

(a) The HF output of the mode current modulated by GMMG

(b) ER for a permanent fault
Fig. 8 The analysis of the permanent fault occurred at 80-degree inception

From Fig.8 to Fig. 10, the transient fault can always be identified from the permanent fault by means of the proposed criterion no matter how the fault location and fault resistance
change. In the event of the permanent fault, ER is always below TL during the period of fault existence no matter how the
fault conditions change. As for the transient fault, the change of
the fault location has minor impact on the criterion. In the event
of the high-impedance transient fault, the magnitude of HF
signal output of the mode current modulated by GMMG decreases compared with the general case. However, the change
of ER is minor, which demonstrates that this scheme is well
adaptive. As a consequence, the proposed adaptive
auto-reclosure scheme based on GMMG can identify arc signal
correctly and has higher reliability compared with the scheme
using conventional filter.
As for the scenario of the transmission line having shunt reactor and a neutral reactor, we set up a corresponding model as
shown in Fig.11. The undercompensation mode is adopted,
which leads to the parameters in Fig11. With this model, we
simulate a full process of the occurrence, isolation, and recovery of a transient fault which can be seen in Fig. 12.
According to the analysis in [14], the residual voltage of the
isolated phase consists of both the residual voltage coupled
with the sound phases and the free oscillation frequency component due to electromagnet induction capacitance and the
compensated reactors. Therefore, the compound residual voltage on the isolated phase will appear as a swing behavior. As
seen in Fig. 12, the swing frequency is about 10Hz. The above
characteristic concerning voltage can be reflected in the mode
current, which is shown in Fig. 13. However, in this condition,
the changes resulting from the secondary arc are far lower than
those due to the oscillation effect. As seen in Fig. 13 only the
changes corresponding to the phase change of oscillation can
be identified.
Therefore, the proposed criterion cannot be directly applied
to the transmission line with reactor compensation. This scenario should be investigated in more details.

35GVA

XL

XL
XL =1447

XN

[5] Z Q Bo, R K Aggarwal, A T Johns, "A New Approach to Transient and

Permanent Faults Identification Based on HF Transient", APSCOM-95, Proceedings of the International Conference on Advance in Power System Control,
Operation & Management, Hong Kong , 1995, pp189-192.

5GVA

XN

XN =444

X 1=0.2783/km

R 1=0.027/km

C 1=0.0127 F/km

X0=0.2783/km

R0 =0.1948/km

C0 = 0.009 F/km

[7] Chen Z., Lin X. Bo Z. etc, "Adaptive optimal reclosure using wavelet
transform analysis on fault transients", in Proceedings of Sixth International
Conference on Advances in Power System Control, Operation and Management - Proceedings, , Hong Kong , 2003 , vol. 1, pp. 268-273

Fig.11 Simulation System Model with shunt reactor compensation

[8] Redfern, M.A. Terry, S.C.; Robinson, F.V.P. et. al. The application of distribution system current transformers for high frequency transient based protection, IEE Conference Publication, Eighth IEE International Conference on
Developments in Power System Protection, Vol.1, 2004, pp. 108-111

U/kV

250
0

[9] A.T. Johns, R.K. Aggarwal, Y.H. Song. Improved techniques for modelling
fault arcs on faulted EHV transmission systems, IEE Proc-Gener, Transm.
Distrib, Vol.141, No.2, 1994, pp. 282-289

-250

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Time,s

Fig. 12 The faulty phase voltage when a transient fault occurring, being isolated and recovering on a transmission line with shunt reactor compensation

Energy Ratio ER

[6] Z Q Bo, R K Aggarwal, A T Johns, etc., "A New Concept in Transmission

Line Reclosure Using HF Fault Transients", IEE Proc-Gener. Transm. Distrib.,
Part C, Vol.144, No.5 pp1-6, 1997.

2000

1000

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Time,s

[10] P. Sun, J. F. Zhang, D. J. Zhang, and Q. H. Wu, "Morphological identification of transformer magnetizing inrush current," Inst. Elect. Eng. Electron.
Lett., vol. 38, No. 9, 2002, pp. 437-438,.
[11] J. Serra, Image analysis and mathematical morphology, London: Academic, 1982.
[12] D. Wang and D. C. He, "Fast implementation of 1-D grayscale morphological filters," IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I, vol. 41, No. 9, pp. 634-636, 1994
[13] D. Zhang, Q. Li, J. Zhang, et al. Improving the accuracy of single-ended
transient fault locators using mathematical morphology, IEEE/CSEE International Conference on Power System Technology, Kunming, China, 2002 pp.
1456-1459.
[14] Li Bin, Li Yong-li, Sheng Kun, et al. The study on single-pole adaptive
reclosure of EHV transmission lines with the shunt reactor, Proceedings of
CSEE, Vol.24, No.5, 2004, pp. 52-56.

Fig. 13 The ER evaluated by GMMG of the mode current of the fault in Fig. 12

BIOGRAPHIES
V. CONCLUSION
The adaptive reclosure technique is of importance for improving the stability of power systems. The key point lies with
the identification of transient fault from permanent fault. A
criterion of DWTER based on the mode current is proposed in
this paper. The redundancy of setting of the criterion can be
improved compared with the criterion of single-window transient voltages energy. And the requirement on the transducer
can be lowered by means of this scheme. To effectively extract
the HF energy of the mode current, a novel concept of GMMG
is put forward. EMTP based simulation results show that the
GMMG based auto-reclosure scheme improves the discrimination reliability of the transient current based criterion.
REFERENCES
[1] Y Z Ge, F H Sui, Y Xiao, "Prediction Methods for Preventing Single-phase
Reclosing on Permanent Fault", IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol.4,
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single-pole autoreclosure technique for EHV transmission systems", IEE
Proc-Gener. Transm. Distrib., Vol.141, No.2, 1994, pp243-250
[3] M B Djuric, V V Terzija, "A New Approach to the Arcing Faults Detection
for Fast Autoreclsoure in transmission Systems", IEEE Transaction on Power
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pp1345-1352.

Xiangning Lin received a Master and a Ph.D degree from the Huazhong University of Science & Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China in 1996 and 1999
respectively in the Electrical Engineering. He is currently an associated professor in Huazhong University of Science and Technology. His research interests are modern signal processing and its applications in the power systems,
power system protective relaying and control.
Haifeng Liu received a Bachelor degree from the Hohai University, Nanjing,
China in 2003 in the Electrical Engineering. He is currently pursuing his Master degree in Huazhong University of Science and Technology. His research
interests are power system protective relaying and control.
Hanli Weng received a Bachelor degree from the Huazhong University of
Science & Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China in 2002 in the Electrical Engineering. She is currently pursuing his Ph. D degree in Huazhong University of
Science and Technology. Her research interests are power system protective
relaying and control.
Wenjun Lu received a Bachelor and a Master degree from the Hunan University, Changsha, China in 1993 and 1996 respectively in the Electrical Engineering. He is currently pursuing his Ph. Ddegree in Huazhong University of
Science and Technology. His research interests are power system protective
relaying and control.
Pei Liu received M.S. from HUST in China. She is presently a professor at the
department of Electrical Power Engineering in HUST. Her research interests
include digital protection relaying, power quality analysis and wavelet applications in power systems.
Zhiqian BO (M'92. SM'95) received BSc degree from the Northeastern University, China and PhD degree Thc Queen's University of Belfast, UK. From
1989 to 1997, he worked at the Power System Group at the University of Bath.
During this time he published numerous papers and contributed to significant
innovations in the field. Presently, he is with ARREVA T&D Protection &
Control Ltd. His main research interests are power system protection and control.