Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Assessing
Environmental Impacts
What is Environment ?
Set of physical, chemical and biological
systems and its relationships, and of
economic, social and cultural factors with
direct and indirect, immediate or mediate
effects on living systems and humans
quality of life.
Range of interests
.....
Benefits of EIA
EIA Evolution
Currently: EIA in the sustainability
context
1995
Integrated assessment
1990
Sustainability paradigm
1985
Process and procedural
reconception
1980
Social dimension incorporated
1975
Methodological development
1970
Pre-EIA
8
10
Project cycle
Initial Environmental
Examination (IEE)
Screening
Scoping/
Terms of
Reference
EIA
Review
IEE
Review
EIA
Required
EIA Not
Required
EIA
Approved
Decision
Making
Monitoring
EIA Not
Approved
Evaluate
Options
12
a system.
it is the form of organizing
and managing a process
Environment is
broadly interpreted:
physical, biological,
and social.
In EIA, the term
impacts is used
instead of effects
of activities.
What is an
impact?
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Influence of impact
The impact of an activity
is a deviation (a change)
from the baseline
situation that is caused
by the activity.
The baseline
situation is the
existing
environmental
situation or
condition in the
absence of the
activity.
The baseline
situation is a key
concept in EIA.
More
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Water
Soils
Fauna
Populations, habitat
Special
Key species
ecosystems
16
Water table
time
This chart of
groundwater levels
shows both variability
and a trend over time.
18
Intensity
Direction
Spatial extent
Duration
Frequency
Reversibility
Probability
Classification of impacts
20
Specifically,
! It is ESSENTIAL in EIA to
focus on the most
significant impacts.
Dont waste effort & time
analyzing and discussing
impacts that are less
important.
21
What is an activity?
We are discussing the impacts of activities.
What are activities?
An activity is:
a desired
accomplishment or
output
Accomplishing an activity
requires a set of actions
ACTIVITY:
ACTIONS:
market access
road
rehabilitation
Initial Environmental
Examination (IEE)
Screening
Scoping/
Terms of
Reference
EIA
Review
IEE
Review
EIA
Required
EIA Not
Required
EIA
Approved
Decision
Making
Monitoring
EIA Not
Approved
Evaluate
Options
23
Phase II:
Full EIA study
(if needed)
Scope
Evaluate baseline situation
Identify & choose alternatives
Identify and characterize potential
impacts of proposed activity and
each alternative
Develop mitigation and monitoring
Communicate and document
Our focus!
24
Screen the
activity
Based on the
nature of the
activity what
level of
environmental
review is
indicated?
Conduct a
Preliminary
Assessment
ACTIVITY IS
OF MODERATE
OR UNKNOWN
RISK
ACTIVITY IS LOW
RISK (Of its nature,
very unlikely to have
significant adverse
impacts)
A rapid,
simplified EIA
study using
simple tools
IEE
Phase I
SIGNIFICANT
ADVERSE IMPACTS
POSSIBLE
Phase II
BEGIN
FULL EIA
STUDY
SIGNIFICANT
ADVERSE
IMPACTS
VERY UNLIKELY
STOP the
EIA
process
ACTIVITY IS HIGH
RISK (Of its nature,
likely to have significant
adverse impacts)
25
Screen the
activity
Based on the
nature of the
activity what
level of
environmental
review is
indicated?
Conduct a
Preliminary
Assessment
ACTIVITY IS
OF MODERATE
OR UNKNOWN
RISK
ACTIVITY IS LOW
RISK (Of its nature,
very unlikely to have
significant adverse
impacts)
A rapid,
simplified EIA
study using
simple tools
(e.g. the USAID
IEE)
Phase I
SIGNIFICANT
ADVERSE IMPACTS
POSSIBLE
Phase II
BEGIN
FULL EIA
STUDY
SIGNIFICANT
ADVERSE
IMPACTS
VERY UNLIKELY
STOP the
EIA
process
ACTIVITY IS HIGH
RISK (Of its nature,
likely to have significant
adverse impacts)
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If we dont
understand it,
we cant
assess it!
increasing access to
Is a D.O.
markets
What is being
proposed?
Oops. I
forgot about
the borrow
pit.
ASSOCIATED ACTIONS:
Survey
negotiate land tenure
construct borrow pit
establish construction camp
construct temporary diversion
structure
dispose of soil, debris
28
Conduct a
Preliminary
Assessment
Screen the
activity
Based on the
nature of the
activity what
level of
environmental
review is
indicated?
ACTIVITY IS
OF MODERATE
OR UNKNOWN
RISK
ACTIVITY IS LOW
RISK (Of its nature,
very unlikely to have
significant adverse
impacts)
A rapid,
simplified EIA
study using
simple tools
(e.g. the USAID
IEE)
Phase I
SIGNIFICANT
ADVERSE IMPACTS
POSSIBLE
Phase II
BEGIN
FULL EIA
STUDY
SIGNIFICANT
ADVERSE
IMPACTS
VERY UNLIKELY
STOP the
EIA
process
ACTIVITY IS HIGH
RISK (Of its nature,
likely to have significant
adverse impacts)
29
Based on the
nature of the
activity, what level
of environmental
analysis is
indicated?
Based on the
nature of the
activity, what level
of environmental
analysis is
indicated?
MODERATE OR
UNKNOWN RISK
Do preliminary
assessment
The outcome of the screening
process determines the next
step in the EIA process
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Screen the
activity
Based on the
nature of the
activity what
level of
environmental
review is
indicated?
Conduct a
Preliminary
Assessment
ACTIVITY IS
OF MODERATE
OR UNKNOWN
RISK
ACTIVITY IS LOW
RISK (Of its nature,
very unlikely to have
significant adverse
impacts)
A rapid,
simplified EIA
study using
simple tools
IEE
Phase I
SIGNIFICANT
ADVERSE IMPACTS
POSSIBLE
Phase II
BEGIN
FULL EIA
STUDY
SIGNIFICANT
ADVERSE
IMPACTS
VERY UNLIKELY
STOP the
EIA
process
ACTIVITY IS HIGH
RISK (Of its nature,
likely to have significant
adverse impacts)
33
Screening determines
whether the
preliminary
assessment is
necessary
35
What is mitigation?
Mitigation is. . .
The implementation of
measures designed to
reduce the undesirable
effects of a proposed action
on the environment
36
To arrive at findings:
Identify, Predict and Judge
Arriving at the FINDINGS in a preliminary
assessment requires 3 steps:
Identify potential
impacts
Predict potential
impacts
Judge the
significance of
potential impacts
Subsequent modules. . .
Present tools to
assist in identifying
& predicting impacts
Discuss the factors
involved in judging
significance
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2. Obtain Information
3. Effects Classification/
Identification of Significant
Environmental Issues (SEIs)
(Review Alternatives/Develop
Environmental Management Plans
and Protection Measures)
YES
NO
Identification of Potential
Significant Issues
1.
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Matrices
Sectoral
Project type
Checklists
Professional expertise and experience with similar
project types
Combination of techniques
42
Insignificant Impact
Potential Damages:
1. Impairment of Other Beneficial
Water Uses
2. Social Inequities
3. Loss of these Values
4. Loss of these Values
5. Conflicts with Other Beneficial
Water Uses
6. Hazard to Plant Operations
7. Intensification of Problems of
Pollution Control
44
Considerations in Determining
Potential Effects
Impacts to:
individual VECs
entire site (i.e., impacts to all VECs combined)
cumulative impacts to the area (i.e., considering
other existing and planned projects)
Impacts from all phases of the project (i.e., construction,
operation, decommissioning)
Impacts on different time-scales
Impacts from different orders of impact
45
Initial Environmental
Examination (IEE)
Screening
IEE
Review
EIA
Required
Scoping/
Terms of
Reference
EIA Not
Required
Full-Scale
EIA
EIA
Approved
EIA
Review
Decision
Making
Monitoring
EIA Not
Approved
Evaluate
Options
46
We only proceed to
Phase II of the EIA
process
if
Phase I indicates that
a FULL EIA STUDY
is required
Most small-scale activities
do not require a full EIA
study!
47
Analysis of environmental
impacts is much more
detailed
Alternatives* must be
formally defined. The impacts
of each alternative must be
identified & evaluated, and
the results compared.
1. Background (Development
objective, list of activities)
2. Description of the baseline
situation
3. Evaluation of potential
environmental impacts
4. Mitigation & monitoring
5. Recommended Findings
49
50
Regulatory agencies/
Review
authorities
Communities (men & women)
Civil society
Broad-based
public
Private Sector
51
Honest
52
Screening
IEE
Review
Scoping/
Terms of
Reference
EIA
Required
EIA Not
Required
Full-Scale
EIA
EIA
Review
Decision
Making
EIA
Approved
EIA Not
Approved
Evaluate
Options
Monitoring
Initial Environmental
Examination (IEE)
Screening
IEE
Review
EIA
Required
Scoping/
Terms of
Reference
EIA Not
Required
Full-Scale
EIA
EIA
Approved
EIA
Review
Decision
Making
Monitoring
EIA Not
Approved
Evaluate
Options
56
Initial Environmental
Examination (IEE)
Screening
Scoping/
Terms of
Reference
EIA
Review
IEE
Review
EIA
Required
EIA Not
Required
EIA
Approved
Decision
Making
Monitoring
EIA Not
Approved
Evaluate
Options
57