9 Reservoir Sizing PDF

Reservoir Sizing
Water stored in reservoir, lakes and stream are most

important source of fresh water supply
If river discharges were constant in time, surface water
resources is simple, no reservoir required
Unfortunate, river flow are stochastic in nature and
variable with time
Two extreme condition occurs
High flow caused flood
Low flow caused water shortage (drought)
ERT 246 Hydrology and Water

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The practical problem

A water supply,
irrigation or
hydroelectric project
drawing from river
may unable to satisfy
the demands during
low flow
Therefore, the main
function of a reservoir
is to stabilize the flow
of water especially
during dry spell
Streamflow, Q(t)
Diverted
(Demand Area)
Reservoir
(with storage
Capacity, C)

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Spill
Reservoir defined
Impoundment of
surface water across a
river
Storage capacity
estimated from the
area-elevation curve
(topography)
Various zones of
storage in a reservoir
Spillway crest
M
D
Stream Bed
Sluiceway
D: dead storage M: minimum pool level
U: Useful storage S: surcharge storage
N: Normal pool level

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Reservoir/Dam from the sky

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SEMENYIH DAM, SELANGOR

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dh
PROPOSED DAM SITE
The topo map

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Storage capacity of a reservoir

Storage capacity of a reservoir is
estimated using topographic map of the
reservoir site
S = {(Ai+1 + A i)/2}* (dh)
S i+1 = Si + S
S i+1 = Si + (A i+1 + Ai) dh/2
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At cSt
1000000
800000
600000
At aSt b
400000
200000
0
525
530
535
540
545
550
555
560
Ke tinggian Pugak (m )
h (m)
7000000
S (m3)
Storage Takungan (m3)
A (m2)
Keluasan Permukaan Takungan (m2)
1200000
6000000
5000000
4000000
3000000
2000000
1000000
0
0
200000 400000 600000 800000 100000 120000

0
0
2 (m2)
Luas Permukaan Takungan
A (m )

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What and why low flow

Low flow defined: Streamflow of less than
average flow
Flow of water in a stream during prolonged dry
period
The basic question:
How much water (Yield) can a reservoir collect water
during low flow condition?
Yield defined the amount of water that a reservoir can
supply during a specified time interval
Thus knowledge in storage-yield relationship (S-Y) of a
reservoir is required
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Further questions
a.
Can the given demand be met from natural river flow or

is reservoir required?
b. How much water can be reliably pumped from a river in
a given time?
c. What is the probability that streamflow Q(t) will be less
that a specified amount during a given period?
d. If the storage is necessary, how large the reservoir
capacity, C, need to be to provide for a given controlled
release or draft D(t) with acceptable level of reliability?
e. Therefore, the relationship between Q(t), C, D(t) and
reliability must be found.
a.
b.
Question (a-c) is solved using concept, yield of unregulated

streams (natural flow condition)
Question (d-e) is solved using storage-yield relationship
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Q(t), D(t), C Optimization

Streamflow, Q(t)
Diverted
Controlled Release, D(t)
(Demand Area)
Reservoir
(with storage
Capacity, C)
Spill
(Hydropower)

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Yield of unregulated streams

Those without artificial storage. Give example of
an artificial storage
Source of inflow to the artificial storage
(reservoir)
Source of water: slow flow or baseflow of the
rainfall hydrograph
Tool of analysis
Flow duration curves
Low flow frequency curves

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Flow duration curve

Simplest and most informative mean of
showing the low flow characteristic of an
unregulated stream
Defined: the percentage of time during
which specified discharge were equalled or
exceeded during the period of the record
Is a cumulative frequency distribution
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(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Q(m3/s)
Frequency
Cumulative
frequenc
y
%Cumulative
frequency
Over 475
0.21
420-475
0.55
365-420
13
0.89
315-365
21
1.44
260-315
25
46
3.15
210-260
36
82
5.61
155-210
71
153
10.47
120-155
82
235
16.08
105-120
52
287
19.64
95-105
42
329
22.52
85-95
50
379
25.94

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(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Q(m3/s)
Frequency
Cumulative
frequency
%Cumulative
frequency
65-75
83
520
35.59
50-65
105
625
42.78
47-50
72
697
47.71
42-47
75
772
52.84
37-42
73
845
57.84
32-37
84
929
63.59
26-32
103
1032
70.64
21-26
152
1184
81.04
16-21
128
1312
89.80
11-16
141
1453
99.45
Below 11
1461
100.00
Total days
1461
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Flow duration curve: procedure

a. Group all data into class intervals (Column 1)
b. Count the number of occurrence (frequency) of each
class interval (column 2)
c. Class frequencies are accumulated beginning with the
largest discharge (column 3)
d. Each cumulated frequency is expressed as a percentage
(column 4)
e. Discharge is plotted against cumulated percentage of
frequency on normal graph paper or normal-probability
paper or log-normal-probability paper
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Q(t) m3/s
Flow Duration Curve

(Normal-normal graph)
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
20
40
60
80
100
%time equalled or exceeded

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Flow Duration Curve plotted on

log-probability paper
- Flow duration curve

Based on 4 years
(1461 days) period
1000
- 2% of the 4 years period,

Flow exceeded 290 m3/s
100
Q(t)
- 96% of the 4 years period,

The flow is between
12-290 m3/s
10
0.1
50
90
99.5
%tage of time exceeded
- 50% time point provides

the median value (45 m3/s)
- Is the flow normally distributed?

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Uses of flow duration curves in

reservoir design
90, 95, 96 and 99% - measures of a streams low flow

90% of time discharge exceeded
a measure of groundwater and river bank storage contribution to
streamflow
Use to estimate hydropower potential
If the slope of the curve in low flow portion is flat, groundwater
contribution is significant
Steep curve poor baseflow or cease to flow condition
Valuable tool for comparing basic characteristics of the catchment area
in particular the geology groundwater
Related to water quality
Indicate the %tage of time that various levels of water pollution
will occur following of the introduction of a pollutant of a given
volume. Eg. Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL).
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Q(t) m3/s
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Flat slope
.
Steep slope
0
20
40
60
80
100
%time equalled or exceeded

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Assignment
A.
You are required to obtain a topographic map of an area in Johor State. The lower
reach of the river is the main outlet (intake) of the proposed reservoir. You are
required to propose a reservoir to serve people at the downstream area of the river.
Estimate the potential storage capacity of the proposed reservoir and plot graphs
showing:
a). Water surface area-elevation relationship and
b) Storage- surface area relationship of the reservoir
c) Establish the reservoir equation At aSt b
B.
You are provided with a river flow data sets taken from the proposed project area
stated in Question A.
Prepare the duration curve (for all data set given) using normal graph and logprobability graph, of the selected river and discuss on the finding in relation to water
resources. The discussion must be supported by at least two journal papers of the
related subject.

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LOW FLOW FREQUENCY CURVE

Flow duration curves: use all kind of data
Low flow duration curve: based on data sequence
(in order or in series) that are independent and
homogenous
With independent and homogenous data, the
probabilistic analysis of occurrence of a low flow
can be determined
The data required
Annual series (based on minimum flow event in each
year of record)
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Assignment # 2
Use the same data you used in Assignment
#1, develop a low flow frequency curve of
the selected river. For each year, divide the
data into quarterly and use minimum mean
monthly flow as low flow record.

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Storage-yield-performance (S-Y-P)
relationship
Streamflow, Q(t)
D(t), Diverted
(Demand Area)
Reservoir
(with storage
Capacity, S)
Spill

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Storage-yield-performance (S-Y-P)
relationship
Estimation of the capacity-yield relationship for a
reservoir on a stream
Study the relationship between storage capacity (S),
Release or draft D(t) and Reliability
Question: Given active capacity S and streamflow
Q(t), how much yield D(t) is available for a given
reliability, or
Given Q(t) and D(t) for a given reliability, what is the
size of S
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Flow conditions defined

Natural streamflow (virgin, unimpacted,
unimpaired): flow in stream has not been affected
by human influence like inter-basin transfer,
diversions or land use change in the catchment or
climate change
Unregulated stream; one does not have upstream
diversions nor is regulated by an upsteram
reservoir.
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Reservoir outflow and yield defined
Yield is the controlled release from a reservoir

system
Expressed as a ratio or % of the mean annual
flow to the reservoir
Eg: 70% yield means that during the period of
analysis the system will provide a regulated yield
of 0.7 times mean annual flow
Other terms: release, draft and regulation

Demand: the amount of water required by a
demand center (irrigation scheme or township)
Required design demand: the demand at a given
level of security or reliability
Reservoir yield is the water available for
distribution to a demand center for a given
storage capacity and a given level of security

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Streamflow, Q(t)
D(t), Diverted
(Demand Area)
Reservoir
(with storage
Capacity, S)
Spill
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Firm yield:
the most important term in reservoir design
The yield that can be met over a particular
planning period with a specified no-failure
reliability
The largest quantity of flow that is
dependable at the given site along the
stream at all time
Usually based on historical record
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Safe yield
The yield from a water supply system after
a detailed storage-yield analysis
100% reliability mean the yield is safe, but
it is never occur

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Operational yield
To describe the yield of a system as
obtained from simulation taking into
account seasonal variations in demand and
any restriction placed on supply
No knowledge of future inflows is assumed
and decision are based only on the available
water in storage
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Type of storage
Spillway crest
N
M
D
Stream Bed
Sluiceway
D: dead storage M: minimum pool level
U: Useful storage S: surcharge storage
N: Normal pool level

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Total storage, active storage, dead

storage
a) Total storage: volume of reservoir at full supply equal the
sum of active storage size and dead storage
b) Active storage: use for conservation purposes; water
supply, navigation, irrigation
c) Full supply level is the level of the invert of fixed
spillways
d) Dead storage is the volume of water held in the reservoir
below lowest off-take (below this level, sediment may
trapped)

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Finite storage
Using a reservoir Peclet dimensionless number

d S
(P), measure the relative importance of the mean
P
2 2 d
and variance of the net inflows, i.e. reservoir
inflow less the outlow
P>+1, the stored contents almost never reaches d = mean
2d= variance
the lower boundary and the reservoir can be
S = capacity of a finite reservoir
regarded as bottomless
P<-1, the stored contents never reach upper
boundary and the reservoir can be regarded as
topless

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Date
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
Q(in)m3/s Q(out)m3/s
400
550
550
496
474
474
591
626
936
765
1437
832
1502
939
1203
817
662
905
334
483
251
466
243
560
mean
var
Netinflow
150
54
0
35
171
605
563
386
243
149
215
317
d S
P
2 2 d
56
98039

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Critical period and critical

drawdown period
Refer to the period from a full reservoir
condition to emptiness
The period from a full condition through to
emptiness and to a full condition again
The period from full to empty is known as
critical drawdown period (US)

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Reservoir performance
It is importance to characterize the likely future performance under the

wide range of possible demand and hydrologic conditions that are
expected to occur during the reservoirs operating life
Performance criteria based on unsatisfactory operation (failure) during
period of low reservoir inflow
failure is defined as the inability to provide the target demand during a
given period
The main term to describe the performance of a reservoir system is
reliability, i.e. the probability that the system can meet the target
demand
Vulnerability quantifies the consequences of failure
Resilience quantifies the ability of a reservoir to recover after a failure

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Hypothetical numbers
indicate by how much the
target is over-supplied: a
desirable outcome for water
supply situation
6
Unsatisfactory region
Range of Satisfactory
performace value
System performance
Indicator, e.g. release
3
3
2
4
Unsatisfactory region
Hypothetical numbers
indicate by how much the
releases deviate from the
target demand due to underperformance
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Time-based reliability
Rt
Ns
N
( N Ns )
F
N
Rt = time-based reliability
Ns = total number of intervals during which the demand was met
N = total number of time intervals in simulation
F = the shortage frequency

Ns = total number of intervals during which the demand was met
N = total number of time intervals in simulation
F 1 Rt

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Time-based reliability
Q(m3/s)
month
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Volumetric Reliability
RV 1
(D
j f
D' j )
D
jN
1 if Dj is 100% satisfied, i.e Dj=Dj

Rv = volumetric reliability
f = no of failure periods (=N-Ns)
Dj = actual supply from reservoir system during jth
failure period
Dj = target demand during jth period
N = number of periods in the simulation
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Resilience
It is necessary to know how readily a system will recover
following failure
An indicator of the speed (probability) of recovery
following failure
1
fd

fs
fs
;0 1
fd
is resilience, f s number of continuous sequences of failure

period, fd is the total duration of the failure, i.e. N-Ns

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Critical Period Method

Based on continuity equation in which the
required storage equals the maximum
difference between outflow (draft) and
inflow during a critical period.
The reservoir is assumed to be at full supply
level at the beginning of the worst critical
period
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Storage-yield relationship
Estimation of the
capacity-yield
relationship for a
reservoir on a stream
Study the relationship
between storage capacity
(C), Release or draft D(t)
and Reliability
Streamflow, Q(t)
Diverted
(Demand Area)
Reservoir
(with storage
Capacity, C)
Spill

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Definition of Terms
Critical period: a period during which a reservoir goes
from a full to an empty, without spilling
The start of a critical period is full condition, the end is
the first empties
Thus, only one failure can occur during a critical period
Full Storage
Empty Storage 1980
Critical
period
Critical
period
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986

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1987
1988
1999
45

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Reservoir Sizing

Water stored in reservoir, lakes and stream are most

ERT 246 Hydrology and Water

The practical problem

ERT 246 Hydrology and Water

ERT 246 Hydrology and Water

Reservoir/Dam from the sky

ERT 246 Hydrology and Water

SEMENYIH DAM, SELANGOR

ERT 246 Hydrology and Water

The topo map

ERT 246 Hydrology and Water

Storage capacity of a reservoir

Storage Takungan (m3)

Keluasan Permukaan Takungan (m2)

200000 400000 600000 800000 100000 120000

ERT 246 Hydrology and Water

What and why low flow

Can the given demand be met from natural river flow or

Question (a-c) is solved using concept, yield of unregulated

Q(t), D(t), C Optimization

ERT 246 Hydrology and Water

Yield of unregulated streams

ERT 246 Hydrology and Water

ERT 246 Hydrology and Water

Flow duration curve

ERT 246 Hydrology and Water

Flow duration curve: procedure

Flow Duration Curve

%time equalled or exceeded

Flow Duration Curve plotted on

- Flow duration curve

- 2% of the 4 years period,

- 96% of the 4 years period,

%tage of time exceeded

- 50% time point provides

ERT 246 Hydrology and Water

Uses of flow duration curves in

90, 95, 96 and 99% - measures of a streams low flow

%time equalled or exceeded

ERT 246 Hydrology and Water

ERT 246 Hydrology and Water

LOW FLOW FREQUENCY CURVE

ERT 246 Hydrology and Water

ERT 246 Hydrology and Water

Flow conditions defined

Reservoir outflow and yield defined

Yield is the controlled release from a reservoir

Other terms: release, draft and regulation

ERT 246 Hydrology and Water

ERT 246 Hydrology and Water

ERT 246 Hydrology and Water

Total storage, active storage, dead

ERT 246 Hydrology and Water

Using a reservoir Peclet dimensionless number

ERT 246 Hydrology and Water

ERT 246 Hydrology and Water

Critical period and critical

ERT 246 Hydrology and Water

It is importance to characterize the likely future performance under the

ERT 246 Hydrology and Water

F = the shortage frequency

ERT 246 Hydrology and Water